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Climate change in Texas

January 01, 1970

The climate in Texas is changing partially due to global warming and rising trends in greenhouse gas emissions.[1] As of 2016, most area of Texas had already warmed by 1.5 °F (0.83 °C) since the previous century because of greenhouse gas emissions by the United States and other countries.[1] Texas is expected to experience a wide range of environmental impacts from climate change in the United States, including rising sea levels, more frequent extreme weather events, and increasing pressure on water resources.[1]

Houses destroyed by wildfire, Dallas, July 2022
The Valero Refinery in Three Rivers, Texas[2]

Texas was ranked second by GDP across the U.S. in 2020 and had a fast growing economy.[3] According to U.S. Energy Information Administration, a large portion of Texas economic growth from 2005 to 2016 came from conventional energy production.[4]

Chalk Mountain wildfire, July 2022

Although Texas has a long history of conventional energy production (e.g., petroleum and natural gas), the renewable energy industry has also been rapidly growing in Texas. Solar industry jobs have been increasing and wind farms have been built in West Texas in recent years.[5][6] Considering the advantages such as sunny weather, flat land and friendly business climate, Texas has high potential to develop more renewable energy in the future.[6] In addition, there are emerging local and regional actions to address climate change across Texas. For example, Austin, Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio initiated Climate Action Plans in recent years.[7][8][9][10] The government agencies also implemented programs such as Texas Emissions Reduction Plan and Innovative Energy Demonstration Program to promote the use of renewable energy and climate education in Texas.

Emissions and energy edit

 
Destroyed houses, Possum Kingdom wildfire, 2011
 
Roscoe Wind Farm, Nolan County

In the U.S., Texas was ranked first in terms of total carbon dioxide emissions in 2017 and total energy production in 2018.[11][12] As of February 2020, Texas's energy mix included 18,705,000 kWh natural gas, 4,823,000 kWh coal, 3,548,000 kWh nuclear and 8,317,000 kWh renewables.[13] Half of the energy consumed in Texas was from refineries and petrochemical plants.[13]

Texas accounted for 41% of crude oil production, 25% of natural gas, and 31% of refining capacity, and had some of the highest potential for sustainable energy production, producing 28% of wind power for the United States.[14]

Climate change impacts edit

 
Solar power station, Krugerville

Climate change is expected to have a wide-spread and significant impacts on Texas.[15] Extreme hot days are expected be more frequent due to the increasing average temperature. With higher temperature, there could be decreasing relative humidity and increasing evapotranspiration.[15] Therefore, the degree of aridity would rise and even longer and more severe droughts could happen.[15] There will be less available water resources under climate change and water scarcity can be exacerbated by the rapidly growing water demand due to fast urbanization in Texas.[1]

 
Destroyed houses, Hurricane Ike

Additionally, sea level rise along the Texas coastline is likely to be greater than the projected global sea level rise (i.e., 1–4 feet) to the end of this century, which makes the coastal region more susceptible to storm surges.[15] Extreme weather events like hurricanes might be more intense which can make much larger losses and threaten the local residents.[1]

There is also an increasing trend of both frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation with light or normal rains less likely to happen in the future, which could lead to higher soil moisture stress in Texas.[15][16]

Extreme weather edit

 
Hurricane Harvey temperature map, satellite data[17][18]

Overall, the amount of precipitation on extremely wet or snowy days is likely to decrease in winter and increase in summer.[1] Storms with heavy rain are expected to become more extreme, causing flooding.[1] The frequency of extremely hot days in summer is also expected to increase because of the general warming trend.[1] Many arid areas in Texas will likely enter desertification or lose its productivity for activities like livestock.[1]

In 2020, high temperatures and lack of rainfall led to a drought with D3 (extreme) and D4 (exceptional) categories in Texas as well as many other Western and Central states. The Western/Central Drought and Heatwave (event name) lasted through the months of June to December and resulted in 45 deaths as well as an estimated cost of 4.5 billion dollars.[19]

In February 2021, Texas experienced terrible snowstorms and wide-range unexpected power outages that was uncommon in history, which might have been caused by climate change based on related researches.[20]

According to the Fifth National Climate Assessment published in 2023, coastal states including California, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas are experiencing "more significant storms and extreme swings in precipitation".[21]

Hurricane Harvey edit

 
Flooded house, Hurricane Harvey
 
Hurricane Harvey warning sign

In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey caused unprecedented damages across Greater Houston which made it rank right after Hurricane Katrina as the second most destructive storm in the U.S. history.[22] Numerous studies in attribution science (i.e., a relatively new study field in which scientists study the attributions of extreme weather events) were conducted to explain the role of climate change during Hurricane Harvey in Texas. It was found that around one fifth of total precipitation during Hurricane Harvey as well as the extremely enlarged chances of the observed rainfall in part of Houston during the event could be attributed to anthropogenic climate change.[23] In addition, a quantitative attribution analysis was conducted to study Harvey's extreme precipitation by using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model.[24][25]

 
Rescue during Hurricane Harvey, Houston

The results from a series of downscaling simulations indicated that around one-fifth of the total extreme precipitation over southeast Texas during the event could be attributed to climate warming that happened after 1980.[25] Moreover, the impacts from urbanization and climate change to flooding in Houston during Harvey was investigated and the model simulation results indicated that climate change could elevate the peak streamflow by one-fifth.[26] It was also found that the influence of climate change on flooding can be significantly amplified by the fast-expanding urban areas around Houston.[26]

