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Codicology

January 20, 2023

Codicology (/ˌkoʊdɪˈkɒlədʒi/;[1] from French codicologie; from Latin codex, genitive codicis, "notebook, book" and Greek -λογία, -logia) is the study of codices or manuscript books. It is often referred to as "the archaeology of the book,"[2] a term coined by François Masai.[3] It concerns itself with the materials, tools and techniques used to make codices, along with their features.[4]

Reims gospel book

The demarcation of codicology is not clear-cut. Some view codicology as a discipline complete in itself, while others see it as auxiliary to textual criticism analysis and transmission, which is studied by philology.[2][5] Codicologists may also study the history of libraries, manuscript collecting, book cataloguing, and scribes, which otherwise belongs to the history of the book.[2][5] Some codicologists say that their field encompasses palaeography, the study of handwriting, while some palaeographers say that their field encompasses codicology. The study of written features such as marginalia, glosses, ownership inscriptions, etc. falls in both camps, as does the study of the physical aspects of decoration, which otherwise belongs to art history.[citation needed] Unlike traditional palaeography, codicology places more emphasis on the cultural aspect of books.[6] The focus on material is referred to as stricto sensu codicology, while a broader approach, incorporating palaeography, philology, art history, and the history of the book, is referred to as lato sensu codicology, and the exact meaning depends on the codicologist's view.[7][8]

Palaeographic techniques are used along with codicological techniques. Analysis of the work of the scribe, script styles and their variations, may reveal the book's character, value, purpose, date, and the importance attached to its different parts.[9]

Many incunabula, books printed up to the year 1500, were finished wholly or partly by hand, so they belong to the domain of codicology.[10]

Study of codices

Materials

The materials codices are made with are their support, and include papyrus, parchment (sometimes referred to as membrane or vellum), and paper. They are written and drawn on with metals, pigments and ink.[6] The quality, size, and choice of support determine the status of a codex. Papyrus is found only in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Codices intended for display were bound with more durable materials than vellum.[9] Parchment varied widely due to animal species and finish, and identification of animals used to make it has only begun to be studied in the 21st century. How manufacturing influenced the final products, technique, and style, is little understood. However, changes in style are underpinned more by variation in technique.[10] Before the 14th and 15th century, paper was expensive, and its use may mark off the deluxe copy.[9]

Structure

The structure of a codex includes its size, format/ordinatio[9](its quires or gatherings,[10] consisting of sheets folded a number of times, often twice- a bifolio[11]), sewing, bookbinding and rebinding. A quire consisted of a number of folded sheets inserting into one another- at least three, but most commonly four bifolia,[6] that is eight sheets and sixteen pages:[10] Latin quaternio or Greek tetradion, which became a synonym for quires.[6] Unless an exemplar (text to be copied) was copied exactly, format differed.[9] In preparation for writing codices, ruling patterns were used that determined the layout of each page. Holes were prickled with a spiked lead wheel and a circle. Ruling was then applied separately on each page or once through the top folio.[12] Ownership markings, decorations and illumination are also studied.[4][6] As these features are dependent on time and place, codicology determines characteristics specific to the scriptoria, or any production center, and libraries of codices.[6]

Pages

Watermarks may provide, although often approximate, dates for when the copying occurred. The layout – size of the margin and the number of lines – is determined. There may be textual articulations, running heads, openings, chapters and paragraphs. Space was reserved for illustrations and decorated guide letters. The apparatus of books for scholars became more elaborate during the 13th and 14th centuries when chapter, verse, page numbering, marginalia finding guides, indexes, glossaries and tables of contents were developed.[9]

The libraire

By a close examination of the physical attributes of a codex, it is sometimes possible to match up long-separated elements originally from the same book. In 13th century book publishing, due to secularization, stationers or libraires emerged. They would receive commissions for texts, which they would contract out to scribes, illustrators, and binders, to whom they supplied materials. Due to the systematic format used for assembly by the libraire, the structure can be used to reconstruct the original order of a manuscript. However, complications can arise in the study of a codex. Manuscripts were frequently rebound, and this resulted in a particular codex incorporating works of different dates and origins, thus different internal structures. Additionally, a binder could alter or unify these structures to ensure a better fit for the new binding.[13] Completed quires or books of quires might constitute independent book units- booklets, which could be returned to the stationer, or combined with other texts to make anthologies or miscellanies. Exemplars were sometimes divided into quires for simultaneous copying and loaned out to students for study. To facilitate this, catchwords were used- a word at the end of a page providing the next page's first word.[9][14]

History

Origins

The study of manuscripts has a long tradition, but codicology has a short history.[15] In the fifteenth century, two works published under the title De laude scriptorium, praised manuscripts and the works of copyists. One was written by Jean Gerson, a Parisian theologian, and the other by Johann Trithemius, the abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Sponheim.[16] In the 16th and 17th centuries, as the study of manuscripts advanced, disputes between philologists and theologians occurred. In the 17th century, the Bollandists collected hagiographes and critically examined their contents and origins.[16] The Maurists contributed to historical and critical analysis of texts and Jean Mabilon is considered the father of palaeography and diplomatics.[16] Basic principles of codicology were formulated in 1739 by Maurist monk Bernard de Montfaucon.[17][better source needed] In 1819, Heinrich Stein established the Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde, which published Monumenta Germaniae Historica and studies on medieval codices.[16] In 1821, the École Nationale des Chartes was established, and one of the most active manuscript researchers was Leopold Delisle.[18]

In 1825, the librarian Adolph Ebert published a monograph on diplomatics, epigraphy and what he called Bücherhandschrifftenkunde - "the science of internal and external features of manuscripts". In 1909, the philologist Ludwig Traube makes a distinction between paleography and Handschrifftenkunde. To Traube, paleography deals with deciphering writing, interpreting abberviations and finding textual errors, as well as dating and locating the manuscript. Handschrifftenkunde studies the material elemenets of the codex, its preparation, and writings not part of the text itself, like annotations.[19]

