Black-and-white colobuses (or colobi) are Old World monkeys of the genus Colobus, native to Africa. They are closely related to the red colobus monkeys of genus Piliocolobus.[1] There are five species of this monkey, and at least eight subspecies.[1] They are generally found in high-density forests where they forage on leaves, flowers and fruit. Social groups of colobus are diverse, varying from group to group.[2] Resident-egalitarian and allomothering relationships have been observed among the female population.[3] Complex behaviours have also been observed in this species, including greeting rituals[2] and varying group sleeping patterns.[4] Colobi play a significant role in seed dispersal.
A multi-male unit of Angolan colobus in a multilevel society
Colobus habitats include primary and secondary forests, riverine forests, and wooded grasslands; they are found more in higher-density logged forests than in other primary forests. Their ruminant-like digestive systems have enabled them to occupy niches that are inaccessible to other primates: they are herbivorous, eating leaves, fruit, flowers, lichen, herbaceous vegetation and bark. Colobuses are important for seed dispersal through their sloppy eating habits, as well as through their digestive systems.
Leaf toughness influences colobus foraging efficiency. Tougher leaves correlate negatively with ingestion rate (g/min) as they are costly in terms of mastication, but positively with investment (chews/g).[16] Individuals spend approximately 150 minutes actively feeding each day.[16] In a montane habitat colobus are known to utilise lichen as a fallback food during periods of low food availability.[17]
Social patterns and morphologyedit
Colobuses live in territorial groups that vary in both size (3-15 individuals) and structure.[2][18][19] It was originally believed that the structure of these groups consisted of one male and about 8 female members.[20] However, more recent observations have shown variation in structure and the number of males within groups, with one species forming multi-male, multifemale groups in a multilevel society, and in some populations supergroups form exceeding 500 individuals.[18][19] There appears to be a dominant male, whilst there is no clear dominance among female members.[2] Relationships among females are considered to be resident-egalitarian, as there is low competition and aggression between them within their own groups. Juveniles are treated as a lower-rank (in regards to authority) than subadults and likewise when comparing subadults to adults.[3] Colobuses do not display any type of seasonal breeding patterns.[21]
As suggested by their name, adult colobi have black fur with white features. White fur surrounds their facial region and a "U" shape of long white fur runs along the sides of their body. Newborn colobi are completely white with a pink face. Cases of allomothering are documented, which means members of the troop other than the infant's biological mother care for it. Possible explanations to this are, increasing inclusive fitness or maternal practice which will benefit future offspring.[22]
Social behavioursedit
Angolan black-and-white colobus with infant.
Many members participate in a greeting ritual when they are reunited with familiar individuals, an act of reaffirming.[2] The greeting behaviour is generally carried out by the approaching monkey and often is followed with grooming. They participate in three greeting behaviours of physical contact. This includes mounting, head mounting (grasps the shoulders) and embracing.[2] It seems as though these behaviours do not have any relationship with mating or courting.[2]
Adult Eastern black-and-white colobus with a juvenile
Black-and-white colobus have complex sleeping patterns. They sleep in trees near a food source, which may serve to save energy.[4] Groups seem to regularly switch up sleeping locations (suggested due to reducing risk of parasites and placement prediction) and generally do not sleep near other groups. They also tend to sleep more tightly together on nights with great visibility.[4] They sleep in mid- to upper sections of tall trees which allows for predator watch as well as protection from ground and aerial predators while they are asleep.[4] Although there is no obvious preference for tree type, they have often been observed in Antiaris toxicaria.[4]
Conservationedit
They are prey for many forest predators such as leopards and chimpanzees,[citation needed] and are threatened by hunting for the bushmeat trade, logging, and habitat destruction.
Individuals are more vigilant (conspecific threat) in low canopy, they also spend less time scanning when they are around familiar group members as opposed to unfamiliar.[23] There are no clear difference in vigilance between male and females. However, there is a positive correlation between mean monthly vigilance and encounter rates.[23] Male vigilance generally increases during mating.[24]
Referencesedit
^ abcGroves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 167–168. ISBN0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
^ abcdefgKutsukake, Nobuyuki; Suetsugu, Noyuri; Hasegawa, Toshikazu (2006-11-16). "Pattern, Distribution, and Function of Greeting Behavior Among Black-and-White Colobus". International Journal of Primatology. 27 (5): 1271–1291. doi:10.1007/s10764-006-9072-x. ISSN 0164-0291. S2CID 24835234.
