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Citigroup Center

January 01, 1970

For similarly named buildings, see Citigroup Center (disambiguation).

The Citigroup Center (formerly Citicorp Center and also known by its address, 601 Lexington Avenue) is an office skyscraper in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Built in 1977 for Citibank, it is 915 feet (279 m) tall and has 1.3 million square feet (120,000 m2) of office space across 59 floors. The building was designed by architect Hugh Stubbins, associate architect Emery Roth & Sons, and structural engineer William LeMessurier.

Citigroup Center
601 Lexington Avenue
Former namesCiticorp Center
General information
TypeOffice
Location153 East 53rd Street, New York, NY 10022
Coordinates40°45′31″N 73°58′13″W / 40.75861°N 73.97028°W / 40.75861; -73.97028
Construction startedApril 1974
Topped-outOctober 6, 1976
Completed1977
OpeningOctober 12, 1977; 46 years ago (1977-10-12)
CostUS$195 million
(equivalent to $765 million in 2023)
OwnerBoston Properties
Height
Architectural915 ft (279 m)
Technical details
Floor count59
Floor area1,654,020 sq ft (153,663 m2)
Lifts/elevators38
Design and construction
Architect(s)Hugh Stubbins, Emery Roth & Sons
DeveloperCiticorp
Structural engineerWilliam LeMessurier, James Ruderman
References
[1][2]
DesignatedDecember 6, 2016[3]
Reference no.2582[3]

The Citigroup Center takes up much of a city block bounded clockwise from the west by Lexington Avenue, 54th Street, Third Avenue, and 53rd Street. Land acquisition took place from 1968 to 1973; St. Peter's Church sold its plot on the condition that a new church building be constructed at the base of the tower. The design was announced in July 1973, and the structure was completed in October 1977. Less than a year after completion, the structure had to be strengthened when it was discovered that, due to a design flaw, the building was vulnerable to collapse in high winds. The building was acquired by Boston Properties in 2001, and Citicorp Center was renamed 601 Lexington Avenue in the 2000s. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Citigroup Center as a city landmark in 2016. The building's public spaces underwent renovations in 1995 and 2017.

The tower's base includes four giant stilts, which are placed mid-wall rather than at the building's corners. Its roof is sloped at a 45-degree angle. East of the tower is a six-story office annex. The northwest corner of the tower overhangs St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church at Lexington Avenue and 54th Street, a granite structure designed by Stubbins. Also at the base is a sunken plaza, a shopping concourse, and entrances to the church and the New York City Subway's Lexington Avenue/51st Street station. The upper stories are supported by stacked load-bearing braces in the form of inverted chevrons. Upon the Citigroup Center's completion, it received mixed reviews, as well as architectural awards.

Site edit

The Citigroup Center is at 601 Lexington Avenue in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City.[4][3] It takes up the majority of a city block bounded by Lexington Avenue to the west, 54th Street to the north, Third Avenue to the east, and 53rd Street to the south.[5] The land lot covers 70,572 sq ft (6,556.4 m2) with a frontage of 200 ft (61 m) on Lexington Avenue and a west–east length of 325 ft (99 m).[5] The building shares the block with 880 Third Avenue, an 18-story structure at 53rd Street and Third Avenue.[6] Other nearby buildings include 599 Lexington Avenue to the south, 100 East 53rd Street and the Seagram Building to the southwest, 399 Park Avenue to the west, the Central Synagogue to the northwest, and the Lipstick Building to the east.[5] The New York City Subway's Lexington Avenue/51st Street station is directly underneath the building.[7]

Thirty-one parcels were acquired and cleared to make way for the development.[6][8] The 54th Street frontage was largely occupied by brownstone houses.[9] Some of the other lots contained commercial spaces, ranging from small shops to the upscale Cafe Chauveron.[9][10] The site also included the Medical Chambers on 54th Street, which was owned by a cooperative of doctors.[9][11] St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church occupied the corner of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street;[6][12] its sanctuary was rebuilt when the Citigroup Center was developed.[13][10]

Street furniture edit

 
Custom pedestrian traffic signal pylon, northeast corner of Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street

Custom street furniture—including newsstands, flagpoles, and streetlight pylons—was designed for the sidewalks around the Citigroup Center.[14][15] New Jersey-based company Designetics designed pylons with a cruciform cross-section and street lamps at the top. Seven lighting pylons are placed along the streets that surround the block. Three custom pylons—at the northwest, northeast, and southwest corners of the block[a]—include pedestrian and vehicular traffic lights.[16] The pylons were initially designed with a "glossy black finish" that contrasted with the tower's aluminum facade;[14][15][16] by 2016, they had been painted gray.[14] The New Yorker described the pylons in 2017 as "sculptural towers worthy of Brancusi".[17]

History edit

First National City Bank (later Citibank) was founded in 1812[18] and, for over a century, had its headquarters in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan.[6] The company was headquartered at 52 Wall Street[19] until 1908, when it moved to 55 Wall Street.[20][21] After National City Bank and the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company merged in 1929,[22] the new company, City Bank Farmers Trust, moved into a new structure at 20 Exchange Place, which was completed in 1931,[23] and opened a Midtown office at 399 Park Avenue, one block west of the present Citigroup Center, in 1961.[24]