Coastal changes edit

 
Trailer thrown into the sea, Hurricane Ike

Sea level is rapidly rising in many parts of the Texas coastal region because of both sinking land due to groundwater pumping and climate change.[1][15] More storm surge events are expected to happen along the coastal region.[15] These changes and more extreme hurricanes indicate that not only Texas's coastal infrastructure including public infrastructure, fossil fuel infrastructure , and other housing infrastructure will be endangered but also the residents' life will be threatened.[1] In addition, the coastal ecosystem is also expected to be at risk due to the potential change of salinity gradient in coastal wetland areas.[15]

Water resources edit

 
Dead corn, 2013 drought

There are 15 major river basins lying partly or entirely within Texas.[27] Unless warmer climate are coupled with a strong increase in rainfall, water resources could become more scarce in Texas.[1] In some parts of Texas, increased rainfall could mitigate these effects, but also could contribute to localized flooding. Additionally, climate change could give rise to more frequent and intense rainfall, resulting in flash flooding.[1]

Surface water edit

 
Stranded boat, Lake Travis, 2011 drought
 
Drought-tolerant landscaping, Austin

In a warmer and drier climate condition, open water evaporation is expected to be enhanced which can lead to the shrink of lakes, rivers, and streams as well as loss of reservoir storage.[28][27] Meanwhile, the increasing extreme weathers and the widely varied Texas' weather make it more challenging for the local water resources managers and regional water planners to manage the available surface water resources.

Groundwater edit

 
North Pease River, Cottle County, Texas (Author: Leaflet)[17]

In general, Texas groundwater storage is projected to decrease due to the declining groundwater recharging rate under climate change.[29] A warmer and drier climate can lead to larger evaporation as well as less water for recharging groundwater aquifers especially in Western Texas where aquifers were already under significant pressure.[1]

Meanwhile, in a warmer climate, drier soil due to increasing evaporation is expected to lower the efficiency of agricultural irrigation, which might increase the groundwater pumping for irrigation. Furthermore, to feed the rapidly growing population in Texas, the potential stress on groundwater can have negative impacts on aquifer yield and surface water resources.[27] Therefore, the aridity and water scarcity is very likely to be exacerbated across Texas in the future.

By the end of this century, the Edwards Aquifer is expected to experience obvious decrease (around 20% - 30%) in recharge while the water demand would rise significantly in this region due to the fast population growth, which could leads to unprecedently reduced streamflow at local spring system.[30][27]

Wildfires edit

According to the EPA, "higher temperatures and drought are likely to increase the severity, frequency, and extent of wildfires."[31] According to Wes Moorehead, fire chief at the Texas A&M Forest Service, "Wildfire in Texas does seem to be a growing problem. We see more and more wildfires, it seems like, every year."[32] As of 2022, Texas has the second highest wildfire risk in the United States.[32] According to research by Texas A&M University, climate and weather trends in Texas are increasing the wildfire risk, although perhaps less so in West Texas.[33][34]

Action to address climate change edit

 
Electric vehicle charger, El Paso

City action edit

 
Climate Justice Walk, Houston 2014

Texas has the following Clean Cities coalitions:

Georgetown, Texas was powered 100% by renewable energy.[38]

Climate Action Plans edit

Austin edit

 
Solar array, Austin
 
Wildfire aftermath, Canyon Creek

Austin developed the Austin Community Climate Plan in 2015 with goals to become carbon neutral in 2050.[8] The plan details numerous actions that should be taken by the Electricity and Natural Gas, Transportation and Land Use, and Material and Waste Management Sectors to reduce greenhouse gases.[8] It also identifies how different members of the community can fit in to this plan and what benefits it could provide to them such as lower energy costs and enhanced public transportation options.[8]

Houston edit

Houston initiated the Houston Climate Action Plan on April 22, 2020 with the goal set by the Paris Climate Agreement to become carbon neutral by 2050.[39] The plan has four focus areas: transportation, energy transition, building optimization, and materials management.[7] They hope that the plan will provide other benefits besides reducing emissions such as savings from energy efficiency and less traffic congestion.

Dallas edit

 
Solar panels, Fair Park

Dallas initiated the Dallas Comprehensive Environmental and Climate Action Plan on May 27, 2020 with the goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43% by 2030 and be carbon neutral by 2050.[9][40] The plan outlines eight focus areas to reach its goals: renewable energy, energy efficient building construction, access to sustainable transportation, zero waste, water resource protection, green spaces, access to healthy and local food, and clean air.[40] Through partnerships, grants and loans, legislation, green bonds, voluntary participations, and incentives, the city of Dallas plans to implement its proposed actions.[9][40] However, teaching knowledge, leadership and policies are still lacking in the climate education system in Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.[41] Therefore, more approaches about climate education such as teacher professional development courses, community service learning as well as museum exhibits are encouraged over the region to improve public awareness about climate change.[41]

San Antonio edit

San Antonio adopted the city's first Climate Action and Adaption Plan (CAAP) on October 17, 2019. As one of the fastest growing city in the U.S., San Antonio has been taking actions to reduce greenhouse gases and prepare for climate change.[42] To achieve goals of climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation, a report about CAAP was developed by the local government to promote sustainable development.[43][44][10]

Renewable energy edit

 
Solar panel installation, Krugerville

In general, Texas has a long history of conventional energy production (e.g., petroleum and natural gas) as well as a Republican-controlled state legislature. Unlike California, the majority of Texas legislature remains opposed to actions about addressing climate change.[6] For example, the Senate Bill 2069 aiming at developing a climate adaptation plan over Texas was not implemented because the hearing was not held.[6] However, the renewable energy industry has been rapidly growing in Texas. In 2016, there were around 7,000 solar industry jobs over Texas and the number of positions climbed to almost 10,000 in 2018.[6] The number of Texas solar industry jobs in 2018 is around twice as much as those in Illinois but still far behind California.[6] It indicates that Texas has high potential to develop more renewable energy in the future considering the advantages such as sunny weather, flat land and friendly business climate.[6]