^ abSterck, Elisabeth H. M.; Watts, David P.; van Schaik, Carel P. (1997-11-20). "The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 41 (5): 291–309. doi:10.1007/s002650050390. hdl:1874/1183. ISSN 0340-5443. S2CID 25163826.
^ abcdeVon Hippel, Frank A. (1998). "Use of sleeping trees by black and white Colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya". American Journal of Primatology. 45 (3): 281–290. doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1998)45:3<281::aid-ajp4>3.0.co;2-s. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 9651650.
^ abde Jong, Y. A.; Cunneyworth, P.; Butynski, T. M.; Maisels, F.; Hart, J. A.; Rovero, F. (2020). "Colobus angolensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T5142A17945007. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T5142A17945007.en.
^ abMaisels, F.; Cronin, D. T. (2020). "Colobus satanas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T5145A17944405. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T5145A17944405.en.
^ abde Jong, Y. A.; Butynski, T. M.; Oates, J. F. (2019). "Colobus guereza". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T5143A17944705. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T5143A17944705.en.
^ abDunham, Noah T.; Lambert, Alexander L. (2016). "The role of leaf toughness on foraging efficiency in Angola black and white colobus monkeys ( Colobus angolensis palliatus ): Dunham and Lambert". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 161 (2): 343–354. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23036. PMID 27346431.
^Miller, A.; Judge, D.; Uwingeneye, G.; Ndayishimiye, D.; Grueter, C. C. (2020). "Diet and Use of Fallback Foods by Rwenzori Black-and-White Colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) in Rwanda: Implications for Supergroup Formation". International Journal of Primatology. 41 (3): 434–457. doi:10.1007/s10764-020-00143-w. S2CID 212731904.
^ abMiller, A.; Uddin, S.; Judge, D. S.; Kaplin, B. A.; Ndayishimiye, D.; Uwingeneye, G.; Grueter, C. C. (2020). "Spatiotemporal association patterns in a supergroup of Rwenzori black‐and‐white colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) are consistent with a multilevel society". American Journal of Primatology. 82 (6): e23127. doi:10.1002/ajp.23127. PMID 32249977. S2CID 214808996.
^ abStead, S. M.; Teichroeb, J. A. (2019). "A multi-level society comprised of one-male and multi-male core units in an African colobine (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii)". PLOS ONE. 14 (10): e0217666. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217666. PMC6795445. PMID 31618212.
^Marler, Peter (1972). "Vocalizations of East African Monkeys II: Black and White Colobus". Behaviour. 42 (3–4): 175–197. doi:10.1163/156853972x00266. ISSN 0005-7959.
^Teichroeb, Julie A.; Sicotte, Pascale (2009). "Test of the ecological-constraints model on ursine colobus monkeys (Colobus vellerosus) in Ghana". American Journal of Primatology. 71 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1002/ajp.20617. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 18828147. S2CID 31872244.
^Dunham, Noah Thomas; Opere, Paul Otieno (2016-02-12). "A unique case of extra-group infant adoption in free-ranging Angola black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis palliatus)". Primates. 57 (2): 187–194. doi:10.1007/s10329-016-0515-5. ISSN 0032-8332. PMID 26872896. S2CID 14120148.
^ abMacIntosh, Andrew J.J.; Sicotte, Pascale (2009). "Vigilance in ursine black and white colobus monkeys ( Colobus vellerosus ): an examination of the effects of conspecific threat and predation". American Journal of Primatology. 71 (11): 919–927. doi:10.1002/ajp.20730. PMID 19598222. S2CID 205329258.
^Baldellou, Maribel; Peter Henzi, S. (1992). "Vigilance, predator detection and the presence of supernumerary males in vervet monkey troops". Animal Behaviour. 43 (3): 451–461. doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80104-6. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 53202789.