On the northwestern corner of the future Citigroup Center site was St. Peter's Lutheran Church, which had been founded in 1862 as a German-speaking congregation.[6][b] The St. Peter's congregation occupied a building at Lexington Avenue and 46th Street from 1871 to 1902, when it was demolished for the construction of Grand Central Terminal.[12] This prompted the congregation to move to a Gothic building designed by John G. Michel and P. Brandner,[25] which was completed in 1905.[6][12][26] The congregation, which at its peak had a membership of over one thousand, had decreased to below 300 by the 1960s, prompting the congregation to consider relocating to near the United Nations headquarters.[12][10]

Planning edit

Site acquisition edit

 
Top of the Citigroup Center (left) as seen from Rockefeller Center

Lots on the St. Peter's block were acquired secretively starting in 1968 and continued for five and a half years.[6][27] The acquisition was headed by brokers Donald Schnabel and Charles McArthur of Julien J. Studley Inc.[10][28] The brokers believed that a large, contiguous land lot would be worth more than the sum of each lot's individual worth, though the firm had not yet secured a client for which it was purchasing the lots.[28] St. Peter's Church's membership was increasing again by then, and members of the congregation were loath to part with their property.[12] A Studley broker formed a company called Lexman, which then approached what had become First National City Bank to determine their interest in the St. Peter's block, one block east of their headquarters at the time.[6][8] Lexman gradually acquired the other lots on the block.[27]

The brokerage firm again negotiated with St. Peter's congregation in late 1969 after some lots had been acquired.[29] John White, president of consulting firm James D. Landauer Associates, proposed that the new structure on the site be a condominium development; i.e. the church would have a partial ownership stake in the new development.[29][30] In February 1970, the congregation signed a letter of intent to sell its building, as well as the air rights above the church,[29][30] to First National City Bank.[31][32] In exchange, the congregation received $9 million and was named as a condominium partner in the tower's development. The congregation saw a $4 million net profit, as its new building cost $5 million.[29][31][33] Members of the congregation formally approved the sale of their building in May 1971.[34]

Hugh Stubbins & Associates was hired to develop plans for a large building on the city block, and St. Peter's Church hired Edward Larrabee Barnes as a design consultant by the beginning of 1971.[11] The Stubbins firm, at the time, had relatively little experience designing high-rise buildings.[10] The New York Times characterized the site as an "annex" to First National City Bank's main building at 399 Park Avenue.[11][29] The congregation of St. Peter's Church voted in May 1971 to approve the sale of its old building and construct a new structure on the same site,[35][36] and they relocated in early 1973 to a temporary location at the Central Presbyterian Church.[37] By July 1973, land acquisition was almost entirely complete,[38] although the last parcel was not acquired until November 1975, when the lot at 884 Third Avenue was purchased.[29] The parcels cost $40 million, making it the most expensive city block on earth at the time.[39][32] The only lot on the block that First National City Bank had not acquired was 880 Third Avenue, which had been completed in 1965, and which the brokers considered too new to be demolished.[10]

Design process and city approvals edit

In addition to what became the final design, Stubbins and his associates studied at least six alternate proposals for the tower, with varying rooftop designs.[40] Early plans also called for installing stilts underneath each corner.[41] These plans were scrapped because the northwestern stilt would extend into St. Peter's Lutheran Church, and the church wanted its sanctuary to be structurally separate from the tower.[42][41] Before the official plans for the building were announced, the architects had designed a roof sloped at a 45-degree corner, which was to contain west-facing terraces[43][44] for about 100 apartments,[45][46] but the New York City Department of City Planning would not approve a zoning change to permit that use.[43][46][47] The architects then rotated the roof southward[42][44] to accommodate flat-plate solar collectors.[48][49]

Plans for the project, then known as Citicorp Center, were publicly disclosed on July 24, 1973.[50][32] The plans called for a 910 ft-tall (280 m) tower with stilts under the center of each side, rising 112 ft (34 m) above street level. The project would also include an eight-story office annex, three stories of retail, a landscaped public plaza, and a new church building.[40][50][51] St. Peter's old church building had been demolished by mid-1973,[50] and First National City Bank had become known as Citibank, a subsidiary of Citicorp.[31] St. Peter's pastor Ralph E. Peterson described the project as "a very bold venture in an urban environment".[52] In part because of Peterson's insistence, the plans included a publicly accessible plaza with shopping available.[53] Early plans for the church also called for it to have a cube design;[54] the church's final design, with a diagonal skylight, was announced in April 1974.[55] The city government approved plans for Citicorp Center the same year.[56]

Construction edit

Groundbreaking ceremonies for the tower were hosted in April 1974, but work began only twelve months later.[48] The tower's construction was supervised by Vivian Longo, who, at the building's completion in 1977, was twenty-five years old.[57][58] Citicorp Center was one of the few large structures in Manhattan that were being erected in the mid-1970s.[59] At the peak of construction, three thousand people were employed, and 565 workers were on site simultaneously.[48][44] The steel framework had been completed to the eighteenth floor by the end of 1975.[48] When the frame topped out on October 7, 1976, officials predicted Citicorp Center would be the only major structure in New York City to be completed in 1977.[60][61]

The cornerstone for the new St. Peter's Church was laid on November 1, 1976.[62] Citibank acquired two buildings at 148 and 152 East 53rd Street, immediately south of the new tower, the next month. The company did not intend to develop the sites of these buildings, but they contained topless bars, which Citibank officials perceived would decrease the value of the tower.[63][64] The bank's vice president for real estate management, Arthur E. Driscoll, had studied vacancy rates at fourteen nearby "prime office buildings" while Citicorp Center was being developed.[65] The first tenants moved to the office building in April 1977.[45] By that August, Citicorp Center was 96 percent rented,[66] even though average rents were higher than in other buildings nearby.[44][45]