Texas can reduce greenhouse gas by developing renewable energy production but also could meet challenges because wind and solar energy are highly dependent on weather and their production is non-continuous. The first challenge is the electricity supply-demand balance.[45] Solar irradiance is available during daytime and both solar and wind energy have daily and seasonal variability. The second challenge is the discrepancies of different regions (e.g., topography, land use, local operational decisions) over Texas, which can impact the renewable power generation and capacity.[46] In Texas, the total generation of these two energy production is expected to grow around 2040 to 2050 compared to the period from 1995 to 2005.[46] However, model results indicate that there are obvious spatial and temporal differences in the renewable energy distribution over Texas. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies using higher resolution data to facilitate the investigation of climate change influences on the potential of renewable power production in Texas.[46]

Wind power edit

Main article: Wind power in Texas
 
Brazos Wind Farm

Texas has been in the top-tier of wind energy production over the U.S. since 2000.[5] According to the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), wind power accounted for at least 15.7 percent of the electricity generated in Texas during 2017. Wind power accounted for 17.4 percent of the electricity managed by ERCOT.[47][48] Some wind farms have been built in West Texas in recent decades.[49] The emerging wind farms not only reduced the air pollution but also benefited local land owners who leased or sold their land to the wind power generator as well as their neighborhood.[49] Also, the local land owners had higher net income than before partly due to the declined county property tax rates.[49] Moreover, the quality of local public schools has increased because of the immigration of higher educated people to the region.[49]

The transmission of wind power is one of the biggest challenge because the best wind source is Texas Panhandle which is located in the northern part of Texas, but the load center is located in the eastern Texas.[50] As for wind power, there were different perspectives about the transmission and the related challenges in Texas.[50] For example, some stakeholders proposed that building more transmission infrastructure was necessary, which was opposed by some environmentalists.[50] There were also concerns about the new complexity brought by building transmission infrastructure to the overall renewable energy market in Texas.[50] In conclusion, Texas has strong natural wind energy resources and there exists increasing local and community supports regarding wind power development.[5][50]

Grants edit

 
Solar car racing challenge, Texas Motor Speedway

The Texas Emissions Reduction Plan (TERP) provides grants for alternative fuel and advanced technology demonstration and infrastructure projects. Under TERP, the New Technology Research and Development (NTRD) Program provides incentives to encourage and support research, development, and commercialization of technologies that reduce pollution in Texas.[51] The NTRD Program is administered by the Texas Environmental Research Consortium, with support from the Houston Advanced Research Center which focuses on scientific and engineering-related research about sustainable development.[52]

 
Smoke pollution from wildfires, Palo Pinto County, July 2022

The Texas State Energy Conservation Office (SECO) researches and assists public and private entities in securing grants to encourage the use of alternative fuels.[53] This includes the use of hybrid electric vehicles and the conversion of state and local government fleets to operate on compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and bioethanol.[53] SECO has programs such as Clean Energy Incubators, Alternative Fuel Program, Innovative Energy Demonstration Program as well as funding opportunities to help Texas cope with the potential impacts from climate change.

