Clarias has been found to be paraphyletic. A species of Heterobranchus (H. longifilis) clusters deeply inside the Clarias group.[2]
Distributionedit
They are found in inland waters throughout much of the Old World, and are one of the most widespread catfish genera in the world.[3][4] The genus is found in Southeast Asia and East Asia westwards through India and the Asia Minor to Africa.[5] The diversity of these catfishes is highest in Africa.[6] Some (notably the walking catfish) have become pest species where they have been accidentally introduced, and particularly in Cuba, where their introduction was intentional.
Descriptionedit
Clarias species are recognized by their long-based dorsal and anal fins, which give them a rather eel-like appearance. These fish have slender bodies, a flat, bony head, and a broad, terminal mouth with four pairs of barbels. They also have a large, accessory breathing organ composed of modified gill arches.[3][5] Also, only the pectoral fins have spines.[7]
Speciesedit
There are currently 62 species recognized in this genus:
Yam pladuk fu (Thai: ยำปลาดุกฟู): shredded and deep fried Clarias (pla duk) catfish with saladPecel lele, an Indonesian-style deep fried Clarias (lele); usually sold as street food
Clarias catfish and primarily Clarias batrachus (walking catfish) have been introduced to many different areas of the world, where they are causing problems for the native wildlife. The effect of introduction of these fish varies from area to area, but as they are predatory, they often affect the local wildlife by eating other fish, birds, and amphibians. In Florida, the fish are causing problems by invading aquaculture farms and preying on the fish cultivated there.[16] Countries where one or several Clarias species have been introduced include Indonesia, the United States, Hong Kong, China, UK, Papua New Guinea, Guam, Taiwan, Thailand, and Cuba.
Referencesedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clarias.
^Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2011). Species of Clarias in FishBase. December 2011 version.
^Mwita, CJ; Nkwengulila, G. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of the clariid fishes of Lake Victoria, Tanzania, inferred from cytochrome b DNA sequences". Journal of Fish Biology. 73 (5): 1139–1148. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01935.x.
^ abcNg, Heok Hee (2003). "Clarias insolitus, a new species of clariid catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from southern Borneo" (PDF). Zootaxa. 284: 1–8. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.284.1.1. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
^ abNg, Heok Hee (2001). (PDF). Zoological Studies. 40 (2): 158–162. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
^ abcLim, Kelvin K. P.; Ng, H. H. (1999). (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology (6): 157–167. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
^ abcTeugels, Guy G.; Sudarto; Pouyaud, Laurent (2001). (PDF). 25 (1): 81–92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-26. Retrieved 2009-06-24. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ abSudarto; Teugels, Guy G.; Pouyaud, Laurent (2004). (PDF). Zoological Studies. 43 (1): 8–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
^Guy G. Teugels (2003). "Clarias lamottei (Siluriformes, Clariidae), a Naturel Intergeneric Hybrid from West Africa" (PDF). Cybium 2003, 27(1): 11-15. Teugels, Guy. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
^Maxwell J. Bernt & Melanie L.J. Stiassny (2022). "A New Species of Air-Breathing Catfish (Clariidae: Clarias) from Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo". American Museum Novitates 2022(3990). Bernt, Maxwell J. & Stiassny, Melanie L.J. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
^ abNg Heok Hee (1999). "Two New Species of Catfishes of the Genus Clarias from Borneo (Teleostei: Clariidae)". Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore. H. H. Ng. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
^Ng, H. H.; Dang, K. H. & Nguyen, V. T. (2011). "Clarias gracilentus, a new walking catfish (Teleostei: Clariidae) from Vietnam and Cambodia" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2823: 61–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2823.1.4.
