Iron refining, a stage of refining pig iron (typically grey cast iron to white cast iron), before fining, which converts pig iron into bar iron or steel[1]
The image below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical oil refinery depicting various unit processes and the flow of intermediate products between the inlet crude oil feedstock and the final products. The diagram depicts only one of the hundreds of different configurations. It does not include any of the usual facilities providing utilities such as steam, cooling water, and electric power as well as storage tanks for crude oil feedstock and for intermediate products and end products.[2][3][4][5][6]
The image below is a schematic block flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant. It shows various unit processes converting raw natural gas into gas pipelined to end users.
The block flow diagram also shows how processing of the raw natural gas yields byproduct sulfur, byproduct ethane, and natural gas liquids (NGL) propane, butanes and natural gasoline (denoted as pentanes +).[7][8][9][10][11]
Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant.
Sugar refining
Harvested sugar cane ready for processing.
Sugar is generally produced from sugarcane or sugar beets. As the global production of sugar from sugarcane is at least twice the production from sugar beets, this section focuses on sugarcane.[12]
Sugarcane is traditionally refined into sugar in two stages. In the first stage, raw sugar is produced by the milling of harvested sugarcane. In a sugar mill, sugarcane is washed, chopped, and shredded by revolving knives. The shredded cane is mixed with water and crushed. The juices (containing 10-15 percent sucrose) are collected and mixed with lime to adjust pH to 7, prevent decay into glucose and fructose, and precipitate impurities. The lime and other suspended solids are settled out, and the clarified juice is concentrated in a multiple-effect evaporator to make a syrup with about 60 weight percent sucrose. The syrup is further concentrated under vacuum until it becomes supersaturated and is then seeded with crystalline sugar. Upon cooling, sugar crystallizes out of the syrup. Centrifuging then separates the sugar from the remaining liquid (molasses). Raw sugar has a yellow to brown color. Sugar is sometimes consumed locally at this stage but usually undergoes further purification.[13]Sulfur dioxide is bubbled through the cane juice subsequent to crystallization in a process known as "sulfitation." This process inhibits color forming reactions and stabilizes the sugar juices to produce “mill white” or “plantation white” sugar.
The fibrous solids, called bagasse, remaining after the crushing of the shredded sugarcane are burned for fuel which helps a sugar mill to become self-sufficient in energy. Any excess bagasse can be used for animal feed, to produce paper, or burned to generate electricity for the local power grid.
The second stage is often executed in heavy sugar-consuming regions such as North America, Europe, and Japan. In the second stage, white sugar is produced that is more than 99 percent pure sucrose. In such refineries, raw sugar is further purified by fractional crystallization.
References
^A HISTORY OF METALLURGY, 2nd edition, 1992, R. F. Tylecote, ISBN1-902653-79-3, p.126
^Gary, J.H. & Handwerk, G.E. (1984). Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics (2nd ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc. ISBN0-8247-7150-8.
^An example flowchart 2005-12-22 at the Wayback Machine of fractions from crude oil at a refinery
^Gunter Alfke, Walther W. Irion & Otto S. Neuwirth (2007). "Oil Refining". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a18_051.pub2. ISBN978-3527306732.
^Natural Gas Processing: The Crucial Link Between Natural Gas Production and Its Transportation to Market 2011-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
^Shore, M; Broughton, N.W.; Dutton, J.V.; Sissons, A. (1984). "Factors affecting white sugar colour" (PDF). Sugar Technology Reviews. 12: 1–99.