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Angolan Black & White Colobus
January 01, 1970
black, white, colobus, colobi, world, monkeys, genus, colobus, native, africa, they, closely, related, colobus, monkeys, genus, piliocolobus, there, five, species, this, monkey, least, eight, subspecies, they, generally, found, high, density, forests, where, t. Black and white colobuses or colobi are Old World monkeys of the genus Colobus native to Africa They are closely related to the red colobus monkeys of genus Piliocolobus 1 There are five species of this monkey and at least eight subspecies 1 They are generally found in high density forests where they forage on leaves flowers and fruit Social groups of colobus are diverse varying from group to group 2 Resident egalitarian and allomothering relationships have been observed among the female population 3 Complex behaviours have also been observed in this species including greeting rituals 2 and varying group sleeping patterns 4 Colobi play a significant role in seed dispersal Black and white colobus 1 Mantled guereza Colobus guereza Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Suborder Haplorhini Infraorder Simiiformes Family Cercopithecidae Subfamily Colobinae Tribe Colobini Genus ColobusIlliger 1811 Type species Simia polycomosSchreber 1800 Cebus polykomos Zimmermann 1780 Species See text Contents 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomy 3 Behaviour and ecology 3 1 Social patterns and morphology 3 2 Social behaviours 4 Conservation 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksEtymology editThe word colobus comes from Greek kolobos kolobos docked maimed so named because the thumb is stump like Taxonomy editGenus Colobus Illiger 1811 five species Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population Angola colobus nbsp C angolensis P L Sclater 1860 Six subspecies C a angolensis Sclater s Angola colobus C a cordieri Cordier s Angola colobus C a cottoni Powell Cotton s Angola colobus C a palliates Tanzanian black and white colobus C a prigoginei Prigogine s Angola colobus C a ruwenzorii Ruwenzori colobus C a sharpei Sharpe s Angola Colobus Central Africa nbsp Size 49 68 cm 19 27 in long plus 70 83 cm 28 33 in tail 5 Habitat Forest 6 Diet Leaves as well as stems bark flowers buds shoots fruits and insects 5 VU Unknown nbsp 6 Black colobus nbsp C satanas Waterhouse 1838 Two subspecies C s anthracinus Gabon black colobus C s satanas Bioko black colobus Western Africa nbsp Size 50 70 cm 20 28 in long plus 62 88 cm 24 35 in tail 7 Habitat Forest 8 Diet Nuts and seeds as well as unripe fruit and leaves 7 VU Unknown nbsp 8 King colobus nbsp C polykomos Zimmermann 1780 Western Africa nbsp Size 45 72 cm 18 28 in long plus 52 100 cm 20 39 in tail 9 Habitat Forest and savanna 10 Diet Leaves as well as fruit and flowers 9 EN Unknown nbsp 10 Mantled guereza nbsp C guereza Ruppell 1835 Seven subspecies C g caudatus Kilimanjaro guereza C g dodingae Dodinga Hills guereza C g guereza Omo River guereza C g kikuyuensis Eastern black and white colobus C g matschiei Mau Forest guereza C g occidentalis Western guereza C g percivali Mt Uaraguess guereza Central Africa nbsp Size 45 72 cm 18 28 in long plus 52 100 cm 20 39 in tail 11 Habitat Forest 12 Diet Leaves as well as fruit buds and blossoms 11 LC Unknown nbsp 12 Ursine colobus nbsp C vellerosus I Geoffroy 1834 Western Africa nbsp Size 60 67 cm 24 26 in long plus 73 93 cm 29 37 in tail 13 Habitat Forest 14 Diet Leaves and seeds as well as fruit insects and clay 15 CR 975 nbsp 14 Fossil species Colobus flandrini Colobus freedmani citation needed Behaviour and ecology edit nbsp A multi male unit of Angolan colobus in a multilevel society Colobus habitats include primary and secondary forests riverine forests and wooded grasslands they are found more in higher density logged forests than in other primary forests Their ruminant like digestive systems have enabled them to occupy niches that are inaccessible to other primates they are herbivorous eating leaves fruit flowers lichen herbaceous vegetation and bark Colobuses are important for seed dispersal through their sloppy eating habits as well as through their digestive systems Leaf toughness influences colobus foraging efficiency Tougher leaves correlate negatively with ingestion rate g min as they are costly in terms of mastication but positively with investment chews g 16 Individuals spend approximately 150 minutes actively feeding each day 16 In a montane habitat colobus are known to utilise lichen as a fallback food during periods