See also edit

References edit

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  2. ^ "File:Valero Three Rivers Refinery Texas 2020.jpg". Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  3. ^ Bureau of Economic Analysis. "Gross domestic product (GDP) by state (millions of current dollars)". Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  4. ^ U.S Energy Information Administration. "Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions by State, 2005–2016" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  5. ^ a b c Brannstrom, Christian; Jepson, Wendy; Persons, Nicole (2011-05-10). "Social Perspectives on Wind-Power Development in West Texas". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 101 (4): 839–851. doi:10.1080/00045608.2011.568871. ISSN 0004-5608. S2CID 153951312.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Crowe, Jessica A.; Li, Ruopu (2020-01-01). "Is the just transition socially accepted? Energy history, place, and support for coal and solar in Illinois, Texas, and Vermont". Energy Research & Social Science. 59: 101309. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2019.101309. ISSN 2214-6296. S2CID 204422868.
  7. ^ a b "Houston Climate Action Plan" (PDF).
  8. ^ a b c d "Austin Community Climate Plan" (PDF).
  9. ^ a b c "Dallas Climate Action". Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  10. ^ a b "San Antonio, Texas Climate Action and Adaptation Plan - SA Climate Ready". Retrieved 2021-04-15.
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  12. ^ "Total Energy Production, 2018". U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  13. ^ a b "Texas - State Energy Profile Overview - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  14. ^ "Texas - State Energy Profile Overview - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Kloesel, Kevin; Bartush, Bill; Banner, Jay; Brown, David; Lemery, Jay; Lin, Xiaomao; Loeffler, Cindy; McManus, Gary; Mullens, Esther; Nielsen-Gammon, John; Shafer, Mark (2018). "Chapter 23 : Southern Great Plains. Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: The Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II": 1–470. doi:10.7930/nca4.2018.ch23. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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  22. ^ Natsios, Andrew (March 2021). "Hurricane Harvey: Texas at Risk" (PDF).
  23. ^ Risser, Mark D.; Wehner, Michael F. (2017). "Attributable Human-Induced Changes in the Likelihood and Magnitude of the Observed Extreme Precipitation during Hurricane Harvey". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (24): 12, 457–12, 464. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..4412457R. doi:10.1002/2017GL075888. ISSN 1944-8007.
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  29. ^ Yoon, Jin-Ho; Wang, S-Y Simon; Lo, Min-Hui; Wu, Wen-Ying (2018). "Concurrent increases in wet and dry extremes projected in Texas and combined effects on groundwater". Environmental Research Letters. 13 (5): 054002. Bibcode:2018ERL....13e4002Y. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab96b.
  30. ^ Chen, Chi-Chung; Gillig, Dhazn; McCarl, Bruce A. (2001-06-01). "Effects of Climatic Change on a Water Dependent Regional Economy: A Study of the Texas Edwards Aquifer". Climatic Change. 49 (4): 397–409. doi:10.1023/A:1010617531401. ISSN 1573-1480. S2CID 133157858.
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  34. ^ Nielsen-Gammon, J; Holman, S; Buley, A; Jorgensen, S; Escobedo, J; Ott, C; Dedrick, J; Van Fleet, A. "Assessment of Historic and Future Trends of Extreme Weather in Texas, 1900- 2036: 2021 Update". Office of the State Climatologist, Texas A&M University. Retrieved 8 January 2023. Weather and climate drivers of wildfire risk are projected to increase the risk of wildfires throughout the state, primarily due to increased rates of drying and increased fuel load. The increase in wildfire risk may not be as large in far West Texas where rising temperatures and decreasing precipitation may overcome the carbon dioxide fertilization effect and lead to less accumulation of fuels.
  35. ^ "Alamo Area Clean Cities Coalition | Alamo Area Council of Governments, TX". www.aacog.com. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
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  37. ^ "About Us – Houston-Galveston Clean Cities Coalition". Retrieved 2021-04-06.
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  39. ^ "Climate Action Plan". Retrieved 2021-03-19.
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  41. ^ a b Foss, Ann W.; Ko, Yekang (2019-05-04). "Barriers and opportunities for climate change education: The case of Dallas–Fort Worth in Texas". The Journal of Environmental Education. 50 (3): 145–159. doi:10.1080/00958964.2019.1604479. ISSN 0095-8964. S2CID 155433505.
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  46. ^ a b c Losada Carreño, Ignacio; Craig, Michael T.; Rossol, Michael; Ashfaq, Moetasim; Batibeniz, Fulden; Haupt, Sue Ellen; Draxl, Caroline; Hodge, Bri-Mathias; Brancucci, Carlo (2020-11-01). "Potential impacts of climate change on wind and solar electricity generation in Texas". Climatic Change. 163 (2): 745–766. Bibcode:2020ClCh..163..745L. doi:10.1007/s10584-020-02891-3. ISSN 1573-1480. S2CID 226945815.
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  48. ^ "ERCOT Quick Facts for 2017 published February 2018" (PDF). February 1, 2018.
  49. ^ a b c d Kahn, Matthew E. (2013-08-01). "Local non-market quality of life dynamics in new wind farms communities". Energy Policy. 59: 800–807. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.04.037. ISSN 0301-4215.
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  52. ^ "HARC". 11 August 2020. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  53. ^ a b "STATE ENERGY CONSERVATION OFFICE". Retrieved 2021-04-13.

Further reading edit

  • Schmandt, Jurgen (2012). Impact of global warming on Texas. Austin: University Of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-74405-9. OCLC 19717267.
  • U.S. Global Change Research Program (2018). "Southern Great Plains". Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II (Report). Washington, DC. p. 987–1035. doi:10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH23 - this chapter of the National Climate Assessment covers Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas.

External links edit

  • A&M study: The future of Texas depends on climate preparedness.
  • Attitudes about climate change are shifting, even in Texas