^ abTomy Sudarto; Guy Teugels & Laurent Pouyaud (March 2003). "Description of two new Clarias species from Borneo (Siluriformes, Clariidae)". Cybium: international journal of ichthyology. Tomy Sudarto, Guy Teugels, & Laurent Pouyaud. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
clarias, genus, catfishes, order, siluriformes, family, clariidae, airbreathing, catfishes, name, derived, from, greek, chlaros, which, means, lively, reference, ability, fish, live, long, time, water, temporal, range, lower, pliocene, recentwalking, catfish, . Clarias is a genus of catfishes order Siluriformes of the family Clariidae the airbreathing catfishes The name is derived from the Greek chlaros which means lively in reference to the ability of the fish to live for a long time out of water 1 ClariasTemporal range Lower Pliocene recentWalking catfish Clarias batrachusScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ActinopterygiiOrder SiluriformesFamily ClariidaeGenus ClariasScopoli 1777Type speciesSilurus anguillarisLinnaeus 1758SpeciesMany see text SynonymsChlarias Scopoli 1777 Macropteronotus La Cepede 1803 Clarias Cuvier 1816 Cossyphus M Clelland 1844 Phagorus M Clelland 1844 Dinotopteroides Fowler 1930 Prophagorus Smith 1939 Anguilloclarias Teugels 1982 Brevicephaloides Teugels 1982 Clarioides Teugels 1982 Platycephaloides Teugels 1982 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Distribution 3 Description 4 Species 4 1 African species 4 2 Asian species 5 Importance to economy 6 Invasive species 7 ReferencesTaxonomy editClarias has been found to be paraphyletic A species of Heterobranchus H longifilis clusters deeply inside the Clarias group 2 Distribution editThey are found in inland waters throughout much of the Old World and are one of the most widespread catfish genera in the world 3 4 The genus is found in Southeast Asia and East Asia westwards through India and the Asia Minor to Africa 5 The diversity of these catfishes is highest in Africa 6 Some notably the walking catfish have become pest species where they have been accidentally introduced and particularly in Cuba where their introduction was intentional Description editClarias species are recognized by their long based dorsal and anal fins which give them a rather eel like appearance These fish have slender bodies a flat bony head and a broad terminal mouth with four pairs of barbels They also have a large accessory breathing organ composed of modified gill arches 3 5 Also only the pectoral fins have spines 7 Species editThere are currently 62 species recognized in this genus African species edit nbsp Clarias liocephalus nbsp Clarias stappersii collected in Lavushi Manda National Park Zambia by the South African Institute for Aquatic BiodiversityClarias agboyiensis Sydenham 1980 Clarias albopunctatus Nichols amp La Monte 1953 Clarias alluaudi Boulenger 1906 Alluaud s catfish Clarias angolensis Steindachner 1866 Clarias anguillaris Linnaeus 1758 mudfish Clarias buettikoferi Steindachner 1894 Clarias buthupogon Sauvage 1879 Clarias camerunensis Lonnberg 1895 Clarias cavernicola Trewavas 1936 cave catfish Clarias dhonti Boulenger 1920 Clarias dumerilii Steindachner 1866 Clarias ebriensis Pellegrin 1920 Clarias engelseni Johnsen 1926 Clarias gabonensis Gunther 1867 Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822 North African catfish Clarias hilli Fowler 1936 Clarias jaensis Boulenger 1909 Clarias laeviceps T N Gill 1862 Clarias laeviceps dialonensis Daget 1962 Clarias laeviceps laeviceps T N Gill 1862 Clarias lamottei Daget amp Planquette 1967 8 Clarias liocephalus Boulenger 1898 smoothhead catfish Clarias longior Boulenger 1907 Clarias maclareni Trewavas 1962 Clarias macromystax Gunther 1864 Clarias monsembulai Bernt and Stiassny 2022 9 Clarias ngamensis Castelnau 1861 blunt toothed African catfish Clarias nigromarmoratus Poll 1967 Clarias pachynema Boulenger 1903 Clarias platycephalus Boulenger 1902 Clarias salae Hubrecht 1881 Clarias stappersii Boulenger 1915 blotched catfish Clarias submarginatus W K H Peters 1882 Clarias theodorae M C W Weber 1897 snake catfish Clarias werneri Boulenger 1906 Werner s catfish Asian species edit nbsp Clarias batrachus from Lumajang Regency East Java Indonesia nbsp Clarias nieuhofii from East Kotawaringin Central Kalimantan Indonesia nbsp Clarias pseudoleiacanthusClarias abbreviatus Valenciennes 1840 Clarias anfractus H H Ng 1999 10 Clarias batrachus Linnaeus 1758 Walking catfish Clarias batu K K P Lim amp H H Ng 1999 5 Clarias brachysoma Gunther 1864 Clarias cataractus Fowler 1939 Clarias dayi Hora 1936 Clarias dussumieri Valenciennes 1840 Clarias fuscus Lacepede 1803 Hong Kong catfish Clarias gracilentus H H Ng K H Dang amp V T Nguyen 2011 11 Clarias insolitus H H Ng 2003 3 Clarias intermedius Teugels Sudarto amp Pouyaud 2001 6 Clarias kapuasensis Sudarto Teugels amp Pouyaud 2003 12 Clarias leiacanthus Bleeker 1851 Clarias macrocephalus Gunther 1864 bighead catfish Clarias magur F Hamilton 1822 Clarias meladerma Bleeker 1846 blackskin catfish Clarias microspilus H H Ng amp Hadiaty 