However, the general tradition up until the 20th century viewed palaeography as not only encompassing the script, but everything used to date the manuscript.[20] Victor Gardthausen in his "Greek Palaeography" divided palaeography into Buchwesen (the structure of the book) and Schriftwesen (the structure of writing).[6][21] Up to the early 1930s, the study of manuscripts had also been linked to literary history and philology.[20]

Codicology has been studied in a coherent fashion since the late 19th century.[13] Charles Samaran proposed the term codicography in 1934, which he understood as parallel to bibliography, the study of printed books; making manuscript science separate from philology. The term codicology was coined by Alphonse Dain in his 1949 book "Les manuscrits" to mean the study of manuscripts' external features – history, collections, catalogs – as he also understood the study of material aspects and internal features to belong to palaeography.[6][3]

Archaeological turn

Over time, the meaning morphed to the study of the codex as an archeological object; equivalent to Buchwesen.[6][21] François Masai adopted the term codicology and published an article in Scriptorium in 1950 in which he advocates its independence from palaeography. He viewed codicology as related to diplomatics and within the sphere of archaeology. He did not consider codicology a historical discipline, so this separated it from the history of the book and cultural history.[22] Léon Delaissé preferred to use Masai's "archaeology of the book".[3] Léon Gilissen's "Prolegomènes à la codicologie" is considered by many to be the foundation of a genuine archaeology of the book. In the first two essays of the book, he studied a "site" of twenty parchment manuscripts, and by analysing the composition of quires, concluded that a quire is not an accidental grouping of bifolia cut separately, but the result of folding skin according to precise rules. The method paved the way for more detailed understanding of medieval book production, both preparation and execution.[3] Marilena Maniaci in "Archeologia del manoscritto" conceptualises codicology in the same way.[23]

Broader approach

Since the 1970s, various codicologists have claimed that codicology should be concerned with the history, usage and reception of a manuscript as a cultural and textual object.[23] Maria Luisa Agati in "Il libro manoscritto da Oriente a Occidente" includes palaeographical features, decoration, and the history of libraries in her study.[5]

Quantitative codicology

Carla Bozzolo and Ezio Ornato in their 1980 book "Pour une histoire du livre manuscript au Moyen Age" object to the then usual view of the study of manuscripts as a tool for accessing intellectual history or studying illuminated manuscripts as art objects. They advocate for the study of the plenty of ordinary manuscripts, by the archaeological method, with the objective of answering questions that go beyond a particular manuscript.[24] Ornato articulates how the study of the inner features is inseparable from the exterior features of a manuscript. The quantitative method can therefore provide an idea of the economy and culture of manuscript production at a particular time or place or a longer period, relating it to the history of the book. Ornato and his school of followers thus consider codicology an independent and autonomous historical discipline, not subservient to any specialisation. However, his understanding of codicology is not lato sensu, but statistical- the selection of materials, fabrication of quires, number of volumes, prices, work invested, circulation - drawn from a group of manuscripts by time, place, type, etc. Malachi Beit-Arie first used databases in codicology for Hebrew codices.[25]

Comparative codicology

The progress in quantitative analysis of Latin, Hebrew, Byzantine and Arabic codices prompted research into whether technological practices were shared. This led to comparative codicology, a concept that takes its methodology from the comparative method. It was particularly inspired by linguistics and the possibility of a universal 'grammar' of the codex. The method was used early on in Hebrew codicology, as Hebrew manuscripts are considered intercultural via reflecting the manuscript culture of the dominant culture in which Jewish communities lived. In the 21st century, along with quantitative codicology, it is the most widespread methodology.[26]

Structural codicology

Starting in the late 1980s, some scholars borrowed ideas from structuralist linguistics and studied the codex as a structure with "morphological" and "syntactic" dimensions, treating its constituent components and their relationships respectively. A "genetic" aspect is also present as it tries to reconstruct the origin of the components and their production. Gumbert and other scholars formulated a syntax to identify codicological units and caesuras(discontinuities or boundariess) of a manuscript, formed by one or more quires, and their stages of production and interrelationships. This method faces difficulties due to manuscripts experiencing changes over their lifetime, due to losses, removals, and additions of text.[27]

Islamic codicology

While medieval authors may have practised rudimentary codicology, interest in the study of Arabic manuscripts in the West started in the late 18th century. The greatest impetus was given with the first World of Islam Festival in London, in 1976, followed by a colloquium on Islamic codicology and palaeography in Istanbul in 1986. From then on, a number of conferences, exhibitions, catalogues, and specialized periodicals appeared.[28]