January 01, 1970
climate, change, texas, this, article, external, links, follow, wikipedia, policies, guidelines, please, improve, this, article, removing, excessive, inappropriate, external, links, converting, useful, links, where, appropriate, into, footnote, references, dec. This article s use of external links may not follow Wikipedia s policies or guidelines Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references December 2022 Learn how and when to remove this message The climate in Texas is changing partially due to global warming and rising trends in greenhouse gas emissions 1 As of 2016 most area of Texas had already warmed by 1 5 F 0 83 C since the previous century because of greenhouse gas emissions by the United States and other countries 1 Texas is expected to experience a wide range of environmental impacts from climate change in the United States including rising sea levels more frequent extreme weather events and increasing pressure on water resources 1 Houses destroyed by wildfire Dallas July 2022 The Valero Refinery in Three Rivers Texas 2 Texas was ranked second by GDP across the U S in 2020 and had a fast growing economy 3 According to U S Energy Information Administration a large portion of Texas economic growth from 2005 to 2016 came from conventional energy production 4 Chalk Mountain wildfire July 2022 Although Texas has a long history of conventional energy production e g petroleum and natural gas the renewable energy industry has also been rapidly growing in Texas Solar industry jobs have been increasing and wind farms have been built in West Texas in recent years 5 6 Considering the advantages such as sunny weather flat land and friendly business climate Texas has high potential to develop more renewable energy in the future 6 In addition there are emerging local and regional actions to address climate change across Texas For example Austin Houston Dallas and San Antonio initiated Climate Action Plans in recent years 7 8 9 10 The government agencies also implemented programs such as Texas Emissions Reduction Plan and Innovative Energy Demonstration Program to promote the use of renewable energy and climate education in Texas Contents 1 Emissions and energy 2 Climate change impacts 2 1 Extreme weather 2 1 1 Hurricane Harvey 2 2 Coastal changes 2 3 Water resources 2 3 1 Surface water 2 3 2 Groundwater 2 4 Wildfires 3 Action to address climate change 3 1 City action 3 2 Climate Action Plans 3 2 1 Austin 3 2 2 Houston 3 2 3 Dallas 3 2 4 San Antonio 3 3 Renewable energy 3 3 1 Wind power 3 4 Grants 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksEmissions and energy edit nbsp Destroyed houses Possum Kingdom wildfire 2011 nbsp Roscoe Wind Farm Nolan County In the U S Texas was ranked first in terms of total carbon dioxide emissions in 2017 and total energy production in 2018 11 12 As of February 2020 Texas s energy mix included 18 705 000 kWh natural gas 4 823 000 kWh coal 3 548 000 kWh nuclear and 8 317 000 kWh renewables 13 Half of the energy consumed in Texas was from refineries and petrochemical plants 13 Texas accounted for 41 of crude oil production 25 of natural gas and 31 of refining capacity and had some of the highest potential for sustainable energy production producing 28 of wind power for the United States 14 Climate change impacts edit nbsp Solar power station Krugerville Climate change is expected to have a wide spread and significant impacts on Texas 15 Extreme hot days are expected be more frequent due to the increasing average temperature With higher temperature there could be decreasing relative humidity and increasing evapotranspiration 15 Therefore the degree of aridity would rise and even longer and more severe droughts could happen 15 There will be less available water resources under climate change and water scarcity can be exacerbated by the rapidly growing water demand due to fast urbanization in Texas 1 nbsp Destroyed houses Hurricane Ike Additionally sea level rise along the Texas coastline is likely to be greater than the projected global sea level rise i e 1 4 feet to the end of this century which makes the coastal region more susceptible to storm surges 15 Extreme weather events like hurricanes might be more intense which can make much larger losses and threaten the local residents 1 There is also an increasing trend of both frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation with light or normal rains less likely to happen in the future which could lead to higher soil moisture stress in Texas 15 16 Extreme weather edit nbsp Hurricane Harvey temperature map satellite data 17 18 Overall the amount of precipitation on extremely wet or snowy days is likely to decrease in winter and increase in summer 1 Storms with heavy rain are expected to become more extreme causing flooding 1 The frequency of extremely hot days in summer is also expected to increase because of the general warming trend 1 Many arid areas in Texas will likely enter desertification or lose its productivity for activities like livestock 1 In 2020 high temperatures and lack of rainfall led to a drought with D3 extreme and D4 exceptional categories in Texas as well as many other Western and Central states The Western Central Drought and Heatwave event name lasted through the months of June to December and resulted in 45 deaths as well as an estimated cost of 4 5 billion dollars 19 In February 2021 Texas experienced terrible snowstorms and wide range unexpected power outages that was uncommon in history which might have been caused by climate change based on related researches 20 According to the Fifth National Climate Assessment published in 2023 coastal states including California Florida Louisiana and Texas are experiencing more significant storms and extreme swings in precipitation 21 Hurricane Harvey edit nbsp Flooded house Hurricane Harvey nbsp Hurricane Harvey warning sign In August 2017 Hurricane Harvey caused unprecedented damages across Greater Houston which made it rank right after Hurricane Katrina as the second most destructive storm in the U S history 22 Numerous studies in attribution science i e a relatively new study field in which scientists study the attributions of extreme weather events were conducted to explain the role of climate change during Hurricane Harvey in Texas It was found that around one fifth of total precipitation during Hurricane Harvey as well as the extremely enlarged chances of the observed rainfall in part of Houston during the event could be attributed to anthropogenic climate change 23 In addition a quantitative attribution analysis was conducted to study Harvey s extreme precipitation by using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting WRF ARW model 24 25 nbsp Rescue during Hurricane Harvey Houston The results from a series of downscaling simulations indicated that around one fifth of the total extreme precipitation over southeast Texas during the event could be attributed to climate warming that