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Colobinae

December 14, 2023

"Langur" redirects here. For other uses, see Langur (disambiguation).

The Colobinae or leaf-eating monkeys are a subfamily of the Old World monkey family that includes 61 species in 11 genera, including the black-and-white colobus, the large-nosed proboscis monkey, and the gray langurs. Some classifications split the colobine monkeys into two tribes, while others split them into three groups. Both classifications put the three African genera Colobus, Piliocolobus, and Procolobus in one group; these genera are distinct in that they have stub thumbs (Greek κολοβός kolobós = "docked"). The various Asian genera are placed into another one or two groups. Analysis of mtDNA confirms the Asian species form two distinct groups, one of langurs and the other of the "odd-nosed" species, but are inconsistent as to the relationships of the gray langurs; some studies suggest that the gray langurs are not closely related to either of these groups,[2] while others place them firmly within the langur group.[3]

Characteristics edit

 
Colobines are mainly arboreal and folivorous primates.

Colobines are medium-sized primates with long tails (except for the pig-tailed langur) and diverse colorations. The coloring of nearly all young animals differs remarkably from that of the adults.

Most species are arboreal, although some live a more terrestrial life. They are found in many different habitats of different climate zones (rainforests, mangroves, mountain forests, and savannah), but not in deserts and other dry areas. They live in groups, but in social forms vary.

Colobines are folivorous, though their diet may be supplemented with flowers, fruits and the occasional insect. To aid in digestion, particularly of hard-to-digest leaves, they have multichambered, complex stomachs, making them the only primates with foregut fermentation. Foregut fermenters use bacteria to detoxify plant compounds before reaching the intestine, where toxins can be absorbed. Foregut fermentation is also associated with higher protein extraction and efficient digestion of fiber;[4][5] it is the dominant form of digestions in diverse herbivore taxa, including most Artiodactyla (e.g., deer, cattle, antelope), sloths, and kangaroos. In contrast, lower diversity howler monkeys in the New World rely on hindgut fermentation – occurring lower in the colon or cecum – much like horses and elephants.[4] Unlike the other subfamily of Old World monkeys, the Cercopithecinae, they do not possess cheek pouches.

Gestation averages six to seven months. Young are weaned at about one year and are mature at three to six years. Their life expectancy is approximately 20 years.

Classification edit

Colobinae is split into two tribes: Colobini, found in Africa, and Presbytini, found in Asia. Based on fossil records, the tribes split between 10 and 13 million years ago.[6][7] The Colobini tribe contains three genera, black-and-white colobuses, red colobuses, and the olive colobus, all of whom are found in Africa. The Asian Presbytini comprises seven genera split into two clades, the odd-nosed group and the langur group.[6][2] The discordant gene tree topologies and divergence age estimates suggest that hybridization, particularly involving female introgression from Piliocolobus/Procolobus into Colobus and male introgression from Semnopithecus into Trachypithecus, played a prominent role in shaping the phylogenetic relationships of African and Asian colobine monkeys during their evolutionary history.[3]

Hybrids edit

Intergeneric hybrids are known to occur within the subfamily Colobinae. In India, gray langurs (Semnopithecus spp.) are known to hybridize with Nilgiri langurs (Trachypithecus johnii).[8]

References edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colobinae.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Colobinae.
  1. ^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). "SUBFAMILY Colobinae". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 167–178. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c Sterner, Kirstin N.; Raaum, Ryan L.; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Stewart, Caro-Beth; Disotell, Todd R. (2006). "Mitochondrial data support an odd-nosed colobine clade" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.017. PMID 16500120. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  3. ^ a b Osterholz, Martin; Walter, Lutz; Roos, Christian (2008). "Phylogenetic position of the langur genera Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus among Asian colobines, and genus affiliations of their species groups". BMC Evolutionary Biology. Springer Nature. 8 (1): 58. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-58. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2268674. PMID 18298809.
  4. ^ a b Edwards, Mark S.; Ullrey, Duane E. (1999). "Effect of dietary fiber concentration on apparent digestibility and digesta passage in non-human primates. II. Hindgut- and foregut-fermenting folivores". Zoo Biology. 18 (6): 537–549. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1999)18:6<537::AID-ZOO8>3.0.CO;2-F. ISSN 1098-2361.
  5. ^ Feldhamer, George A.; Lee C. Drickamer; Stephen H. Vessey (2007). Mammalogy : Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology. JHU Press. pp. 128–130. ISBN 978-1-4214-3652-4. OCLC 1097452280.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b XiaoPing, Wang (2013). "Summary of phylogeny in subfamily Colobinae (Primate: Cercopithecidae)". Chinese Science Bulletin. 58 (18): 2097–2103. Bibcode:2013ChSBu..58.2097W. doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5624-y.
  7. ^ Perelman, Polina; Johnson, Warren E.; Roos, Christian; Seuánez, Hector N.; Horvath, Julie E.; Moreira, Miguel A. M.; et al. (17 March 2011). "A Molecular Phylogeny of Living Primates". PLOS Genetics. 7 (3): e1001342. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342. PMC 3060065. PMID 21436896.
  8. ^ Rowe, N. (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. Pogonias Press. pp. 139, 143, 154, 185, 223. ISBN 978-0-9648825-0-8.

Roos, Christian, et al. “Nuclear Versus Mitochondrial DNA: Evidence for Hybridization in Colobine Monkeys.” BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 11, no. 1, 2011, pp. 77–77, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-77.