See also

References

  1. ^ "codicology". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ a b c Ward, Gerald (2008). "Codicology". The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195313918.
  3. ^ a b c d del Barco, Javier (2017). "From the Archaeological Turn to 'Codicologie Structurale': The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts". In Wandrey, Irina (ed.). Jewish Manuscript Cultures: New Perspectives. p. 5.
  4. ^ a b Beal, Peter (2008). "codicology". A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology 1450–2000. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199576128.
  5. ^ a b c del Barco, Javier (2017). "From the Archaeological Turn to 'Codicologie Structurale': The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts". In Wandrey, Irina (ed.). Jewish Manuscript Cultures: New Perspectives. p. 7.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i McCormick, Michael; Gamillscheg, Ernst (1991). "Codicology". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195046526.
  7. ^ del Barco, Javier (2017). "From the Archaeological Turn to 'Codicologie Structurale': The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts". In Wandrey, Irina (ed.). Jewish Manuscript Cultures: New Perspectives. p. 7-8.
  8. ^ del Barco, Javier (2017). "From the Archaeological Turn to 'Codicologie Structurale': The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts". In Wandrey, Irina (ed.). Jewish Manuscript Cultures: New Perspectives. p. 10.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Pearsal, Derek (2010). "Codicology". In Suarez, Michael; Woudhuysen, H. R. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Book. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198606536.
  10. ^ a b c d Hourihane, Colum P., ed. (2013). "Codicology". The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195395365.
  11. ^ Gamillscheg, Ernst; Ševčenko, Ihor (1991). "Quire". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195046526.
  12. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander P., ed. (1991). "Ruling Patterns". The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195046526.
  13. ^ a b Hunter, Timothy (2001). "Codicology". In Brigstocke, Hugh (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Western Art. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198662037.
  14. ^ Smith, Margaret M. (2010). "Catchword". In Suarez, Michael; Woudhuysen, H. R. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Book. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198606536.
  15. ^ Żbikowska-Migoń, Anna; Skalska-Zlat, Marta, eds. (2017). Encyklopedia książki. T. 2, K-Z. p. 63. ISBN 978-83-229-3543-9.
  16. ^ a b c d Żbikowska-Migoń, Anna; Skalska-Zlat, Marta, eds. (2017). Encyklopedia książki. T. 2, K-Z. p. 64. ISBN 978-83-229-3543-9.
  17. ^ . myfilology.ru. Archived from the original on 12 November 2018.
  18. ^ Żbikowska-Migoń, Anna; Skalska-Zlat, Marta, eds. (2017). Encyklopedia książki. T. 2, K-Z. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-83-229-3543-9.
  19. ^ Betancourt-Serna, Fernando (1996). "Historia y concepto del neologismo codicología". El libro anónimo "DE INTERDICTIS" Codex Vaticanus Latinus número 5766. ISBN 978-84-472-0369-7.
  20. ^ a b del Barco, Javier (2017). "From the Archaeological Turn to 'Codicologie Structurale': The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts". In Wandrey, Irina (ed.). Jewish Manuscript Cultures: New Perspectives. p. 4.
  21. ^ a b Gamillscheg, Ernst; Ševčenko, Ihor (1991). "Palaeography". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195046526.
  22. ^ del Barco, Javier (2017). "From the Archaeological Turn to 'Codicologie Structurale': The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts". In Wandrey, Irina (ed.). Jewish Manuscript Cultures: New Perspectives. p. 3-5.
  23. ^ a b del Barco, Javier (2017). "From the Archaeological Turn to 'Codicologie Structurale': The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts". In Wandrey, Irina (ed.). Jewish Manuscript Cultures: New Perspectives. p. 6.
  24. ^ del Barco, Javier (2017). "From the Archaeological Turn to 'Codicologie Structurale': The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts". In Wandrey, Irina (ed.). Jewish Manuscript Cultures: New Perspectives. p. 8.
  25. ^ del Barco, Javier (2017). "From the Archaeological Turn to 'Codicologie Structurale': The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts". In Wandrey, Irina (ed.). Jewish Manuscript Cultures: New Perspectives. p. 9-10.
  26. ^ del Barco, Javier (2017). "From the Archaeological Turn to 'Codicologie Structurale': The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts". In Wandrey, Irina (ed.). Jewish Manuscript Cultures: New Perspectives. p. 11-13.
  27. ^ del Barco, Javier (2017). "From the Archaeological Turn to 'Codicologie Structurale': The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts". In Wandrey, Irina (ed.). Jewish Manuscript Cultures: New Perspectives. p. 13-14.
  28. ^ Gacek, Adam (2010). "codicology, Muslim". In Suarez, Michael; Woudhuysen, H. R. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Book. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198606536.

Further reading

General

  • Devreesse, Robert (1954). Introduction a l'etude des manuscrits grecs.
  • Dain, Alphonse (1964). Les manuscrits (2nd ed.).
  • Delaissé, L. M. J. (1967). "Towards a History of the Medieval Book". Divinitas. 11: 423–36.
  • Parkes, M. B. (1976). "The Influence of the Concepts of Ordinatio and Compilatio on the Development of the Book". In Alexander, J. J. G.; Gibson, M. T. (eds.). Medieval Learning and Literature.
  • Gruys, A. (1976). Codicologica. Vol. 1. E. J. Brill.
  • Gruys, A. (1976). Codicologica. Vol. 2. E. J. Brill.
  • Gruys, A. (1980). Codicologica. Vol. 3, 5. E. J. Brill.
  • Gilissen, Leon (1977). Prolegomenes a la codicologie: recherches sur la construction des cahiers et la mise en page des manuscrits medievaux.
  • Harlfinger, Dieter (1980). Griechische Kodikologie und Textueberlieferung.
  • Bezzolo, C.; Ornato, E. (1980). Pour une histoire du livre manuscript au Moyen Age.
  • Boyle, L. E. (1984). Medieval Latin Palaeography: A Bibliographical Introduction.
  • Shailor, B. (1988). The Medieval Book.
  • Lemaire, J. (1989). Introduction à la codicologie.
  • Owen, D. D. R.; Monks, P. R.; Sinclair, Keith Val (1994). Medieval Codicology, Iconography, Literature and Translation: Studies for Keith Val Sinclair.
  • Robinson, P.; Zim, R. (1997). Of the Making of Books: Medieval Manuscripts, their Scribes and Readers: Essays Presented to M. B. Parkes.
  • Палеография и кодикология. 300 лет после Монфокона: Мат-лы междунар. науч. конференции. Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2000.
  • Maniaci, Marilena (2002). Archeologia del manoscritto: metodi, problemi, bibliografia recente.
  • Clemens, R.; Graham, T. (2007). Introduction to Manuscript Studies.
  • Bobichon, Phillipe (2008). Le lexicon : Mise en page et mise en texte des manuscrits hébreux, grecs, latins, romans et arabes.
  • Agati, Maria Luisa (2009). Il libro manoscritto da Oriente a Occidente. Per una codicologia comparata.
  • Столярова, Л. В.; Каштанов, С. М. (2010). "Кодикология — наука о рукописных книгах". Книга в Древней Руси (XI—XVI вв.) (PDF). University of Dmitry Pozharsky.
  • Kluge, Mathias (2014). Handschriften des Mittelalters: Grundwissen Kodikologie und Paläographie. ISBN 978-3-7995-0577-2.
  • Kodikologie und Paläographie im digitalen Zeitalter. Writings of the Institut für Dokumentologie und Editorik. Vol. 1, 2, 3, 4. 2009–2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)