happened after 1980 25 Moreover the impacts from urbanization and climate change to flooding in Houston during Harvey was investigated and the model simulation results indicated that climate change could elevate the peak streamflow by one fifth 26 It was also found that the influence of climate change on flooding can be significantly amplified by the fast expanding urban areas around Houston 26 Coastal changes edit nbsp Trailer thrown into the sea Hurricane Ike Sea level is rapidly rising in many parts of the Texas coastal region because of both sinking land due to groundwater pumping and climate change 1 15 More storm surge events are expected to happen along the coastal region 15 These changes and more extreme hurricanes indicate that not only Texas s coastal infrastructure including public infrastructure fossil fuel infrastructure and other housing infrastructure will be endangered but also the residents life will be threatened 1 In addition the coastal ecosystem is also expected to be at risk due to the potential change of salinity gradient in coastal wetland areas 15 Water resources edit nbsp Dead corn 2013 drought There are 15 major river basins lying partly or entirely within Texas 27 Unless warmer climate are coupled with a strong increase in rainfall water resources could become more scarce in Texas 1 In some parts of Texas increased rainfall could mitigate these effects but also could contribute to localized flooding Additionally climate change could give rise to more frequent and intense rainfall resulting in flash flooding 1 Surface water edit nbsp Stranded boat Lake Travis 2011 drought nbsp Drought tolerant landscaping Austin In a warmer and drier climate condition open water evaporation is expected to be enhanced which can lead to the shrink of lakes rivers and streams as well as loss of reservoir storage 28 27 Meanwhile the increasing extreme weathers and the widely varied Texas weather make it more challenging for the local water resources managers and regional water planners to manage the available surface water resources Groundwater edit nbsp North Pease River Cottle County Texas Author Leaflet 17 In general Texas groundwater storage is projected to decrease due to the declining groundwater recharging rate under climate change 29 A warmer and drier climate can lead to larger evaporation as well as less water for recharging groundwater aquifers especially in Western Texas where aquifers were already under significant pressure 1 Meanwhile in a warmer climate drier soil due to increasing evaporation is expected to lower the efficiency of agricultural irrigation which might increase the groundwater pumping for irrigation Furthermore to feed the rapidly growing population in Texas the potential stress on groundwater can have negative impacts on aquifer yield and surface water resources 27 Therefore the aridity and water scarcity is very likely to be exacerbated across Texas in the future By the end of this century the Edwards Aquifer is expected to experience obvious decrease around 20 30 in recharge while the water demand would rise significantly in this region due to the fast population growth which could leads to unprecedently reduced streamflow at local spring system 30 27 Wildfires edit According to the EPA higher temperatures and drought are likely to increase the severity frequency and extent of wildfires 31 According to Wes Moorehead fire chief at the Texas A amp M Forest Service Wildfire in Texas does seem to be a growing problem We see more and more wildfires it seems like every year 32 As of 2022 Texas has the second highest wildfire risk in the United States 32 According to research by Texas A amp M University climate and weather trends in Texas are increasing the wildfire risk although perhaps less so in West Texas 33 34 Action to address climate change edit nbsp Electric vehicle charger El Paso City action edit nbsp Climate Justice Walk Houston 2014 Texas has the following Clean Cities coalitions Alamo Area Clean Cities 35 Loan Star Clean Fuels Alliance Central Texas Dallas Fort Worth Clean Cities 36 Greater Houston Clean Cities 37 Georgetown Texas was powered 100 by renewable energy 38 Climate Action Plans edit This section relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Climate change in Texas news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2022 Learn how and when to remove this message Austin edit nbsp Solar array Austin nbsp Wildfire aftermath Canyon Creek Austin developed the Austin Community Climate Plan in 2015 with goals to become carbon neutral in 2050 8 The plan details numerous actions that should be taken by the Electricity and Natural Gas Transportation and Land Use and Material and Waste Management Sectors to reduce greenhouse gases 8 It also identifies how different members of the community can fit in to this plan and what benefits it could provide to them such as lower energy costs and enhanced public transportation options 8 Houston edit Houston initiated the Houston Climate Action Plan on April 22 2020 with the goal set by the Paris Climate Agreement to become carbon neutral by 2050 39 The plan has four focus areas transportation energy transition building optimization and materials management 7 They hope that the plan will provide other benefits besides reducing emissions such as savings from energy efficiency and less traffic congestion Dallas edit nbsp Solar panels Fair Park Dallas initiated the Dallas Comprehensive Environmental and Climate Action Plan on May 27 2020 with the goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43 by 2030 and be carbon neutral by 2050 9 40 The plan outlines eight focus areas to reach its goals renewable energy energy efficient building construction access to sustainable transportation zero waste water resource protection green spaces access to healthy and local food and clean air 40 Through partnerships grants and loans legislation green bonds voluntary participations and incentives the city of Dallas plans to implement its proposed actions 9 40 However teaching knowledge leadership and policies are still lacking in the climate education system in Dallas Fort Worth metroplex 41 Therefore more approaches about climate education such as teacher professional development courses community service learning as well as museum exhibits are encouraged over the region to improve public awareness about climate change 41 San Antonio edit San Antonio adopted the city s first Climate Action and Adaption Plan CAAP on October 17 2019 As one of the fastest growing city in the U S San Antonio has been taking actions to reduce greenhouse gases and prepare for climate change 42 To achieve goals of climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation a report about CAAP was developed by the local government to promote sustainable development 43 44 10 Renewable energy edit nbsp Solar panel installation Krugerville In general Texas has a long history of conventional energy production e g petroleum