Early years edit

Opening edit

 
Viewed from Lexington Avenue

The office tower was dedicated on October 12, 1977.[48][67] Stubbins gave an opening speech in which he described the building as a "skyscraper for the people".[48][68] Almost all the space within the retail complex at the building's base, known as the Market, had been rented,[35] and over 300 retailers had applied to operate storefronts in the Market.[66] The majority of the Market's space was rented by household furnishings retailer Conran's, which occupied 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m2),[69] but some of the other retailers included restaurants serving cuisine of various countries.[70] Citibank planned to occupy 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2), or 26 stories, moving its offices to the building from five other addresses in Midtown.[44][45] The remaining stories were occupied by a variety of firms, including those in law and accounting, as well as the Consulate-General of Japan and technology company IBM.[56]

At the time of Citicorp Center's dedication, the final design features of St. Peter's Church were being installed.[71] St. Peter's Church was dedicated on December 4, 1977,[13][72] and the Nevelson Chapel was separately dedicated the same month.[73] Initially, the tower's slanted roof created an ice problem during winter, as snow and ice would slide down the roof onto the sidewalk.[74] Furthermore, the shopping concourse was initially only lightly used and largely unknown to the public.[75] The plaza on Lexington Avenue opened by July 1978.[48] In the complex's early years, St. Peter's Church encountered fiscal deficits because of high utility costs, as well as inflation and lack of investment experience, even though the church earned money from renting out some of the other space it owned at Citicorp Center.[76] By 1980, Citicorp counted 25,000 daily visitors to the shopping concourse, but some of the stores had already closed down because of a lack of patronage.[77][78]

1978 engineering crisis edit

Main article: Citicorp Center engineering crisis

Due to material changes during construction, the building as completed was vulnerable to collapse in high winds. LeMessurier's original design for the chevron load braces had used welded joints. To save money, Bethlehem Steel changed the plans in 1974 to use bolted joints, which was accepted by LeMessurier's office but not known to the engineer himself.[79] Furthermore, LeMessurier originally only needed to calculate wind loads from perpendicular winds, as required under the building code; in typical buildings, loads from quartering winds at the corners would be less.[79][80] In June 1978, after an inquiry from engineering student Diane Hartley,[81][82] LeMessurier recalculated the wind loads on the building with quartering winds.[80] LeMessurier found that quartering winds would significantly increase the load at the bolted joints.[79] After conducting tests on the building's structural safety,[83] he found that a wind capable of toppling Citicorp Center would have a 1-in-55 chance of occurring in an average year, or a 1-in-16 chance of happening if the tuned mass damper (TMD) on the roof was powered off.[84]

LeMessurier proposed welding steel plates over the bolted joints, and Karl Koch Erecting was hired for the welding process.[85] Starting in August 1978, construction crews installed the welded panels at night.[86][85] The fixes were completed that October, after which LeMessurier claimed that a wind strong enough to topple the building would have a 1-in-700 chance of occurring in any given year.[87] The work was not publicized at the time, as it took place during the 1978 New York City newspaper strike and very few people were notified of the issue.[84][85] Since no structural failure occurred, the extent of the engineering crisis was only publicly revealed in a lengthy article in The New Yorker in 1995.[86][88] A National Institute of Standards and Technology reassessment of the engineering crisis in 2019, using modern technology, indicated that the quartering wind loads were not as severe as LeMessurier and Hartley had thought.[89]

1980s and 1990s edit

 
Night view of the Citigroup Center (at right) from Rockefeller Center

As completed, Citicorp Center was divided into three separate condominium-style ownership stakes. One condominium was owned by the church, while the other two were 61.55 and 32.85 percent ownership stakes in the office stories.[90] In October 1987, Citicorp sold the 61.55 percent ownership stake (consisting of the 23rd through 59th floors), along with a one-third stake in its former 399 Park Avenue headquarters, to Dai-Ichi Mutual Life Insurance Company for $670 million. Citicorp used the profits from the sale to reduce its losses, which in the first half of 1987 totaled $2.32 billion; it continued to own the remaining stories at Citicorp Center.[91][92] At the time, Citicorp was developing One Court Square across the East River in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens.[77][93] The new building in Queens was one subway stop away from Citicorp Center and 399 Park Avenue, allowing Citicorp to split its offices between the buildings.[93]

The Market shopping atrium fell into disrepair in the two decades following Citicorp Center's completion.[94] In May 1995, Citicorp commenced a $15 million, eighteen-month renovation of the shopping concourse, which was designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects.[77][95] The brick pavers were replaced with terrazzo, new signs were installed outside each storefront, and circulation features, such as the placement of escalators, were rearranged.[77][94][96] The shopping concourse was renamed the Shops at Citicorp Center and bookstore Barnes & Noble was named as the anchor tenant, taking 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m2).[95]

21st century edit

By late 2000, Dai-Ichi's broker Jones Lang LaSalle had placed the entirety of the office building, which had become known as the Citigroup Center, for sale.[97][98] Dai-Ichi and Citigroup—the latter of which had been formed in 1998 through a merger of Citicorp and the Travelers Companies[99]—arranged to jointly sell both condominium shares.[98] Richard and Eric D. Hadar, a father-and-son venture, bid $725 million for Dai-Ichi's ownership stake in January 2001. For the purchase, Eric Hadar had arranged a $525 million first mortgage from Deutsche Bank and a $150 million mezzanine loan from the government of Singapore.[97][100] The sale was delayed after Boston Properties offered to buy Dai-Ichi's stake.[101] Eric Hadar's company, Allied Partners, along with Boston Properties, ultimately finalized their purchase of both condominium shares that April.[102][103] The price was $755 million, including closing costs and taxes, and Citigroup relocated to 399 Park Avenue.[77][104] One of the stilts was structurally reinforced following the September 11 attacks,[105][106] and protective bollards were installed on the sidewalk.[107]