of low food availability 17 Social patterns and morphology edit Colobuses live in territorial groups that vary in both size 3 15 individuals and structure 2 18 19 It was originally believed that the structure of these groups consisted of one male and about 8 female members 20 However more recent observations have shown variation in structure and the number of males within groups with one species forming multi male multifemale groups in a multilevel society and in some populations supergroups form exceeding 500 individuals 18 19 There appears to be a dominant male whilst there is no clear dominance among female members 2 Relationships among females are considered to be resident egalitarian as there is low competition and aggression between them within their own groups Juveniles are treated as a lower rank in regards to authority than subadults and likewise when comparing subadults to adults 3 Colobuses do not display any type of seasonal breeding patterns 21 As suggested by their name adult colobi have black fur with white features White fur surrounds their facial region and a U shape of long white fur runs along the sides of their body Newborn colobi are completely white with a pink face Cases of allomothering are documented which means members of the troop other than the infant s biological mother care for it Possible explanations to this are increasing inclusive fitness or maternal practice which will benefit future offspring 22 Social behaviours edit nbsp Angolan black and white colobus with infant Many members participate in a greeting ritual when they are reunited with familiar individuals an act of reaffirming 2 The greeting behaviour is generally carried out by the approaching monkey and often is followed with grooming They participate in three greeting behaviours of physical contact This includes mounting head mounting grasps the shoulders and embracing 2 It seems as though these behaviours do not have any relationship with mating or courting 2 nbsp Adult Eastern black and white colobus with a juvenileBlack and white colobus have complex sleeping patterns They sleep in trees near a food source which may serve to save energy 4 Groups seem to regularly switch up sleeping locations suggested due to reducing risk of parasites and placement prediction and generally do not sleep near other groups They also tend to sleep more tightly together on nights with great visibility 4 They sleep in mid to upper sections of tall trees which allows for predator watch as well as protection from ground and aerial predators while they are asleep 4 Although there is no obvious preference for tree type they have often been observed in Antiaris toxicaria 4 Conservation editThey are prey for many forest predators such as leopards and chimpanzees citation needed and are threatened by hunting for the bushmeat trade logging and habitat destruction Individuals are more vigilant conspecific threat in low canopy they also spend less time scanning when they are around familiar group members as opposed to unfamiliar 23 There are no clear difference in vigilance between male and females However there is a positive correlation between mean monthly vigilance and encounter rates 23 Male vigilance generally increases during mating 24 References edit a b c Groves C P 2005 Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press pp 167 168 ISBN 0 801 88221 4 OCLC 62265494 a b c d e f g Kutsukake Nobuyuki Suetsugu Noyuri Hasegawa Toshikazu 2006 11 16 Pattern Distribution and Function of Greeting Behavior Among Black and White Colobus International Journal of Primatology 27 5 1271 1291 doi 10 1007 s10764 006 9072 x ISSN 0164 0291 S2CID 24835234 a b Sterck Elisabeth H M Watts David P van Schaik Carel P 1997 11 20 The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 41 5 291 309 doi 10 1007 s002650050390 hdl 1874 1183 ISSN 0340 5443 S2CID 25163826 a b c d e Von Hippel Frank A 1998 Use of sleeping trees by black and white Colobus monkeys Colobus guereza in the Kakamega Forest Kenya American Journal of Primatology 45 3 281 290 doi 10 1002 sici 1098 2345 1998 45 3 lt 281 aid ajp4 gt 3 0 co 2 s ISSN 0275 2565 PMID 9651650 a b Thompson Brandon 2002 Colobus angolensis Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan Archived from the original on August 12 2023 Retrieved July 24 2023 a b de Jong Y A Cunneyworth P Butynski T M Maisels F Hart J A Rovero F 2020 Colobus angolensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T5142A17945007 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 2 RLTS T5142A17945007 en a b Lane