and natural gas as well as a Republican controlled state legislature Unlike California the majority of Texas legislature remains opposed to actions about addressing climate change 6 For example the Senate Bill 2069 aiming at developing a climate adaptation plan over Texas was not implemented because the hearing was not held 6 However the renewable energy industry has been rapidly growing in Texas In 2016 there were around 7 000 solar industry jobs over Texas and the number of positions climbed to almost 10 000 in 2018 6 The number of Texas solar industry jobs in 2018 is around twice as much as those in Illinois but still far behind California 6 It indicates that Texas has high potential to develop more renewable energy in the future considering the advantages such as sunny weather flat land and friendly business climate 6 Texas can reduce greenhouse gas by developing renewable energy production but also could meet challenges because wind and solar energy are highly dependent on weather and their production is non continuous The first challenge is the electricity supply demand balance 45 Solar irradiance is available during daytime and both solar and wind energy have daily and seasonal variability The second challenge is the discrepancies of different regions e g topography land use local operational decisions over Texas which can impact the renewable power generation and capacity 46 In Texas the total generation of these two energy production is expected to grow around 2040 to 2050 compared to the period from 1995 to 2005 46 However model results indicate that there are obvious spatial and temporal differences in the renewable energy distribution over Texas Therefore it is important to conduct studies using higher resolution data to facilitate the investigation of climate change influences on the potential of renewable power production in Texas 46 Wind power edit Main article Wind power in Texas nbsp Brazos Wind Farm Texas has been in the top tier of wind energy production over the U S since 2000 5 According to the Electric Reliability Council of Texas ERCOT wind power accounted for at least 15 7 percent of the electricity generated in Texas during 2017 Wind power accounted for 17 4 percent of the electricity managed by ERCOT 47 48 Some wind farms have been built in West Texas in recent decades 49 The emerging wind farms not only reduced the air pollution but also benefited local land owners who leased or sold their land to the wind power generator as well as their neighborhood 49 Also the local land owners had higher net income than before partly due to the declined county property tax rates 49 Moreover the quality of local public schools has increased because of the immigration of higher educated people to the region 49 The transmission of wind power is one of the biggest challenge because the best wind source is Texas Panhandle which is located in the northern part of Texas but the load center is located in the eastern Texas 50 As for wind power there were different perspectives about the transmission and the related challenges in Texas 50 For example some stakeholders proposed that building more transmission infrastructure was necessary which was opposed by some environmentalists 50 There were also concerns about the new complexity brought by building transmission infrastructure to the overall renewable energy market in Texas 50 In conclusion Texas has strong natural wind energy resources and there exists increasing local and community supports regarding wind power development 5 50 Grants edit nbsp Solar car racing challenge Texas Motor Speedway The Texas Emissions Reduction Plan TERP provides grants for alternative fuel and advanced technology demonstration and infrastructure projects Under TERP the New Technology Research and Development NTRD Program provides incentives to encourage and support research development and commercialization of technologies that reduce pollution in Texas 51 The NTRD Program is administered by the Texas Environmental Research Consortium with support from the Houston Advanced Research Center which focuses on scientific and engineering related research about sustainable development 52 nbsp Smoke pollution from wildfires Palo Pinto County July 2022 The Texas State Energy Conservation Office SECO researches and assists public and private entities in securing grants to encourage the use of alternative fuels 53 This includes the use of hybrid electric vehicles and the conversion of state and local government fleets to operate on compressed natural gas liquefied petroleum gas hydrogen biodiesel and bioethanol 53 SECO has programs such as Clean Energy Incubators Alternative Fuel Program Innovative Energy Demonstration Program as well as funding opportunities to help Texas cope with the potential impacts from climate change See also editPlug in electric vehicles in TexasReferences edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n What Climate Change Means for Texas PDF EPA August 2016 EPA 430 F 16 045 File Valero Three Rivers Refinery Texas 2020 jpg Retrieved 2020 04 15 Bureau of Economic Analysis Gross domestic product GDP by state millions of current dollars Retrieved 2021 04 10 U S Energy Information Administration Energy Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions by State 2005 2016 PDF Retrieved 2021 04 10 a b c Brannstrom Christian Jepson Wendy Persons Nicole 2011 05 10 Social Perspectives on Wind Power Development in West Texas Annals of the Association of American Geographers 101 4 839 851 doi 10 1080 00045608 2011 568871 ISSN 0004 5608 S2CID 153951312 a b c d e f g Crowe Jessica A Li Ruopu 2020 01 01 Is the just transition socially accepted Energy history place and support for coal and solar in Illinois Texas and Vermont Energy Research amp Social Science 59 101309 doi 10 1016 j erss 2019 101309 ISSN 2214 6296 S2CID 204422868 a b Houston Climate Action Plan PDF a b c d Austin Community Climate Plan PDF a b c Dallas Climate Action Retrieved 2021 04 14 a b San Antonio Texas Climate Action and Adaptation Plan SA Climate Ready Retrieved 2021 04 15 Total Carbon Dioxide Emissions 2017 U S Energy Information Administration EIA Retrieved 2021 04 10 Total Energy Production 2018 U S Energy Information Administration EIA Retrieved 2021 04 10 a b Texas State Energy Profile Overview U S Energy Information Administration EIA U S Energy Information Administration EIA Retrieved 2020 05 29 Texas State Energy Profile Overview U S Energy Information Administration EIA U S Energy Information Administration EIA Retrieved 2020 05 29 a b c d e f g h Kloesel Kevin Bartush Bill Banner Jay Brown David Lemery Jay Lin Xiaomao Loeffler Cindy McManus Gary Mullens Esther Nielsen Gammon John Shafer Mark 2018 Chapter 23 Southern Great Plains Impacts Risks and Adaptation in the United States The Fourth National Climate Assessment Volume II 1 470 doi 10 7930 nca4 2018 ch23 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help USGCRP 2017 Wuebbles D J Fahey D W