Boston Properties bought Allied Partners' stake in the Citigroup Center in 2006 for $100 million.[108][109] The same year, Boston Properties began rebranding the building as 601 Lexington Avenue.[110] A new Lexington Avenue lobby was constructed and the tower stories' entrance was relocated from 53rd Street to Lexington Avenue.[111][112] In addition, a ramp was installed on 53rd Street and a reception area was added to the northern entrance of St. Peter's Church.[77] The name change took effect in 2010.[77][113][114] Boston Properties was also considering selling naming rights to the building.[115] By 2013, Citigroup only occupied three stories at the Citigroup Center.[116] The next year, Boston Properties sold a 45 percent ownership stake in the Citigroup Center, along with proportional stakes in the Atlantic Wharf Office Building and 100 Federal Street in Boston, to companies associated with Norges Bank Investment Management. These firms paid a combined $1.5 billion.[117][118]

In mid-2016, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) proposed protecting twelve buildings in East Midtown, including the Citigroup Center, in advance of proposed changes to the area's zoning.[119] At the time, Boston Properties was contemplating renovations to the building; the company filed alteration plans for the plaza that July,[120] and it was vacating the space in the office annex.[121] On December 6, 2016, the LPC designated the Citigroup Center as a city landmark.[3][122][123] The designation made the Citigroup Center the city's youngest landmark at that time.[122] The same month, Boston Properties announced plans to renovate the office annex, which would be rebranded 159 East 53rd Street.[124] Shortly afterward, in March 2017, Gensler revealed its design for a refurbished entry plaza and a new atrium space.[125][126] That June, work on the plaza commenced; the original fountain, which had been part of the landmark designation, was demolished.[127] All of the space in the 159 East 53rd Street annex was leased to NYU Langone Health in 2018.[128][129] Following the completion of the renovation, in late 2019, Anna Castellani signed a lease for a 10,000 sq ft (930 m2) food hall at the base of the Citigroup Center.[130][131] In October 2019, London-based company etc.venues agreed to operate a 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) conference center on the 14th floor.[132]

In 2021, Boston Properties converted the shopping concourse into a food hall named the Hugh.[133][134] Boston Properties and Norges Bank Investment Management refinanced the Citigroup Center that December with a $1 billion mortgage from four banks.[135][136] At the time, the building's office space was 96.3 percent occupied, and the tenants largely included financial firms and law offices.[137] With about 326,000 square feet (30,300 m2) of space, the Blackstone Group was one of the building's largest tenants in 2022.[138][139] Other large tenants by then included Citibank, Kirkland & Ellis, and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer.[137]

Architecture edit

 
The Citigroup Center as seen from Park Avenue, between 399 Park Avenue to the left and the Seagram Building to the right

The Citigroup Center consists of the office tower and its annex; there is also a structure for St. Peter's Church at the base of the office tower.[140] The tower was designed by architect Hugh Stubbins, along with associate architects Emery Roth & Sons, for the First National City Bank (later Citibank).[4][51][50] Of the other principals at Hugh A. Stubbins & Associates, architect Peter Woytuk was most involved in the design, while project manager W. Easley Hammer oversaw the construction.[48][39] In addition, Edward Larrabee Barnes was the consulting architect,[2][50][39] and LeMessurier Associates and James Ruderman were the structural engineers.[51][141] The general contractor was the HRH Construction Corporation[48][141] (which was acquired by the Starrett Housing Corporation during the building's construction[142]), and the steel contractor was Bethlehem Steel.[141][79] Numerous contractors supplied other material for the building.[143]

Form and facade edit

The Citigroup Center is 59 stories high, with its roof about 915 ft (279 m) above ground level.[1][2][3][c] Excluding unused floor numbers accounting for the raised base, it contains 46 office stories.[145][47] At the time of completion, Citicorp Center was the seventh-tallest building in the world.[60][144] In addition to the primary 59-story tower, there is an annex at 159 East 53rd Street with six[144][40] or seven stories.[146] It extends east to Third Avenue and includes part of the building's shopping concourse.[144][40]

The tower and its annex have similarly-designed facades.[43] The facade is made of anodized aluminum and reflective glass panels.[43][147][148] Each facade segment measures 12 by 9 ft (3.7 by 2.7 m) and consists of both glass panes and aluminum plates.[149] To conserve energy, each window is double-glazed; the inner pane is coated with chrome plating.[147][148] The windows on each floor are separated by flush aluminum spandrels.[150] The spandrels were manufactured by Flour City Architectural Metals, a firm based in Glen Cove, New York.[43][151] The aluminum is silver-colored, like that on the Pepsi-Cola Building and One Chase Manhattan Plaza, because Stubbins thought a dark color would not allow observers to "see the shade and shadow".[43] The facade is fitted with 2 inches (51 mm) of insulation,[14][148] double the amount of insulation considered normal at the time of construction.[147][148] The aluminum was polished to reflect heat from sunlight.[147]

