Cobalt blue is a bluepigment made by sinteringcobalt(II) oxide with aluminum(III) oxide (alumina) at 1200 °C. Chemically, cobalt blue pigment is cobalt(II) oxide-aluminium oxide, or cobalt(II) aluminate, CoAl2O4. Cobalt blue is lighter and less intense than the (iron-cyanide based) pigment Prussian blue. It is extremely stable and historically has been used as a coloring agent in ceramics (especially Chinese porcelain), jewelry, and paint. Transparent glasses are tinted with the silica-based cobalt pigment "smalt".
Ores containing cobalt have been used since antiquity as pigments to give a blue color to porcelain and glass. Cobalt blue in impure forms had long been used in Chinese porcelain.[1] In 1742, Swedish chemist Georg Brandt showed that the blue color was due to a previously unidentified metal, cobalt. The first recorded use of cobalt blue as a color name in English was in 1777.[2] It was independently discovered as a pure alumina-based pigment by Louis Jacques Thénard in 1802.[3] Commercial production began in France in 1807. The leading world manufacturer of cobalt blue in the nineteenth century was Benjamin Wegner's Norwegian company Blaafarveværket ("blue colour works" in Dano-Norwegian). Germany also was famous for production of it, especially the blue colour works (Blaufarbenwerke) in the Ore Mountains of Saxony.
Cobalt glass is used decoratively, and also as an optical filter to remove or hide certain visible colors.
Cobalt blue was the primary blue pigment used for centuries in Chinese blue and white porcelain, beginning in the late eighth or early ninth century.[4]
Traditional Bunzlauer pottery made by Germans from Bunzlau also made an extensive use of cobalt blue glaze. The pigment was used along with white in classic patterns of blue and white dots before the synthetic production of more variously-colored pigments (yielding such colors as green, red, orange).
Watercolorist John Varley suggested cobalt blue as a good substitution for ultramarine for painting skies, writing in his "List of Colours" from 1818: "Used as a substitute for ultramarine in its brightness of colour, and superior when used in skies and other objects, which require even tints; used occasionally in retrieving the brightness of those tints when too heavy, and for tints in drapery, etc. Capable, by its superior brilliancy and contrast, to subdue the brightness of other blues."[5]
Maxfield Parrish, partially famous for the intensity of his skyscapes, frequently used cobalt blue, and as a result cobalt blue sometimes is called Parrish blue.
Cobalt blue is a commonly used color for interior decorating.[7]
Cobalt blue is toxic when ingested or inhaled. Its use requires appropriate precautions to avoid internal contamination and to prevent cobalt poisoning.
Natural occurrenceedit
A single record of the compound concerns inclusions in sapphires from a single site.[11]
^Kerr, Rose; Wood, Nigel (2004), Science and Civilisation in China Volume 5. Part 12, Ceramic Technology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 658–692, ISBN0-521-83833-9.
^Maerz and Paul. A Dictionary of Color. New York (1930). McGraw-Hill. p. 91; Color Sample of Cobalt Blue: Page 131 Plate 34 Color Sample L7
^Gehlen, A.F. (1803). "Ueber die Bereitung einer blauen Farbe aus Kobalt, die eben so schön ist wie Ultramarin. Vom Bürger Thenard". Neues Allgemeines Journal der Chemie, Band 2. H. Frölich. from the original on 2018-02-10. German translation from Thénard, L.J. (1803), "Considérations générales sur les couleurs, suivies d'un procédé pour préparer une couleur bleue aussi belle que l'outremer" (PDF), Journal des Mines, 86: 128–136, (PDF) from the original on 2012-03-29.
^"Chinese pottery: The Yuan dynasty (1206–1368)". 2017-12-29 at the Wayback MachineEncyclopædia Britannica Online. Accessed 7 June 2018.