Hibbard K A Dokken D J Stewart B C Maycock T K eds Climate Science Special Report science2017 globalchange gov doi 10 7930 j0j964j6 Retrieved 2021 04 10 a b Hurricane Harvey Retrieved 2021 04 15 File Hurricane Harvey ESA382898 jpg 25 August 2017 Retrieved 2021 04 15 Billion Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters Events National Centers for Environmental Information NCEI NOAA How did climate change cause the Texas snowstorm Retrieved 2021 04 16 Nilsen Ella November 14 2023 No place in the US is safe from the climate crisis but a new report shows where it s most severe CNN Natsios Andrew March 2021 Hurricane Harvey Texas at Risk PDF Risser Mark D Wehner Michael F 2017 Attributable Human Induced Changes in the Likelihood and Magnitude of the Observed Extreme Precipitation during Hurricane Harvey Geophysical Research Letters 44 24 12 457 12 464 Bibcode 2017GeoRL 4412457R doi 10 1002 2017GL075888 ISSN 1944 8007 Skamarock William C Klemp Joseph B 2008 03 01 A time split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for weather research and forecasting applications Journal of Computational Physics 227 7 3465 3485 Bibcode 2008JCoPh 227 3465S doi 10 1016 j jcp 2007 01 037 ISSN 0021 9991 a b Wang S Y Simon Zhao Lin Yoon Jin Ho Klotzbach Phil Gillies Robert R 2018 05 01 Quantitative attribution of climate effects on Hurricane Harvey s extreme rainfall in Texas Environmental Research Letters 13 5 054014 Bibcode 2018ERL 13e4014W doi 10 1088 1748 9326 aabb85 ISSN 1748 9326 a b Sebastian Antonia Gori Avantika Blessing Russell B van der Wiel Karin Bass Benjamin 2019 11 29 Disentangling the impacts of human and environmental change on catchment response during Hurricane Harvey Environmental Research Letters 14 12 124023 Bibcode 2019ERL 14l4023S doi 10 1088 1748 9326 ab5234 ISSN 1748 9326 a b c d Nielsen Gammon John W Banner Jay L Cook Benjamin I Tremaine Darrel M Wong Corinne I Mace Robert E Gao Huilin Yang Zong Liang Gonzalez Marisa Flores Hoffpauir Richard Gooch Tom 2020 Unprecedented Drought Challenges for Texas Water Resources in a Changing Climate What Do Researchers and Stakeholders Need to Know Earth s Future 8 8 e2020EF001552 Bibcode 2020EaFut 801552N doi 10 1029 2020EF001552 ISSN 2328 4277 Ehsani Nima Vorosmarty Charles J Fekete Balazs M Stakhiv Eugene Z 2017 12 01 Reservoir operations under climate change Storage capacity options to mitigate risk Journal of Hydrology 555 435 446 Bibcode 2017JHyd 555 435E doi 10 1016 j jhydrol 2017 09 008 ISSN 0022 1694 Yoon Jin Ho Wang S Y Simon Lo Min Hui Wu Wen Ying 2018 Concurrent increases in wet and dry extremes projected in Texas and combined effects on groundwater Environmental Research Letters 13 5 054002 Bibcode 2018ERL 13e4002Y doi 10 1088 1748 9326 aab96b Chen Chi Chung Gillig Dhazn McCarl Bruce A 2001 06 01 Effects of Climatic Change on a Water Dependent Regional Economy A Study of the Texas Edwards Aquifer Climatic Change 49 4 397 409 doi 10 1023 A 1010617531401 ISSN 1573 1480 S2CID 133157858 What Climate Change Means for Texas PDF EPA Retrieved 8 January 2023 a b Erdenesanaa Delger 26 April 2022 Texas Firestorm Future The Texas Observer Retrieved 8 January 2023 Texas Extreme Weather Assessment and Projections Report College of Geosciences Texas A amp M University Retrieved 8 January 2023 Nielsen Gammon J Holman S Buley A Jorgensen S Escobedo J Ott C Dedrick J Van Fleet A Assessment of Historic and Future Trends of Extreme Weather in Texas 1900 2036 2021 Update Office of the State Climatologist Texas A amp M University Retrieved 8 January 2023 Weather and climate drivers of wildfire risk are projected to increase the risk of wildfires throughout the state primarily due to increased rates of drying and increased fuel load The increase in wildfire risk may not be as large in far West Texas where rising temperatures and decreasing precipitation may overcome the carbon dioxide fertilization effect and lead to less accumulation of fuels Alamo Area Clean Cities Coalition Alamo Area Council of Governments TX www aacog com Retrieved 2021 04 06 Dallas Fort Worth Clean Cities dfwcleancities Retrieved 2021 04 06 About Us Houston Galveston Clean Cities Coalition Retrieved 2021 04 06 Why Georgetown is 100 percent renewable Retrieved 2021 04 10 Climate Action Plan Retrieved 2021 03 19 a b c Dallas Comprehensive Environmental and Climate Plan PDF Retrieved 2021 04 14 a b Foss Ann W Ko Yekang 2019 05 04 Barriers and opportunities for climate change education The case of Dallas Fort Worth in Texas The Journal of Environmental Education 50 3 145 159 doi 10 1080 00958964 2019 1604479 ISSN 0095 8964 S2CID 155433505 CLIMATE ACTION amp ADAPTATION Retrieved 2020 04 15 SA CLIMATE READY A PATHWAY FOR CLIMATE ACTION amp ADAPTATION PDF Retrieved 2021 04 15 Sustainability Retrieved 2021 04 15 Leonard Matthew D Michaelides Efstathios E Michaelides Dimitrios N 2020 01 01 Energy storage needs for the substitution of fossil fuel power plants with renewables Renewable Energy 145 951 962 doi 10 1016 j renene 2019 06 066 ISSN 0960 1481 S2CID 197432681 a b c Losada Carreno Ignacio Craig Michael T Rossol Michael Ashfaq Moetasim Batibeniz Fulden Haupt Sue Ellen Draxl Caroline Hodge Bri Mathias Brancucci Carlo 2020 11 01 Potential impacts of climate change on wind and solar electricity generation in Texas Climatic Change 163 2 745 766 Bibcode 2020ClCh 163 745L doi 10 1007 s10584 020 02891 3 ISSN 1573 1480 S2CID 226945815 ERCOT Quick Facts for 2017 published July 2018 PDF September 9 2018 ERCOT Quick Facts for 2017 published February 2018 PDF February 1 2018 a b c d Kahn Matthew E 2013 08 01 Local non market quality of life dynamics in new wind farms communities Energy Policy 59 800 807 doi 10 1016 j enpol 2013 04 037 ISSN 0301 4215 a b c d e Fischlein Miriam Wilson Elizabeth J Peterson Tarla R Stephens Jennie C 2013 05 01 States of transmission Moving towards large scale wind power Energy Policy 56 101 113 doi 10 1016 j enpol 2012 11 028 ISSN 0301 4215 New Technology Research and Development NTRD Texas Environmental Research Consortium Retrieved 2021 04 13 HARC 11 August 2020 Retrieved 2021 04 13 a b STATE ENERGY CONSERVATION OFFICE Retrieved 2021 04 13 Further reading editSchmandt Jurgen 2012 Impact of global warming on Texas Austin University Of Texas Press ISBN 978 0 292 74405 9 OCLC 19717267 U S Global Change Research Program 2018 Southern Great Plains Impacts Risks and Adaptation in the United States Fourth National Climate Assessment Volume II Report Washington DC p 987 1035 doi 10 7930 NCA4 2018 CH23 this chapter of the National Climate Assessment covers Kansas Oklahoma and Texas External links editIn Texas Climate Creeping onto Agenda A amp M study The future of Texas depends on climate preparedness Attitudes about climate change are shifting even in Texas Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Climate change in Texas amp oldid 1210717145, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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