Reference works

  • Loeffler, Karl; Kirchner, Joachim, eds. (1935–1937). Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens. Vol. 1, 2, 3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  • Kirchner, Joachim, ed. (1952–1956). Lexikon des Buchwesens. Vol. 1, 2, 3, 4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  • Nordisk Leksikon for Bogvaesen. Vol. 1, 2. 1949–1962.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  • Milkau, Fritz; Leyh, Georg, eds. (1950–1965). Handbuch der Bibliothekswissenschaft. Vol. 1, 2, 3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  • Hunger, Herbert; Langosch, Karl, eds. (1961–1964). Geschichte der Textueberlieferung der antiken und mittelalterlichen Literatur. Vol. 1, 2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  • Muzerelle, Denis (1985). Vocabulaire codicologique: repertoire methodique des termes francais relatifs aux manuscrits.
  • van Hook, John (1992). "The Indexes to Current Work on the History of the Book: A Review Article". Analytical and Enumerative Bibliography. 6.
  • Corsten, Severin, ed. (1995). Lexikon des Gesamten Buchwesens: LGB. ISBN 3-7772-8527-7.
  • Maniaci, Marilena (1996). Terminologia del libro manoscritto.
  • Rautenberg, Ursula, ed. (2003). Reclams Sachlexikon des Buches (2nd ed.). ISBN 3-15-010542-0.

Historical

  • de Montfaucon, Bernard (1739). Bibliotheca bibliothecarum manuscriptorum nova.
  • Birt, Theodor (1896). Das antike Buchwesen.
  • Gardthausen, Viktor Emil (1911). Griechische palaeographie. Vol. 1.
  • Arnswaldt, Werner (1925). Handschriftenkunde für Familienforscher.

Western European codices

  • Gumbert, J. P. (1989). The Dutch and Their Books in the Manuscript Age.
  • Friedman, J. B. (1995). Northern English Books, Owners, and Makers in the Late Middle Ages.

Byzantine codices

Slavic codices

  • Güntherová, A.; Mišianik, J. (1961). Stredoveká knižná maľba na Slovensku.
  • Дубровіна, Л. А.; Гальченко, О. М. (1992). Кодикографія української та східнослов'янської рукописної книги і кодикологічна модель структури формалізованого опису рукопису. Institute of Ukrainian Archeography.
  • Джурова, Аксиния (1997). Въведение в славянската кодикология. Византийският кодекс и рецепцията му сред славяните.
  • Фрис, В. (2003). Історія кириличної рукописної книги в Україні.

Hebrew codices

  • Posner, Raphael; Ta-Shema, Israel (1975). The Hebrew book: An historical survey.
  • Beit-Arie, Malachi (1976). Hebrew codicology: tentative typology of technical practices employed in Hebrew dated medieval manuscripts.
  • Beit-Arié, Malachi (1993). The Makings of the Medieval Hebrew Book: Studies in Palaeography and Codicology.

Arabic codices

  • Pedersen, Johannes (1984). The Arabic Book.
  • The codicology of Islamic manuscripts : proceedings of the second conference of Al-Furqān Islamic Heritage Foundation. 1993.
  • Déroche, F. (2006). Islamic Codicology.
  • Gacek, A. (2001–2008). The Arabic Manuscript Tradition. Vol. 1, 2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)

Ethiopian codices

Asian codices

  • Saktimulya, Sri Ratna (2016). Naskah-Naskah Skriptorium Pakualaman: Periode Paku Alam II (1830-1858).

Specific codex texts

  • Doyle, A. I.; Parkes, M. B. (1978). "The Production of Copies of the Canterbury Tales and the Confessio Amantis in the Early Fifteenth Century". In Parkes, M. B.; Watson, A. G. (eds.). Medieval Scribes, Manuscripts and Libraries.
  • J. Muir, Bernard (1992). The Exeter Book: A Bibliography. Exeter Medieval English Texts and Studies.
  • Gameson, R., ed. (1994). The Early Medieval Bible: Its Production, Decoration, and Use.
  • Amblard, P. (2008). Un pélerinage intérieur.

Parchment

  • Reed, Ronald (1972). Ancient Skins, Parchments and Leathers.
  • Reed, Ronald (1975). The Nature and Making of Parchment.
  • Ruck, Peter (1991). Pergament: Geschichte-Struktur-Restaurierung-Herstellung.

Ink

  • Carvalho, David N. (1904). Forty Centuries of Ink.
  • Thompson, Daniel V. (1936). The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting.
  • Bat-Yehouda, Monique Zerdoun (1983). Les encres noires au moyen age.

Illustration

  • Randall, Lilian M. C. (1966). Images in the Margins of Gothic Manuscripts.
  • Diringer, David (1967). The Illuminated Book, Its History and Production (Revised ed.).
  • Weitzmann, Kurt (1970). Illustrations in roll and Codes. A Study of the Origin and Method of Text Illustration (2nd ed.).

Bookbinding

  • Szirmai, János Alexander (1999). The archaeology of medieval bookbinding.

External links

  • Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine article on codicology in Ukrainian
  • Scriptorium - journal of codicology
  • Diplomatics and codicology website with resources in Spanish
  • Auxiliary science of history codicology in German
  • 'Ktiv' - The International Collection of Digitized Hebrew Manuscripts, A catalog of about 400,000 Hebrew manuscripts, of which about 100,000 are digitized.
  • of German manuscripts in the 13th and 14th century, Philipps-Universität Marburg (descriptive catalog) (not included are solitary documents and minimal inscriptions in Latin Manuscripts).
  • Codices Electronici Ecclesiae Coloniensis, Universität Köln, about 500 manuscripts (mostly German speaking area, with photos).
  • , University Library of Graz, Online-Catalogue with over 2.000 registered manuscripts partially already (2011) with detailed palaeografic descriptions and digitally complete versions.
  • Hill Museum & Manuscript Library in Collegeville, Minnesota, 90,000 manuscripts from Austria and Spain.
  • The Digital Walters, The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. Over 900 illuminated manuscripts and 1250 incunables.