Roof edit

The triangular roof of the Citigroup Center rises 160 ft (49 m) above the top story and faces south, sloping at a 45-degree angle.[144][40][152][d] The roof was originally intended to face west and contain several terraces,[43][44] but the architects rotated the roof southward to accommodate flat-plate solar collectors, which they believed would produce hot water that could dehumidify air and reduce the need for other energy for cooling.[49] Starting in February 1975, engineers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology conducted a twelve-month feasibility study for the installation of such a system.[40][153][154] Afterward, the system was scrapped, either because of the smaller-than-expected savings,[155][156][57] the cost of the required refined mechanical systems,[148] supplier issues,[14] or the insufficient energy produced by the system.[157]

Even after the solar-collector plans were scrapped, the design was kept; Stubbins wrote that the roof "relieves the uniformity of flat-topped towers proliferating in the center of the city".[158][159] This made Citicorp Center the first postmodern skyscraper in New York City with an entirely decorative roof.[152][160] The roof was also fitted with solar panels in 1983, when Consolidated Edison and Citibank sponsored a four-year solar panel test.[14][161]

Plaza edit

 
View from the plaza

A large plaza, 12 ft (3.7 m) beneath street level, was designed by landscape architect Sasaki Associates and built along with Citicorp Center.[162] The plaza's presence was encouraged by the 1961 Zoning Resolution,[162] which gave additional floor area to New York City developers as a zoning "bonus" for including open space outside their buildings.[163] While many developers took advantage of the "bonus", the New York City Planning Commission found in 1975 that many of these plazas ranged from "bleak, forlorn places" to those that were "forbidding and downright hostile".[164][165] In response, the City Planning Commission's Urban Design Group was formed in 1967 to determine how to improve plaza designs,[162][53] influencing a design handbook that the City Planning Commission published in 1975.[162][165] The design of the Citigroup Center's plaza was finalized in 1973,[162] and it included many of the same features described in the handbook, such as an outdoor plaza, a covered pedestrian area, and an arcade running for a city block.[162][166]

The plaza has an area of 6,000 sq ft (560 m2).[120] Under the zoning laws, its presence allowed the tower to be designed with a maximum floor area ratio of 18:1, higher than the 15:1 ratio specified for the area.[47] The plaza is accessed by a diagonally-oriented stairway[162] extending northeast from the corner of Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street.[167] On the south side of the plaza is an entrance to the Lexington Avenue/51st Street subway station.[168][169] The Citigroup Center's entrance replaces two previous subway entrances on the sidewalk.[162] The north side of the plaza contains the entrance to St. Peter's Church.[170] During the plaza's construction, the developers collaborated with the numerous public agencies that had a stake in the project, including the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which operated the subway station.[150]

The plaza, interior shopping concourse, and sidewalks all initially contained brown brick floor pavers. There was, originally, also a fountain at the center of the plaza, which was designed to conceal noise from the environs, similar to the fountain at nearby Paley Park.[170] That fountain was demolished in 2017.[127]

St. Peter's Lutheran Church edit

Not to be confused with St. Peter's Church (Manhattan).
 
St. Peter's Church as seen from the south
 
Interior of St. Peter's Church

At the northwest corner of Citigroup Center is St. Peter's Lutheran Church[13] at 619 Lexington Avenue.[171] The exterior was designed by Stubbins and Hammer, while the interior was furnished by Vignelli Associates.[15][54][13] The church's congregation permitted Citicorp to erect the office tower only if an edifice, structurally unconnected to the tower, were built at the same location as the congregation's old building. Andrew Alpern and Seymour Durst characterized the agreement as "ecumenically joining God and mammon to the benefit of both".[10][172] In addition, at least 63 percent of the church was to have "nothing built above it".[13][173] According to Stubbins, the lack of structural connections would give the church a "breathing space" of its own.[68] The church was described by the architectural writer David W. Dunlap in 2004 as the city's "most architecturally successful postwar sanctuary".[56][174]

The structure rises about 60 ft (18 m) above ground[42] and 85 ft (26 m) above the Citigroup Center's plaza.[15][54][13] It has a facade of brown Caledonia granite interspersed with ashlar.[42][54][13] The roof is clad in copper that is coated with lead. The materials were meant to establish a distinct identity for the church while also associating it with the office tower.[15][13] At the top of the church building, a skylight bisects it from southwest to northeast, allowing passersby to look inside.[146][54] A window at the corner of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street also overlooks the pipe organ inside.[13] Stubbins had intended the structure's shape to resemble a pair of hands "held up in prayer with light coming between them".[55] Arnaldo Pomodoro designed a bronze cross for the exterior, which was installed in 1982 and measures 8 ft (2.4 m) tall by 6 ft (1.8 m) wide.[175]

The church's main sanctuary is adjacent to the lower plaza[170][176] and is about 5 ft (1.5 m) beneath the plaza.[170] The sanctuary has movable pews that can seat up to 850 people.[15] There was also a black-box theater, a library, kitchen, daycare center, clergy offices, dressing rooms, choir rooms, and lecture and community rooms.[55] Upon the church's completion, there was a two-manual, two-pedal organ with 2,175 pipes.[177] Inside the church is the 24-seat Chapel of the Good Shepherd (also known as the Nevelson Chapel),[178] which was donated by parishioner Erol Beker[179] and designed by sculptor Louise Nevelson.[176][180] The basement theater was used by the York Theatre.[181] St. Peter's Church also hosts a jazz ministry created by the Rev. John Garcia Gensel, who in 1965 became the Minister to the Jazz Community.[182][183] The jazz ministry has sponsored several programs over the years,[13] such as free jazz performances at the base of the office tower.[184] The church has hosted memorials and funerals for jazz musicians such as Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, and Thelonious Monk.[13] In 2021, the church was seriously damaged after a broken water main flooded its space.[185][186]

Structural features edit

 
Base of the Citigroup Center. St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church is visible to the left below the skyscraper; the location of the church influenced the columns' locations.