April 25, 2023
refinery, other, uses, disambiguation, refinery, production, facility, composed, group, chemical, engineering, unit, processes, unit, operations, refining, certain, materials, converting, material, into, products, value, shell, haven, contents, types, refineri. For other uses see Refinery disambiguation A refinery is a production facility composed of a group of chemical engineering unit processes and unit operations refining certain materials or converting raw material into products of value Shell Haven Oil Refinery Contents 1 Types of refineries 1 1 A typical oil refinery 1 2 Natural gas processing plant 1 3 Sugar refining 1 3 1 Milling 1 3 2 Refining 2 ReferencesTypes of refineries EditDifferent types of refineries are as follows Petroleum oil refinery which converts crude oil into high octane motor spirit gasoline petrol diesel oil liquefied petroleum gases LPG kerosene heating fuel oils hexane lubricating oils bitumen and petroleum coke Edible oil refinery which converts cooking oil into a product that is uniform in taste smell and appearance and stability Natural gas processing plant which purifies and converts raw natural gas into residential commercial and industrial fuel gas and also recovers natural gas liquids NGL such as ethane propane butanes and pentanes Sugar refinery which converts sugar cane and sugar beets into crystallized sugar and sugar syrups Salt refinery which cleans common salt NaCl produced by the solar evaporation of sea water followed by washing and re crystallization Metal refineries refining metals such as alumina copper gold lead nickel silver uranium zinc magnesium and cobalt Iron refining a stage of refining pig iron typically grey cast iron to white cast iron before fining which converts pig iron into bar iron or steel 1 A typical oil refinery Edit Main article Oil refinery The image below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical oil refinery depicting various unit processes and the flow of intermediate products between the inlet crude oil feedstock and the final products The diagram depicts only one of the hundreds of different configurations It does not include any of the usual facilities providing utilities such as steam cooling water and electric power as well as storage tanks for crude oil feedstock and for intermediate products and end products 2 3 4 5 6 Schematic flow diagram of a typical oil refinery Natural gas processing plant Edit Main article Natural gas processing The image below is a schematic block flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant It shows various unit processes converting raw natural gas into gas pipelined to end users The block flow diagram also shows how processing of the raw natural gas yields byproduct sulfur byproduct ethane and natural gas liquids NGL propane butanes and natural gasoline denoted as pentanes 7 8 9 10 11 Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant Sugar refining Edit Harvested sugar cane ready for processing Sugar is generally produced from sugarcane or sugar beets As the global production of sugar from sugarcane is at least twice the production from sugar beets this section focuses on sugarcane 12 Milling Edit Main article Sugar mill Sugarcane is traditionally refined into sugar in two stages In the first stage raw sugar is produced by the milling of harvested sugarcane In a sugar mill sugarcane is washed chopped and shredded by revolving knives The shredded cane is mixed with water and crushed The juices containing 10 15 percent sucrose are collected and mixed with lime to adjust pH to 7 prevent decay into glucose and fructose and precipitate impurities The lime and other suspended solids are settled out and the clarified juice is concentrated in a multiple effect evaporator to make a syrup with about 60 weight percent sucrose The syrup is further concentrated under vacuum until it becomes supersaturated and is then seeded with crystalline sugar Upon cooling sugar crystallizes out of the syrup Centrifuging then separates the sugar from the remaining liquid molasses Raw sugar has a yellow to brown color Sugar is sometimes consumed locally at this stage but usually undergoes further purification 13 Sulfur dioxide is bubbled through the cane juice subsequent to crystallization in a process known as sulfitation This process inhibits color forming reactions and stabilizes the sugar juices to produce mill white or plantation white sugar The fibrous solids called bagasse remaining after the crushing of the shredded sugarcane are burned for fuel which helps a sugar mill to become self sufficient in energy Any excess bagasse can be used for animal feed to produce paper or burned to generate electricity for the local power grid Sugar refinery in Arabi Louisiana United States Refining Edit Main article Sugar refinery The second stage is often executed in heavy sugar consuming regions such as North America Europe and Japan In the second stage white sugar is produced that is more than 99 percent pure sucrose In such refineries raw sugar is further purified by fractional crystallization References Edit A HISTORY OF METALLURGY 2nd edition 1992 R F Tylecote ISBN 1 902653 79 3 p 126 Gary J H amp Handwerk G E 1984 Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics 2nd ed Marcel Dekker Inc ISBN 0 8247 7150 8 Guide to Refining Archived 2006 08 08 at the Wayback Machine from Chevron Oil s website Refinery flowchart Archived 2006 06 28 at the Wayback Machine from Universal Oil Products website An example flowchart Archived 2005 12 22 at the Wayback Machine of fractions from crude oil at a refinery Gunter Alfke Walther W Irion amp Otto S Neuwirth 2007 Oil Refining Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry doi 10 1002 14356007 a18 051 pub2 ISBN 978 3527306732 Natural Gas Processing The Crucial Link Between Natural Gas Production and Its Transportation to Market Archived 2011 03 04 at the Wayback Machine Example Gas Plant Flow Diagram From Purification to Liquefaction Gas Processing Archived 2010 01 15 at the Wayback Machine Feed Gas Treatment Design for the Pearl GTL Project Benefits of integrating NGL extraction and LNG liquefaction Hubert Schiweck Margaret Clarke Gunter Pollach 2007 Sugar Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Weinheim Wiley VCH doi 10 1002 14356007 a25 345 pub2 ISBN 978 3527306732 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Shore M Broughton N W Dutton J V Sissons A 1984 Factors affecting white sugar colour PDF Sugar Technology Reviews 12 1 99 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Refinery amp oldid 1115705391, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