January 20, 2023
codicology, from, french, codicologie, from, latin, codex, genitive, codicis, notebook, book, greek, λογία, logia, study, codices, manuscript, books, often, referred, archaeology, book, term, coined, françois, masai, concerns, itself, with, materials, tools, t. Codicology ˌ k oʊ d ɪ ˈ k ɒ l e dʒ i 1 from French codicologie from Latin codex genitive codicis notebook book and Greek logia logia is the study of codices or manuscript books It is often referred to as the archaeology of the book 2 a term coined by Francois Masai 3 It concerns itself with the materials tools and techniques used to make codices along with their features 4 Reims gospel book The demarcation of codicology is not clear cut Some view codicology as a discipline complete in itself while others see it as auxiliary to textual criticism analysis and transmission which is studied by philology 2 5 Codicologists may also study the history of libraries manuscript collecting book cataloguing and scribes which otherwise belongs to the history of the book 2 5 Some codicologists say that their field encompasses palaeography the study of handwriting while some palaeographers say that their field encompasses codicology The study of written features such as marginalia glosses ownership inscriptions etc falls in both camps as does the study of the physical aspects of decoration which otherwise belongs to art history citation needed Unlike traditional palaeography codicology places more emphasis on the cultural aspect of books 6 The focus on material is referred to as stricto sensu codicology while a broader approach incorporating palaeography philology art history and the history of the book is referred to as lato sensu codicology and the exact meaning depends on the codicologist s view 7 8 Palaeographic techniques are used along with codicological techniques Analysis of the work of the scribe script styles and their variations may reveal the book s character value purpose date and the importance attached to its different parts 9 Many incunabula books printed up to the year 1500 were finished wholly or partly by hand so they belong to the domain of codicology 10 Contents 1 Study of codices 1 1 Materials 1 2 Structure 1 3 Pages 1 4 The libraire 2 History 2 1 Origins 2 2 Archaeological turn 2 3 Broader approach 2 4 Quantitative codicology 2 5 Comparative codicology 2 6 Structural codicology 2 7 Islamic codicology 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 5 1 General 5 2 Reference works 5 3 Historical 5 4 Western European codices 5 5 Byzantine codices 5 6 Slavic codices 5 7 Hebrew codices 5 8 Arabic codices 5 9 Ethiopian codices 5 10 Asian codices 5 11 Specific codex texts 5 12 Parchment 5 13 Ink 5 14 Illustration 5 15 Bookbinding 6 External linksStudy of codices EditMaterials Edit The materials codices are made with are their support and include papyrus parchment sometimes referred to as membrane or vellum and paper They are written and drawn on with metals pigments and ink 6 The quality size and choice of support determine the status of a codex Papyrus is found only in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages Codices intended for display were bound with more durable materials than vellum 9 Parchment varied widely due to animal species and finish and identification of animals used to make it has only begun to be studied in the 21st century How manufacturing influenced the final products technique and style is little understood However changes in style are underpinned more by variation in technique 10 Before the 14th and 15th century paper was expensive and its use may mark off the deluxe copy 9 Structure Edit The structure of a codex includes its size format ordinatio 9 its quires or gatherings 10 consisting of sheets folded a number of times often twice a bifolio 11 sewing bookbinding and rebinding A quire consisted of a number of folded sheets inserting into one another at least three but most commonly four bifolia 6 that is eight sheets and sixteen pages 10 Latin quaternio or Greek tetradion which became a synonym for quires 6 Unless an exemplar text to be copied was copied exactly format differed 9 In preparation for writing codices ruling patterns were used that determined the layout of each page Holes were prickled with a spiked lead wheel and a circle Ruling was then applied separately on each page or once through the top folio 12 Ownership markings decorations and illumination are also studied 4 6 As these features are dependent on time and place codicology determines characteristics specific to the scriptoria or any production center and libraries of codices 6 Pages Edit Watermarks may provide although often approximate dates for when the copying occurred The layout size of the margin and the number of lines is determined There may be textual articulations running heads openings chapters and paragraphs Space was reserved for illustrations and decorated guide letters The apparatus of books for scholars became more elaborate during the 13th and 14th centuries when chapter verse page numbering marginalia finding guides indexes glossaries and tables of contents were developed 9 The libraire Edit By a close examination of the physical attributes of a codex it is sometimes possible to match up long separated elements originally from the same book In 13th century book publishing due to secularization stationers or libraires emerged They would receive commissions for texts which they would contract out to scribes illustrators and binders to whom they supplied materials Due to the systematic format used for assembly by the libraire the structure can be used to reconstruct the original order of a manuscript However complications can arise in the study of a codex Manuscripts were frequently rebound and this resulted in a particular codex incorporating works of different dates and origins thus different internal structures Additionally a binder could alter or unify these structures to ensure a better fit for the new binding 13 Completed quires or books of quires might constitute independent book units booklets which could be returned to the stationer or combined with other texts to make anthologies or miscellanies Exemplars were sometimes divided into quires for simultaneous copying and loaned out to students for study To facilitate this catchwords were used a word at the end of a page providing the next page s first word 9 14 History EditOrigins Edit The study of manuscripts has a long tradition but codicology has a short history 15 In the fifteenth century two works published under the title De laude scriptorium praised manuscripts and the works of copyists One was written by Jean Gerson a Parisian