The tower stories are of trussed-tube construction.[86][187] Each of the tower stories measures 157 by 157 ft (48 by 48 m),[141][188] or 24,600 sq ft (2,290 m2) in total.[189] Within the office stories, the elevator shafts and emergency stairs are embedded in a service core at the center of each story.[190] The core is about 68 by 68 ft (21 by 21 m), while the floor space around the core is just less than 45 ft (14 m) wide.[188] Overall, the Citigroup Center is made of 24,000 short tons (21,000 long tons; 22,000 t) of steel, two-fifths of the amount used in the Empire State Building.[86][191]

Stilts edit

The tower is supported by four stilts[157] measuring approximately 112 ft (34 m) high with a cross section of 24 by 24 ft (7.3 by 7.3 m).[51][40][167][e] The stilts are underneath the centers of each elevation of the facade, and the building's corners are cantilevered 72 ft (22 m) outward from the core.[79][144][160] According to Stanley Goldstein of LeMessurier's New York City office, stilts at the centers of each elevation would be able to withstand forces from "quartering winds" from the corners, compared to stilts at the corners. Additionally, the stilts allowed the building to have a smaller foundation than in a conventional building of similar size.[188]

Each of the individual stilts is composed of four vertical beams; the outer pairs of beams are much heavier than the inner pairs.[41][192] This design prevents the stilt from buckling.[192] Inside the stilts are emergency stairs and mechanical ducts.[86][41] In 2002, following the September 11 attacks the previous year, one of the stilts was reinforced with blast-resistant shields of steel and copper as well as steel bracing.[105][106] There is also an octagonal elevator core in the middle of the building,[43][160][192] which measures 63 by 72 ft (19 by 22 m)[192] and carries half of the building's gravity-related structural loads.[41] Beneath the lowest office story, the core contains only elevators, and the emergency staircases are within the stilts.[192]

Chevrons edit

Above the stilts, within the walls, are stacked load-bearing braces in the form of inverted chevrons.[60][84] Each elevation of the facade has six chevrons, which are eight stories tall.[79][160][193] The wind loads from each eight-story tier are transferred into the center of the frame, where 60 in-wide (150 cm) "mast column transports" extend the tower's entire height.[188][193] The mast columns are 30 in (760 mm) deep at their bases, tapering to 18 in (460 mm) above the 40th floor. The diagonal beams in each chevron are 14 in (360 mm) deep and connect to spandrel panels at the top of each eight-story tier, which are 36 in (910 mm) deep.[188] The tops of each eight-story tier (where the diagonal beams meet the building's corners) do not have vertical columns, thus preventing wind loads from accumulating at the tower's corners.[146]

The ninth story, the lowest level above the stilts, contains a trussed frame similar to those use in cantilever bridges, where the wind loads are transferred downward into the stilts.[193][194] This story is used as mechanical space.[194]

The chevrons are not visible from the exterior but can be seen from the offices inside;[60][195] this contrasted with structures such as Chicago's John Hancock Center in which the diagonal beams could be seen from the outside.[60][150][44] After Citicorp Center's completion, W. Easley Hammer said he thought it was a mistake to conceal the chevrons,[60] while LeMessurier said that Stubbins had rejected his idea for exposed chevrons.[79][86] The chevrons were originally bolted to each other with over two hundred joints.[86][83] Following the Citicorp Center engineering crisis of 1978, workers installed 2 in-thick (5.1 cm) steel plates over each joint.[86][85]

Interior edit

 
Public lobby

The tower contains approximately 1.3×10^6 sq ft (120,000 m2) of rentable space.[1] The office annex to the east contains about 270,000 sq ft (25,000 m2) of space.[60] According to the Department of City Planning, the building has a gross floor area of 1,654,020 sq ft (153,663 m2),[5] while, according to The Skyscraper Center, the building has 1,578,883 sq ft (146,683.0 m2).[1]

Base edit

The Citigroup Center's main entrance lobby is at the middle of the Lexington Avenue frontage, across a footbridge that also provides entrance to St. Peter's Church. The main entrance consists of a double-height glass box, with steel ribs, that is 70 ft (21 m) long. The lobby was constructed as part of a 2010 renovation.[111]

There is a three-story shopping concourse at the base of the stilts, originally called the Market.[157][57][70] The lowest level, corresponding to the lower lobby, includes a plant-filled atrium measuring 85 ft (26 m) high, with a skylight measuring 90 by 100 ft (27 by 30 m).[179][196] The corner of Third Avenue and 54th Street contained an entrance to the lowest level of the shopping concourse, while on 54th Street was an entrance to the second level.[196] The storefronts were designed to blend in with the plaza and street, with similar floor surfaces and transparent exterior walls.[66] Overall, the stores were intended as a commitment to the city, a corporate symbol, and a tourist attraction, according to one of Citicorp's vice presidents, Arthur E. Driscoll.[60][70] From 1987 to 2008, the bank presented a model train exhibition in the space each December.[197] The shopping concourse was renamed The Shops at Citicorp Center in 1995,[95] and it was known as the Atrium by 2016.[77]