^""J Varley's List of Colours". The British Museum. from the original on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
^. ColourLex. Archived from the original on 2015-04-15. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
^ Cobalt Blue Is the Vibrant Shade You Need for 2023,[1]
^"Real Salt Lake unveil new primary kit for 2018". MLSSoccer.com. February 8, 2018. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
^"History". SportingKC.com. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
^Sheffield, Brandon. "Out of the Blue: Naoto Ohshima Speaks". Gamasutra. from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2013. Well, he's blue because that's Sega's more-or-less official company color
Roy, A. "Cobalt blue", in Artists' Pigments, Berrie, B. H., Ed., National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 2007
Wood, J.R. and Hsu Yi-Ting, 2019, An Archaeometallurgical Explanation for the Disappearance of Egyptian and Near Eastern Cobalt-Blue Glass at the end of the Late Bronze Age, Internet Archaeology52, Internet Archaeology
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cobalt blue.
"History of Cobalt blue". Pigments through the Ages. WebExhibits.
Cobalt blue – ColourLex
An Archaeometallurgical Explanation for the Disappearance of Egyptian and Near Eastern Cobalt-Blue Glass at the end of the Late Bronze Age – Internet Archaeology
February 15, 2024
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This article is about the color For other uses see Cobalt blue disambiguation Cobalt blue is a blue pigment made by sintering cobalt II oxide with aluminum III oxide alumina at 1200 C Chemically cobalt blue pigment is cobalt II oxide aluminium oxide or cobalt II aluminate CoAl2O4 Cobalt blue is lighter and less intense than the iron cyanide based pigment Prussian blue It is extremely stable and historically has been used as a coloring agent in ceramics especially Chinese porcelain jewelry and paint Transparent glasses are tinted with the silica based cobalt pigment smalt Cobalt blue A sample of a commercial cobalt blue pigment Color coordinatesHex triplet 0047ABsRGBB r g b 0 71 171 HSV h s v 215 100 67 CIELChuv L C h 33 82 259 Source Unsourced ISCC NBS descriptorVivid blueB Normalized to 0 255 byte Cobalt blue IdentifiersCAS Number 1345 16 03D model JSmol Interactive imageChemSpider 10653098EC Number 310 193 6PubChem CID 12888320InChI InChI 1S 2Al Co 4O q 2 2 1Key BVTIIQXILLBFIK UHFFFAOYSA NSMILES O Al O O Al O Co 2 PropertiesChemical formula Al 2Co O 4Molar mass 176 892 g mol 1Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa Infobox references Contents 1 Historical uses and production 2 In human culture 3 Toxicity 4 Natural occurrence 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistorical uses and production editOres containing cobalt have been used since antiquity as pigments to give a blue color to porcelain and glass Cobalt blue in impure forms had long been used in Chinese porcelain 1 In 1742 Swedish chemist Georg Brandt showed that the blue color was due to a previously unidentified metal cobalt The first recorded use of cobalt blue as a color name in English was in 1777 2 It was independently discovered as a pure alumina based pigment by Louis Jacques Thenard in 1802 3 Commercial production began in France in 1807 The leading world manufacturer of cobalt blue in the nineteenth century was Benjamin Wegner s Norwegian company Blaafarvevaerket blue colour works in Dano Norwegian Germany also was famous for production of it especially the blue colour works Blaufarbenwerke in the Ore Mountains of Saxony Cobalt glass is used decoratively and also as an optical filter to remove or hide certain visible colors In human culture editArt Cobalt blue was the primary blue pigment used for centuries in Chinese blue and white porcelain beginning in the late eighth or early ninth century 4 Traditional Bunzlauer pottery made by Germans from Bunzlau also made an extensive use of cobalt blue glaze The pigment was used along with white in classic patterns of blue and white dots before the synthetic production of more variously colored pigments yielding such colors as green red orange Watercolorist John Varley suggested cobalt blue as a good substitution for ultramarine for painting skies writing in his List of