theologian and the other by Johann Trithemius the abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Sponheim 16 In the 16th and 17th centuries as the study of manuscripts advanced disputes between philologists and theologians occurred In the 17th century the Bollandists collected hagiographes and critically examined their contents and origins 16 The Maurists contributed to historical and critical analysis of texts and Jean Mabilon is considered the father of palaeography and diplomatics 16 Basic principles of codicology were formulated in 1739 by Maurist monk Bernard de Montfaucon 17 better source needed In 1819 Heinrich Stein established the Gesellschaft fur altere deutsche Geschichtskunde which published Monumenta Germaniae Historica and studies on medieval codices 16 In 1821 the Ecole Nationale des Chartes was established and one of the most active manuscript researchers was Leopold Delisle 18 In 1825 the librarian Adolph Ebert published a monograph on diplomatics epigraphy and what he called Bucherhandschrifftenkunde the science of internal and external features of manuscripts In 1909 the philologist Ludwig Traube makes a distinction between paleography and Handschrifftenkunde To Traube paleography deals with deciphering writing interpreting abberviations and finding textual errors as well as dating and locating the manuscript Handschrifftenkunde studies the material elemenets of the codex its preparation and writings not part of the text itself like annotations 19 However the general tradition up until the 20th century viewed palaeography as not only encompassing the script but everything used to date the manuscript 20 Victor Gardthausen in his Greek Palaeography divided palaeography into Buchwesen the structure of the book and Schriftwesen the structure of writing 6 21 Up to the early 1930s the study of manuscripts had also been linked to literary history and philology 20 Codicology has been studied in a coherent fashion since the late 19th century 13 Charles Samaran proposed the term codicography in 1934 which he understood as parallel to bibliography the study of printed books making manuscript science separate from philology The term codicology was coined by Alphonse Dain in his 1949 book Les manuscrits to mean the study of manuscripts external features history collections catalogs as he also understood the study of material aspects and internal features to belong to palaeography 6 3 Archaeological turn Edit Over time the meaning morphed to the study of the codex as an archeological object equivalent to Buchwesen 6 21 Francois Masai adopted the term codicology and published an article in Scriptorium in 1950 in which he advocates its independence from palaeography He viewed codicology as related to diplomatics and within the sphere of archaeology He did not consider codicology a historical discipline so this separated it from the history of the book and cultural history 22 Leon Delaisse preferred to use Masai s archaeology of the book 3 Leon Gilissen s Prolegomenes a la codicologie is considered by many to be the foundation of a genuine archaeology of the book In the first two essays of the book he studied a site of twenty parchment manuscripts and by analysing the composition of quires concluded that a quire is not an accidental grouping of bifolia cut separately but the result of folding skin according to precise rules The method paved the way for more detailed understanding of medieval book production both preparation and execution 3 Marilena Maniaci in Archeologia del manoscritto conceptualises codicology in the same way 23 Broader approach Edit Since the 1970s various codicologists have claimed that codicology should be concerned with the history usage and reception of a manuscript as a cultural and textual object 23 Maria Luisa Agati in Il libro manoscritto da Oriente a Occidente includes palaeographical features decoration and the history of libraries in her study 5 Quantitative codicology Edit Carla Bozzolo and Ezio Ornato in their 1980 book Pour une histoire du livre manuscript au Moyen Age object to the then usual view of the study of manuscripts as a tool for accessing intellectual history or studying illuminated manuscripts as art objects They advocate for the study of the plenty of ordinary manuscripts by the archaeological method with the objective of answering questions that go beyond a particular manuscript 24 Ornato articulates how the study of the inner features is inseparable from the exterior features of a manuscript The quantitative method can therefore provide an idea of the economy and culture of manuscript production at a particular time or place or a longer period relating it to the history of the book Ornato and his school of followers thus consider codicology an independent and autonomous historical discipline not subservient to any specialisation However his understanding of codicology is not lato sensu but statistical the selection of materials fabrication of quires number of volumes prices work invested circulation drawn from a group of manuscripts by time place type etc Malachi Beit Arie first used databases in codicology for Hebrew codices 25 Comparative codicology Edit The progress in quantitative analysis of Latin Hebrew Byzantine and Arabic codices prompted research into whether technological practices were shared This led to comparative codicology a concept that takes its methodology from the comparative method It was particularly inspired by linguistics and the possibility of a universal grammar of the codex The method was used early on in Hebrew codicology as Hebrew manuscripts are considered intercultural via reflecting the manuscript culture of the dominant culture in which Jewish communities lived In the 21st century along with quantitative codicology it is the most widespread methodology 26 Structural codicology Edit Starting in the late 1980s some scholars borrowed ideas from structuralist linguistics and studied the codex as a structure with morphological and syntactic dimensions treating its constituent components and their relationships respectively A genetic aspect is also present as it tries to reconstruct the origin of the components and their production Gumbert and other scholars formulated a syntax to identify codicological units and caesuras discontinuities or boundariess of a manuscript formed by one or more quires and their stages of production and interrelationships This method faces difficulties due to manuscripts experiencing changes over their lifetime due to losses removals and additions of text 27 Islamic codicology Edit While medieval authors may have practised rudimentary codicology interest in the study of Arabic