Whitney 2011 Colobus satanas Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan Archived from the original on August 12 2023 Retrieved July 24 2023 a b Maisels F Cronin D T 2020 Colobus satanas IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T5145A17944405 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 2 RLTS T5145A17944405 en a b Landes Devon 2000 Colobus polykomos Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan Archived from the original on August 12 2023 Retrieved July 24 2023 a b Gonedele Bi S Kone I Matsuda Goodwin R Alonso C Hernansaiz A Oates J F 2020 Colobus polykomos IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T5144A17944855 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 2 RLTS T5144A17944855 en a b Kim Kenneth 2002 Colobus guereza Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan Archived from the original on August 12 2023 Retrieved July 24 2023 a b de Jong Y A Butynski T M Oates J F 2019 Colobus guereza IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T5143A17944705 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T5143A17944705 en Kingdon 2015 p 114 a b Matsuda Goodwin R Gonedele Bi S Nobime G Kone I Osei D Segniagbeto G Oates J F 2020 Colobus vellerosus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T5146A169472127 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 2 RLTS T5146A169472127 en Walker Shannon 2009 Colobus vellerosus Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan Archived from the original on August 4 2020 Retrieved July 24 2023 a b Dunham Noah T Lambert Alexander L 2016 The role of leaf toughness on foraging efficiency in Angola black and white colobus monkeys Colobus angolensis palliatus Dunham and Lambert American Journal of Physical Anthropology 161 2 343 354 doi 10 1002 ajpa 23036 PMID 27346431 Miller A Judge D Uwingeneye G Ndayishimiye D Grueter C C 2020 Diet and Use of Fallback Foods by Rwenzori Black and White Colobus Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii in Rwanda Implications for Supergroup Formation International Journal of Primatology 41 3 434 457 doi 10 1007 s10764 020 00143 w S2CID 212731904 a b Miller A Uddin S Judge D S Kaplin B A Ndayishimiye D Uwingeneye G Grueter C C 2020 Spatiotemporal association patterns in a supergroup of Rwenzori black and white colobus Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii are consistent with a multilevel society American Journal of Primatology 82 6 e23127 doi 10 1002 ajp 23127 PMID 32249977 S2CID 214808996 a b Stead S M Teichroeb J A 2019 A multi level society comprised of one male and multi male core units in an African colobine Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii PLOS ONE 14 10 e0217666 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0217666 PMC 6795445 PMID 31618212 Marler Peter 1972 Vocalizations of East African Monkeys II Black and White Colobus Behaviour 42 3 4 175 197 doi 10 1163 156853972x00266 ISSN 0005 7959 Teichroeb Julie A Sicotte Pascale 2009 Test of the ecological constraints model on ursine colobus monkeys Colobus vellerosus in Ghana American Journal of Primatology 71 1 49 59 doi 10 1002 ajp 20617 ISSN 0275 2565 PMID 18828147 S2CID 31872244 Dunham Noah Thomas Opere Paul Otieno 2016 02 12 A unique case of extra group infant adoption in free ranging Angola black and white colobus monkeys Colobus angolensis palliatus Primates 57 2 187 194 doi 10 1007 s10329 016 0515 5 ISSN 0032 8332 PMID 26872896 S2CID 14120148 a b MacIntosh Andrew J J Sicotte Pascale 2009 Vigilance in ursine black and white colobus monkeys Colobus vellerosus an examination of the effects of conspecific threat and predation American Journal of Primatology 71 11 919 927 doi 10 1002 ajp 20730 PMID 19598222 S2CID 205329258 Baldellou Maribel Peter Henzi S 1992 Vigilance predator detection and the presence of supernumerary males in vervet monkey troops Animal Behaviour 43 3 451 461 doi 10 1016 s0003 3472 05 80104 6 ISSN 0003 3472 S2CID 53202789 Sources editKingdon Jonathan 2015 The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals Second ed Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 1 4729 2531 2 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colobus nbsp Wikispecies has information related to ColobusColobus Colobus Monkey Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation Colobus Conservation Primate Info Net Colobus Factsheets Angolan Black amp White Colobus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Black and white colobus amp oldid 1222913288, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