Colours from 1818 Used as a substitute for ultramarine in its brightness of colour and superior when used in skies and other objects which require even tints used occasionally in retrieving the brightness of those tints when too heavy and for tints in drapery etc Capable by its superior brilliancy and contrast to subdue the brightness of other blues 5 Cobalt blue has been used in paintings since its discovery by Thenard by painters such as J M W Turner Impressionists such as Pierre Auguste Renoir and Claude Monet and Post Impressionists such as Vincent van Gogh 6 It is stable and lightfast and also compatible with all other pigments Maxfield Parrish partially famous for the intensity of his skyscapes frequently used cobalt blue and as a result cobalt blue sometimes is called Parrish blue Cobalt blue is a commonly used color for interior decorating 7 Automobiles Several car manufacturers including Jeep and Bugatti have cobalt blue as paint options Construction Because of its chemical stability in the presence of alkali cobalt blue is used as a pigment in blue concrete Sports Two Major League Soccer teams have cobalt blue as a secondary color Real Salt Lake from its inception 8 and Sporting Kansas City on its home uniforms since 2008 9 Vexillology Several countries including the Netherlands and Romania and a U S state Nevada have cobalt blue as one of three shades of their flags Video games Sega s official logo color is cobalt blue Sonic the Hedgehog Sega s current mascot was colored to match 10 nbsp An example of cobalt blue hue not pure cobalt blue nbsp Pierre Auguste Renoir Boating on the Seine La Yole c 1879Toxicity editCobalt blue is toxic when ingested or inhaled Its use requires appropriate precautions to avoid internal contamination and to prevent cobalt poisoning Natural occurrence editA single record of the compound concerns inclusions in sapphires from a single site 11 See also editRAL 5013 Cobalt blue Lists of colors List of inorganic pigments Cobalt phosphateReferences edit Kerr Rose Wood Nigel 2004 Science and Civilisation in China Volume 5 Part 12 Ceramic Technology Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 658 692 ISBN 0 521 83833 9 Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York 1930 McGraw Hill p 91 Color Sample of Cobalt Blue Page 131 Plate 34 Color Sample L7 Gehlen A F 1803 Ueber die Bereitung einer blauen Farbe aus Kobalt die eben so schon ist wie Ultramarin Vom Burger Thenard Neues Allgemeines Journal der Chemie Band 2 H Frolich Archived from the original on 2018 02 10 German translation from Thenard L J 1803 Considerations generales sur les couleurs suivies d un procede pour preparer une couleur bleue aussi belle que l outremer PDF Journal des Mines 86 128 136 archived PDF from the original on 2012 03 29 Chinese pottery The Yuan dynasty 1206 1368 Archived 2017 12 29 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Accessed 7 June 2018 J Varley s List of Colours The British Museum Archived from the original on 2016 09 20 Retrieved 2016 07 22 Cobalt blue ColourLex Archived from the original on 2015 04 15 Retrieved 7 June 2018 Cobalt Blue Is the Vibrant Shade You Need for 2023 1 Real Salt Lake unveil new primary kit for 2018 MLSSoccer com February 8 2018 Retrieved June 26 2019 History SportingKC com Retrieved June 26 2019 Sheffield Brandon Out of the Blue Naoto Ohshima Speaks Gamasutra Archived from the original on 16 July 2015 Retrieved 12 August 2013 Well he s blue because that s Sega s more or less official company color UM1994 06 O AlCo Further reading editRoy A Cobalt blue in Artists Pigments Berrie B H Ed National Gallery of Art Washington D C 2007 Wood J R and Hsu Yi Ting 2019 An Archaeometallurgical Explanation for the Disappearance of Egyptian and Near Eastern Cobalt Blue Glass at the end of the Late Bronze Age Internet Archaeology 52 Internet ArchaeologyExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cobalt blue History of Cobalt blue Pigments through the Ages WebExhibits Cobalt blue ColourLex An Archaeometallurgical Explanation for the Disappearance of Egyptian and Near Eastern Cobalt Blue Glass at the end of the Late Bronze Age Internet Archaeology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cobalt blue amp oldid 1192399287, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