December 14, 2023
colobinae, langur, redirects, here, other, uses, langur, disambiguation, leaf, eating, monkeys, subfamily, world, monkey, family, that, includes, species, genera, including, black, white, colobus, large, nosed, proboscis, monkey, gray, langurs, some, classific. Langur redirects here For other uses see Langur disambiguation The Colobinae or leaf eating monkeys are a subfamily of the Old World monkey family that includes 61 species in 11 genera including the black and white colobus the large nosed proboscis monkey and the gray langurs Some classifications split the colobine monkeys into two tribes while others split them into three groups Both classifications put the three African genera Colobus Piliocolobus and Procolobus in one group these genera are distinct in that they have stub thumbs Greek kolobos kolobos docked The various Asian genera are placed into another one or two groups Analysis of mtDNA confirms the Asian species form two distinct groups one of langurs and the other of the odd nosed species but are inconsistent as to the relationships of the gray langurs some studies suggest that the gray langurs are not closely related to either of these groups 2 while others place them firmly within the langur group 3 Colobine monkeys 1 Gray langur in Maharashtra IndiaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesSuborder HaplorhiniInfraorder SimiiformesFamily CercopithecidaeSubfamily ColobinaeJerdon 1867GeneraColobusPiliocolobusProcolobusTrachypithecusPresbytisSemnopithecusPygathrixRhinopithecusNasalisSimias Cercopithecoides Dolichopithecus Mesopithecus Microcolobus Paracolobus Parapresbytis Rhinocolobus Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Classification 2 1 Hybrids 3 ReferencesCharacteristics edit nbsp Colobines are mainly arboreal and folivorous primates Colobines are medium sized primates with long tails except for the pig tailed langur and diverse colorations The coloring of nearly all young animals differs remarkably from that of the adults Most species are arboreal although some live a more terrestrial life They are found in many different habitats of different climate zones rainforests mangroves mountain forests and savannah but not in deserts and other dry areas They live in groups but in social forms vary Colobines are folivorous though their diet may be supplemented with flowers fruits and the occasional insect To aid in digestion particularly of hard to digest leaves they have multichambered complex stomachs making them the only primates with foregut fermentation Foregut fermenters use bacteria to detoxify plant compounds before reaching the intestine where toxins can be absorbed Foregut fermentation is also associated with higher protein extraction and efficient digestion of fiber 4 5 it is the dominant form of digestions in diverse herbivore taxa including most Artiodactyla e g deer cattle antelope sloths and kangaroos In contrast lower diversity howler monkeys in the New World rely on hindgut fermentation occurring lower in the colon or cecum much like horses and elephants 4 Unlike the other subfamily of Old World monkeys the Cercopithecinae they do not possess cheek pouches Gestation averages six to seven months Young are weaned at about one year and are mature at three to six years Their life expectancy is approximately 20 years Classification editColobinae is split into two tribes Colobini found in Africa and Presbytini found in Asia Based on fossil records the tribes split between 10 and 13 million years ago 6 7 The Colobini tribe contains three genera black and white colobuses red colobuses and the olive colobus all of whom are found in Africa The Asian Presbytini comprises seven genera split into two clades the odd nosed group and the langur group 6 2 The discordant gene tree topologies and divergence age estimates suggest that hybridization particularly involving female introgression from Piliocolobus Procolobus into Colobus and male introgression from Semnopithecus into Trachypithecus played a prominent role in shaping the phylogenetic relationships of African and Asian colobine monkeys during their evolutionary history 3 Family Cercopithecidae 1 2 Subfamily Cercopithecinae Subfamily Colobinae Tribe Colobini Genus Colobus black and white colobus monkeys Genus Piliocolobus red colobus monkeys Genus Procolobus olive colobus Genus Cercopithecoides Tribe Presbytini Langur leaf monkey group Genus Trachypithecus lutungs Genus Presbytis surilis Genus Semnopithecus gray langurs Odd nosed group Genus Pygathrix doucs Genus Rhinopithecus snub nosed monkeys Genus Nasalis proboscis monkey Genus Simias pig tailed langur Genus MesopithecusHybrids edit Intergeneric hybrids are known to occur within the subfamily Colobinae In India gray langurs Semnopithecus spp are known to hybridize with Nilgiri langurs Trachypithecus johnii 8 References edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colobinae nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Colobinae a b Groves C P 2005 SUBFAMILY Colobinae In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press pp 167 178 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 a b c Sterner Kirstin N Raaum Ryan L Zhang Ya Ping Stewart Caro Beth Disotell Todd R 2006 Mitochondrial data support an odd nosed colobine clade PDF Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 1 1 7 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2006 01 017 PMID 16500120 Retrieved 2021 06 19 a b Osterholz Martin Walter Lutz Roos Christian 2008 Phylogenetic position of the langur genera Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus among Asian colobines and genus affiliations of their species groups BMC Evolutionary Biology Springer Nature 8 1 58 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 8 58 ISSN 1471 2148 PMC 2268674 PMID 18298809 a b Edwards Mark S Ullrey Duane E 1999 Effect of dietary fiber concentration on apparent digestibility and digesta passage in non human primates II Hindgut and foregut fermenting folivores Zoo Biology 18 6 537 549 doi 10 1002 SICI 1098 2361 1999 18 6 lt 537 AID ZOO8 gt 3 0 CO 2 F ISSN 1098 2361 Feldhamer George A Lee C Drickamer Stephen H Vessey 2007 Mammalogy Adaptation Diversity Ecology JHU Press pp 128 130 ISBN 978 1 4214 3652 4 OCLC 1097452280 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b XiaoPing Wang 2013 Summary of phylogeny in subfamily Colobinae Primate Cercopithecidae Chinese Science Bulletin 58 18 2097 2103 Bibcode 2013ChSBu 58 2097W doi 10 1007 s11434 012 5624 y Perelman Polina Johnson Warren E Roos Christian Seuanez Hector N Horvath Julie E Moreira Miguel A M et al 17 March 2011 A Molecular Phylogeny of Living Primates PLOS Genetics 7 3 e1001342 doi 10 1371 journal pgen 1001342 PMC 3060065 PMID 21436896 Rowe N 1996 The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates Pogonias Press pp 139 143 154 185 223 ISBN 978 0 9648825 0 8 Roos Christian et al Nuclear Versus Mitochondrial DNA Evidence for Hybridization in Colobine Monkeys BMC Evolutionary Biology vol 11 no 1 2011 pp 77 77 https doi org 10 1186 1471 2148 11 77 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Colobinae amp oldid 1188145320, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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