Mechanical features edit

In the office stories, the elevators and stairs are clustered in a central core.[53] The building contains 20 double-deck elevators,[198][199] which Otis Worldwide constructed for $7 million.[198][200] Although each of the upper or lower decks serves only odd or even floors, visitors can travel between odd and even floors using escalators.[201] Each of the elevators consists of two standard elevator cabs that operate simultaneously in one shaft.[198][199] The elevators cost 25 percent more than standard elevators but allowed for a 24 percent reduction in the floor area taken up by elevators,[202] as twenty-six single-deck elevator shafts would have been required otherwise.[189] The Citigroup Center's double-deck elevators were likely the first to be installed in New York City since 1932, when the Cities Service Building was completed.[14][40] In total, the Citigroup Center has 38 elevators.[1]

At Citicorp Center's completion, a "supermail" system delivered each tenant's mail. Incoming mail was sorted in the basement and transferred via lifts to each floor, where the mail was transported manually to fixed bins.[203] The building also contained 2,500 sensors to monitor the mechanical systems, such as HVAC, lighting, electrical, sprinkler, life-safety, security, and elevator systems.[199] The sloped roof houses mechanical equipment.[148]

The building was intended to be energy-efficient compared to its contemporaries.[51][147][199] Its water supply consisted entirely of cold water;[148] heat from the building's mechanical systems was recirculated to warm the water and the office spaces.[147] The office spaces were cooled with outside air wherever it was practical.[147] The fluorescent light bars in the ceiling, manufactured by Joseph Loring & Associates, were fitted with glass shields to spread artificial light across a wider area.[147][199] Even though the rooftop solar collectors were not installed, the other features were intended to reduce energy use by up to 42 percent, compared with a regular office building of the same size.[67] During the summer, the building used a conventional air-conditioning system, offsetting any energy saved by the heat-deflecting facade.[189]

Citicorp Center was the city's first skyscraper to feature a tuned mass damper.[60][146][195] Located within the rooftop mechanical space, the TMD is designed to counteract swaying motions due to wind and reduces wind-related movement by up to fifty percent.[86][204][205] The equipment weighs 400 short tons (360 long tons; 360 t) and includes a concrete block measuring 30 by 30 by 6 ft (9.1 by 9.1 by 1.8 m).[141][60][44] The block sits on an oil-coated steel plate and has two spring mechanisms, one each to counteract north–south and east–west movement.[195] The equipment cost around $1.5 million to install.[206] By comparison, it would have cost $5 million[195] to reduce the tower's movement by adding 2,800 short tons (2,500 long tons; 2,500 t) of additional steel.[206]

Impact edit

Reception edit

 
Close-up of the base

As one of three office buildings approved in Manhattan during 1974, Citicorp Center received much media attention during its construction.[56] After the design was announced, the architectural writer Ada Louise Huxtable criticized the design in The New York Times, saying that the tower "has neither romanticism nor structural rationalism but, instead, appears to have been painstakingly invented with a tortured logic through a series of pragmatic and esthetic compromises".[60][207] As the building was being completed, Huxtable took a less harsh tone, saying that it contained a "clear desire for design quality" despite the drawbacks of the form and roof.[56][208] A writer for the New York Daily News described the building as being a typical New York City office structure that would only attract notice if it were built elsewhere.[209] A New York magazine writer, Suzanne Stephens, stated that the building was simply a modified version of a 1950s skyscraper,[60][189] considering the rooftop and base to be wasteful with space.[189]

After the building's completion, it had mixed reception. The architectural critic Paul Goldberger wrote for The New York Times that the roof was unusual and that the building had a reflective facade and a varied form, but that the overall design was not particularly innovative.[67] Another architectural critic, Jack Egan, similarly wrote for The Washington Post that the building had distinctive design features but did not appeal to either nostalgia or novel innovation.[45] Huxtable regarded the plaza as an architectural success but observed in January 1978 that very few people used it.[75] August Heckscher II, a former New York City parks commissioner, described the interior as "an amenity in which we can all rejoice".[179][77][210] Nevertheless, Heckscher believed the atrium's silver cladding and light fixtures to be unwelcoming and suggestive of the indoors,[179][210] and Stephens said that the benefits of the atrium did not transcend class boundaries.[179][211]

Other critics described Citicorp Center in a largely positive light. The historian and writer John Tauranac described the tower as the "most dramatic new skyscraper" in New York City since the completion of 30 Rockefeller Plaza several decades prior.[56][212] The architect and writer Robert A. M. Stern said Citicorp Center was the summation of the "unique architectural and urbanistic character that made Fifty-third Street at once an enclave within midtown and a microcosm of midtown itself".[10] The urbanist and sociologist William H. Whyte spoke positively of the structure for its juxtaposition of design elements, such as the exterior plaza and sidewalk.[14] The building was also praised by publications outside the New York City area.[56] The Baltimore Sun described the building as being simultaneously sophisticated and simple-looking,[145] while The Observer of London wrote that the building was a "unique contribution" to the skyline of Manhattan's East Side.[56]

Awards and use as icon edit

Upon Citicorp Center's completion, it received several architectural awards. In 1978, the City Club of New York gave the building a Bard Award, which recognized "excellence in architecture and urban design".[213] The same year, the American Institute of Steel Construction gave its Architectural Award of Excellence to Citicorp for the building's design.[141][56] The American Institute of Architects (AIA) gave Citicorp an Honor Award in 1979,[2][214] and Hugh Stubbins and Associates received the AIA's R.S. Reynolds Memorial Award in 1981 for using aluminum in Citicorp Center's design.[215][216] The AIA's 2007 survey List of America's Favorite Architecture ranked the Citigroup Center among the top 150 buildings in the United States.[217][218]