2011 13 Clarias microstomus H H Ng 2001 4 Clarias nebulosus Deraniyagala 1958 Clarias nieuhofii Valenciennes 1840 slender walking catfish Clarias nigricans H H Ng 2003 14 Clarias olivaceus Fowler 1904 Clarias planiceps H H Ng 1999 10 Clarias pseudoleiacanthus Sudarto Teugels amp Pouyaud 2003 12 Clarias pseudonieuhofii Sudarto Teugels amp Pouyaud 2004 7 Clarias serniosus H H Ng amp Kottelat 2014 15 Clarias sulcatus H H Ng 2004Fossil species Clarias falconeri Lydekker 1886 from IndiaImportance to economy edit nbsp Yam pladuk fu Thai yapladukfu shredded and deep fried Clarias pla duk catfish with salad nbsp Pecel lele an Indonesian style deep fried Clarias lele usually sold as street foodMany of the species are of great economic importance in both fisheries and fish culture 6 Invasive species editClarias catfish and primarily Clarias batrachus walking catfish have been introduced to many different areas of the world where they are causing problems for the native wildlife The effect of introduction of these fish varies from area to area but as they are predatory they often affect the local wildlife by eating other fish birds and amphibians In Florida the fish are causing problems by invading aquaculture farms and preying on the fish cultivated there 16 Countries where one or several Clarias species have been introduced include Indonesia the United States Hong Kong China UK Papua New Guinea Guam Taiwan Thailand and Cuba References edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clarias Froese Rainer and Pauly Daniel eds 2011 Species of Clarias in FishBase December 2011 version Mwita CJ Nkwengulila G 2008 Molecular phylogeny of the clariid fishes of Lake Victoria Tanzania inferred from cytochrome b DNA sequences Journal of Fish Biology 73 5 1139 1148 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8649 2008 01935 x a b c Ng Heok Hee 2003 Clarias insolitus a new species of clariid catfish Teleostei Siluriformes from southern Borneo PDF Zootaxa 284 1 8 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 284 1 1 Retrieved 2009 06 24 a b Ng Heok Hee 2001 Clarias microstomus a New Species of Clariid Catfish from Eastern Borneo Teleostei Siluriformes PDF Zoological Studies 40 2 158 162 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 19 Retrieved 2009 06 24 a b c Lim Kelvin K P Ng H H 1999 Clarias batu a New Species of Catfish Teleostei Clariidae from Pulau Tioman Peninsular Malaysia PDF The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 6 157 167 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 06 06 Retrieved 2009 06 24 a b c Teugels Guy G Sudarto Pouyaud Laurent 2001 Description of a New Clarias Species from Southeast Asia Based on Morphological and Genetical Evidence Siluriformes Clariidae PDF 25 1 81 92 Archived from the original PDF on 2010 12 26 Retrieved 2009 06 24 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b Sudarto Teugels Guy G Pouyaud Laurent 2004 Description of a New Clariid Catfish Clarias pseudonieuhofii from West Borneo Siluriformes Clariidae PDF Zoological Studies 43 1 8 19 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 06 13 Retrieved 2009 06 24 Guy G Teugels 2003 Clarias lamottei Siluriformes Clariidae a Naturel Intergeneric Hybrid from West Africa PDF Cybium 2003 27 1 11 15 Teugels Guy Retrieved 12 April 2023 Maxwell J Bernt amp Melanie L J Stiassny 2022 A New Species of Air Breathing Catfish Clariidae Clarias from Salonga National Park Democratic Republic of the Congo American Museum Novitates 2022 3990 Bernt Maxwell J amp Stiassny Melanie L J Retrieved 11 April 2023 a b Ng Heok Hee 1999 Two New Species of Catfishes of the Genus Clarias from Borneo Teleostei Clariidae Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore 10 Kent Ridge Crescent Singapore H H Ng Retrieved 11 April 2023 Ng H H Dang K H amp Nguyen V T 2011 Clarias gracilentus a new walking catfish Teleostei Clariidae from Vietnam and Cambodia PDF Zootaxa 2823 61 68 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 2823 1 4 a b Tomy Sudarto Guy Teugels amp Laurent Pouyaud March 2003 Description of two new Clarias species from Borneo Siluriformes Clariidae Cybium international journal of ichthyology Tomy Sudarto Guy Teugels amp Laurent Pouyaud Retrieved 11 April 2023 Ng HH amp Hadiaty Rk 2011 Clarias microspilus a new walking catfish Teleostei Clariidae from northern Sumatra Indonesia Journal of Threatened Taxa 3 3 1577 1584 http www threatenedtaxa org ZooPrintJournal 2011 March ng htm Archived 2012 03 22 at the Wayback Machine Ng Heok Hee 2003 Clarias nigricans a New Species of Clariid Catfish Teleostei Siluriformes from Eastern Borneo PDF The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 51 2 393 398 Archived from the original PDF on 2009 02 19 Retrieved 2009 06 24 Ng H H amp Kottelat M 2014 Clarias serniosus a new walking catfish Teleostei Clariidae from Laos Zootaxa 3884 5 437 444 issg Database ecology of Clarias batrachus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Clarias amp oldid 1191135687, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