manuscripts in the West started in the late 18th century The greatest impetus was given with the first World of Islam Festival in London in 1976 followed by a colloquium on Islamic codicology and palaeography in Istanbul in 1986 From then on a number of conferences exhibitions catalogues and specialized periodicals appeared 28 See also EditAuxiliary sciences of history Fragmentology manuscripts Manuscriptology Textual scholarship Bodleian Library Oxford catalogue collections similar to the British Library British Library several huge collections e g Harleian Collection also via Catalogue of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts The known Anglo Saxon works like Beowulf or Lindisfarne Gospel Book of Lindisfarne Library of Congress Washington D C huge catalogue of manuscript collections References Edit codicology Oxford English Dictionary 3rd ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required a b c Ward Gerald 2008 Codicology The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195313918 a b c d del Barco Javier 2017 From the Archaeological Turn to Codicologie Structurale The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts In Wandrey Irina ed Jewish Manuscript Cultures New Perspectives p 5 a b Beal Peter 2008 codicology A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology 1450 2000 Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199576128 a b c del Barco Javier 2017 From the Archaeological Turn to Codicologie Structurale The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts In Wandrey Irina ed Jewish Manuscript Cultures New Perspectives p 7 a b c d e f g h i McCormick Michael Gamillscheg Ernst 1991 Codicology In Kazhdan Alexander P ed The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195046526 del Barco Javier 2017 From the Archaeological Turn to Codicologie Structurale The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts In Wandrey Irina ed Jewish Manuscript Cultures New Perspectives p 7 8 del Barco Javier 2017 From the Archaeological Turn to Codicologie Structurale The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts In Wandrey Irina ed Jewish Manuscript Cultures New Perspectives p 10 a b c d e f g Pearsal Derek 2010 Codicology In Suarez Michael Woudhuysen H R eds The Oxford Companion to the Book Oxford University Press ISBN 9780198606536 a b c d Hourihane Colum P ed 2013 Codicology The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195395365 Gamillscheg Ernst Sevcenko Ihor 1991 Quire In Kazhdan Alexander P ed The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195046526 Kazhdan Alexander P ed 1991 Ruling Patterns The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195046526 a b Hunter Timothy 2001 Codicology In Brigstocke Hugh ed The Oxford Companion to Western Art Oxford University Press ISBN 9780198662037 Smith Margaret M 2010 Catchword In Suarez Michael Woudhuysen H R eds The Oxford Companion to the Book Oxford University Press ISBN 9780198606536 Zbikowska Migon Anna Skalska Zlat Marta eds 2017 Encyklopedia ksiazki T 2 K Z p 63 ISBN 978 83 229 3543 9 a b c d Zbikowska Migon Anna Skalska Zlat Marta eds 2017 Encyklopedia ksiazki T 2 K Z p 64 ISBN 978 83 229 3543 9 Ponyatie kodikologii Die Handschriftenkunden das Buchwesen codigrafia archelogia dei libri Alfons Den i Sharl Samaran o predmete kodikologii Deni Myuzerej i ego Slovar kodikologii Hronologicheskaya opredelennost kodikologii myfilology ru Archived from the original on 12 November 2018 Zbikowska Migon Anna Skalska Zlat Marta eds 2017 Encyklopedia ksiazki T 2 K Z pp 64 65 ISBN 978 83 229 3543 9 Betancourt Serna Fernando 1996 Historia y concepto del neologismo codicologia El libro anonimo DE INTERDICTIS Codex Vaticanus Latinus numero 5766 ISBN 978 84 472 0369 7 a b del Barco Javier 2017 From the Archaeological Turn to Codicologie Structurale The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts In Wandrey Irina ed Jewish Manuscript Cultures New Perspectives p 4 a b Gamillscheg Ernst Sevcenko Ihor 1991 Palaeography In Kazhdan Alexander P ed The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195046526 del Barco Javier 2017 From the Archaeological Turn to Codicologie Structurale The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts In Wandrey Irina ed Jewish Manuscript Cultures New Perspectives p 3 5 a b del Barco Javier 2017 From the Archaeological Turn to Codicologie Structurale The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts In Wandrey Irina ed Jewish Manuscript Cultures New Perspectives p 6 del Barco Javier 2017 From the Archaeological Turn to Codicologie Structurale The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts In Wandrey Irina ed Jewish Manuscript Cultures New Perspectives p 8 del Barco Javier 2017 From the Archaeological Turn to Codicologie Structurale The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts In Wandrey Irina ed Jewish Manuscript Cultures New Perspectives p 9 10 del Barco Javier 2017 From the Archaeological Turn to Codicologie Structurale The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts In Wandrey Irina ed Jewish Manuscript Cultures New Perspectives p 11 13 del Barco Javier 2017 From the Archaeological Turn to Codicologie Structurale The Concept of Codicology and the Material Description of Hebrew Manuscripts In Wandrey Irina ed Jewish Manuscript Cultures New Perspectives p 13 14 Gacek Adam 2010 codicology Muslim In Suarez Michael Woudhuysen H R eds The Oxford Companion to the Book Oxford University Press ISBN 9780198606536 Further reading EditGeneral Edit Devreesse Robert 1954 Introduction a l etude des manuscrits grecs Dain Alphonse 1964 Les manuscrits 2nd ed Delaisse L M J 1967 Towards a History of the Medieval Book Divinitas 11 423 36 Parkes M B 1976 The Influence of the Concepts of Ordinatio and Compilatio on the Development of the Book In Alexander J J G Gibson M T eds Medieval Learning and Literature Gruys A 1976 Codicologica Vol 1 E J Brill Gruys A 1976 Codicologica Vol 2 E J Brill Gruys A 1980 Codicologica Vol 3 5 E J Brill Gilissen Leon 1977 Prolegomenes a la codicologie recherches sur la construction des cahiers et la mise en page des manuscrits medievaux Harlfinger Dieter 1980 Griechische Kodikologie und Textueberlieferung Bezzolo C Ornato E 1980 Pour une histoire du livre manuscript au Moyen Age Boyle L E 1984 Medieval Latin Palaeography A Bibliographical Introduction Shailor B 1988 The Medieval Book Lemaire J 1989 Introduction a la codicologie Owen D D R Monks P R Sinclair Keith Val 1994 Medieval Codicology Iconography Literature and Translation Studies for Keith Val Sinclair Robinson P Zim R 1997 Of the Making of Books Medieval Manuscripts their Scribes and Readers Essays Presented to M B Parkes Paleografiya i kodikologiya 300 let posle Monfokona Mat ly mezhdunar nauch konferencii Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences 2000 Maniaci Marilena 2002 Archeologia del manoscritto metodi problemi bibliografia recente Clemens R Graham T 2007 Introduction to Manuscript Studies Bobichon Phillipe 2008 Le lexicon Mise en page et mise en texte des manuscrits hebreux grecs latins romans et arabes Agati Maria Luisa 2009 Il libro manoscritto da Oriente a Occidente Per una codicologia comparata Stolyarova L V Kashtanov S M 2010 Kodikologiya nauka o rukopisnyh knigah Kniga v Drevnej Rusi XI XVI vv PDF University of Dmitry Pozharsky Kluge Mathias 2014 Handschriften des Mittelalters Grundwissen Kodikologie und Palaographie ISBN 978 3 7995 0577 2 Kodikologie und Palaographie im digitalen Zeitalter Writings of the Institut fur Dokumentologie und Editorik Vol 1 2 3 4 2009 2017 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date format link Reference works Edit Loeffler Karl Kirchner Joachim eds 1935 1937 Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens Vol 1 2 3 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date format link Kirchner Joachim ed 1952 1956 Lexikon des Buchwesens Vol 1 2 3 4 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date format link Nordisk Leksikon for Bogvaesen Vol 1 2 1949 1962 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date format link Milkau Fritz Leyh Georg eds 1950 1965 Handbuch der Bibliothekswissenschaft Vol 1 2 3 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date format link Hunger Herbert Langosch Karl eds 1961 1964 Geschichte der Textueberlieferung der antiken und mittelalterlichen Literatur Vol 1 2 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date format link Muzerelle Denis 1985 Vocabulaire codicologique repertoire methodique des termes francais relatifs aux manuscrits van Hook John 1992 The Indexes to Current Work on the History of the Book A Review Article Analytical and Enumerative Bibliography 6 Corsten Severin ed 1995 Lexikon des Gesamten Buchwesens LGB ISBN 3 7772 8527 7 Maniaci Marilena 1996 Terminologia del libro manoscritto Rautenberg Ursula ed 2003 Reclams Sachlexikon des Buches 2nd ed ISBN 3 15 010542 0 Historical Edit de Montfaucon Bernard 1739 Bibliotheca bibliothecarum manuscriptorum nova Birt Theodor 1896 Das antike Buchwesen Gardthausen Viktor Emil 1911 Griechische palaeographie Vol 1 Arnswaldt Werner 1925 Handschriftenkunde fur Familienforscher Western European codices Edit Gumbert J P 1989 The Dutch and Their Books in the Manuscript Age Friedman J B 1995 Northern English Books Owners and Makers in the Late Middle Ages Byzantine codices Edit Slavic codices Edit Guntherova A Misianik J 1961 Stredoveka knizna maľba na Slovensku Dubrovina L A Galchenko O M 1992 Kodikografiya ukrayinskoyi ta shidnoslov yanskoyi rukopisnoyi knigi i kodikologichna model strukturi formalizovanogo opisu rukopisu Institute of Ukrainian Archeography Dzhurova Aksiniya 1997 Vvedenie v slavyanskata kodikologiya Vizantijskiyat kodeks i recepciyata mu sred slavyanite Fris V 2003 Istoriya kirilichnoyi rukopisnoyi knigi v Ukrayini Hebrew codices Edit Posner Raphael Ta Shema Israel 1975 The Hebrew book An historical survey Beit Arie Malachi 1976 Hebrew codicology tentative typology of technical practices employed in Hebrew dated medieval manuscripts Beit Arie Malachi 1993 The Makings of the Medieval Hebrew Book Studies in Palaeography and Codicology Arabic codices Edit Pedersen Johannes 1984 The Arabic Book The codicology of Islamic manuscripts proceedings of the second conference of Al Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation 1993 Deroche F 2006 Islamic Codicology Gacek A 2001 2008 The Arabic Manuscript Tradition Vol 1 2 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date format link Ethiopian codices Edit Asian codices Edit Saktimulya Sri Ratna 2016 Naskah Naskah Skriptorium Pakualaman Periode Paku Alam II 1830 1858 Specific codex texts Edit Doyle A I Parkes M B 1978 The Production of Copies of the Canterbury Tales and the Confessio Amantis in the Early Fifteenth Century In Parkes M B Watson A G eds Medieval Scribes Manuscripts and Libraries J Muir Bernard 1992 The Exeter Book A Bibliography Exeter Medieval English Texts and Studies Gameson R ed 1994 The Early Medieval Bible Its Production Decoration and Use Amblard P 2008 Un pelerinage interieur Parchment Edit Reed Ronald 1972 Ancient Skins Parchments and Leathers Reed Ronald 1975 The Nature and Making of Parchment Ruck Peter 1991 Pergament Geschichte Struktur Restaurierung Herstellung Ink Edit Carvalho David N 1904 Forty Centuries of Ink Thompson Daniel V 1936 The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting Bat Yehouda Monique Zerdoun 1983 Les encres noires au moyen age Illustration Edit Randall Lilian M C 1966 Images in the Margins of Gothic Manuscripts Diringer David 1967 The Illuminated Book Its History and Production Revised ed Weitzmann Kurt 1970 Illustrations in roll and Codes A Study of the Origin and Method of Text Illustration 2nd ed Bookbinding Edit Szirmai Janos Alexander 1999 The archaeology of medieval bookbinding External links EditEncyclopedia of the History of Ukraine article on codicology in Ukrainian Scriptorium journal of codicology Diplomatics and codicology website with resources in Spanish Auxiliary science of history codicology in German Ktiv The International Collection of Digitized Hebrew Manuscripts A catalog of about 400 000 Hebrew manuscripts of which about 100 000 are digitized Marburger Repertorium of German manuscripts in the 13th and 14th century Philipps Universitat Marburg descriptive catalog not included are solitary documents and minimal inscriptions in Latin Manuscripts Codices Electronici Ecclesiae Coloniensis Universitat Koln about 500 manuscripts mostly German speaking area with photos Department for Special Collections University Library of Graz Online Catalogue with over 2 000 registered manuscripts partially already 2011 with detailed palaeografic descriptions and digitally complete versions Hill Museum amp Manuscript Library in Collegeville Minnesota 90 000 manuscripts from Austria and Spain The Digital Walters The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore Maryland Over 900 illuminated manuscripts and 1250 incunables Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts 12th 17th centuries Center for Digital Initiatives University of Vermont Libraries Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Codicology amp oldid 1134304687, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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