The sloped roof of the building has been used for branding purposes. For instance, it is included on the label of Chock full o'Nuts coffee.[219] In addition, the top left corner of the first "M" in Manhattan Mini Storage's logo was sloped to resemble the Citigroup Center's roof.[220] The proposed King David Hotel in the Las Vegas Valley would have a similar sloped roof to Citigroup Center if it is built.[221]

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The northwest, northeast, and southwest corners of the block correspond respectively to the corners of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street; Third Avenue and 54th Street; and Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street.[5]
  2. ^ Schmertz 1978, p. 112, erroneously states that St. Peter's was founded at Lexington Avenue and 54th Street; the church was established several blocks south at 46th Street.[6][12]
  3. ^ The height is alternatively cited as 914 ft (279 m).[60][144]
  4. ^ The roof height is alternatively given as 130 ft (40 m).[74]
  5. ^ A New York Times article says that the columns are 114 ft (35 m) high with a cross section of 22 by 22 ft (6.7 by 6.7 m).[67]

Citations edit

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Sources edit

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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Citigroup Center.
  • Official website

January 01, 1970
citigroup, center, similarly, named, buildings, disambiguation, formerly, citicorp, center, also, known, address, lexington, avenue, office, skyscraper, midtown, manhattan, neighborhood, york, city, built, 1977, citibank, feet, tall, million, square, feet, off. For similarly named buildings see Citigroup Center disambiguation The Citigroup Center formerly Citicorp Center and also known by its address 601 Lexington Avenue is an office skyscraper in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City Built in 1977 for Citibank it is 915 feet 279 m tall and has 1 3 million square feet 120 000 m2 of office space across 59 floors The building was designed by architect Hugh Stubbins associate architect Emery Roth amp Sons and structural engineer William LeMessurier Citigroup Center601 Lexington AvenueFormer namesCiticorp CenterGeneral informationTypeOfficeLocation153 East 53rd Street New York NY 10022Coordinates40 45 31 N 73 58 13 W 40 75861 N 73 97028 W 40 75861 73 97028Construction startedApril 1974Topped outOctober 6 1976Completed1977OpeningOctober 12 1977 46 years ago 1977 10 12 CostUS 195 million equivalent to 765 million in 2023 OwnerBoston PropertiesHeightArchitectural915 ft 279 m Technical detailsFloor count59Floor area1 654 020 sq ft 153 663 m2 Lifts elevators38Design and constructionArchitect s Hugh Stubbins Emery Roth amp SonsDeveloperCiticorpStructural engineerWilliam LeMessurier James RudermanReferences 1 2 New York City LandmarkDesignatedDecember 6 2016 3 Reference no 2582 3 The Citigroup Center takes up much of a city block bounded clockwise from the west by Lexington Avenue 54th Street Third Avenue and 53rd Street Land acquisition took place from 1968 to 1973 St Peter s Church sold its plot on the condition that a new church building be constructed at the base of the tower The design was announced in July 1973 and the structure was completed in October 1977 Less than a year after completion the structure had to be strengthened when it was discovered that due to a design flaw the building was vulnerable to collapse in high winds The building was acquired by Boston Properties in 2001 and Citicorp Center was renamed 601 Lexington Avenue in the 2000s The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Citigroup Center as a city landmark in 2016 The building s public spaces underwent renovations in 1995 and 2017 The tower s base includes four giant stilts which are placed mid wall rather than at the building s corners Its roof is sloped at a 45 degree angle East of the tower is a six story office annex The northwest corner of the tower overhangs St Peter s Evangelical Lutheran Church at Lexington Avenue and 54th Street a granite structure designed by Stubbins Also at the base is a sunken plaza a shopping concourse and entrances to the church and the New York City Subway s Lexington Avenue 51st Street station The upper stories are supported by stacked load bearing braces in the form of inverted chevrons Upon the Citigroup Center s completion it received mixed reviews as well as architectural awards Contents 1 Site 1 1 Street furniture 2 History 2 1 Planning 2 1 1 Site acquisition 2 1 2 Design process and city approvals 2 2 Construction 2 3 Early years 2 3 1 Opening 2 3 2 1978 engineering crisis 2 3 3 1980s and 1990s 2 4 21st century 3 Architecture 3 1 Form and facade 3 1 1 Roof 3 2 Plaza 3 2 1 St Peter s Lutheran Church 3 3 Structural features 3 3 1 Stilts 3 3 2 Chevrons 3 4 Interior 3 4 1 Base 3 4 2 Mechanical features 4 Impact 4 1 Reception 4 2 Awards and use as icon 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Notes 6 2 Citations 6 3 Sources 7 External linksSite editThe Citigroup Center is at 601 Lexington Avenue in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City 4 3 It takes up the majority of a city block bounded by Lexington Avenue to the west 54th Street to the north Third Avenue to the east and 53rd Street to the south 5 The land lot covers 70 572 sq ft 6 556 4 m2 with a frontage of 200 ft 61 m on Lexington Avenue and a west east length of 325 ft 99 m 5 The building shares the block with 880 Third Avenue an 18 story structure at 53rd Street and Third Avenue 6 Other nearby buildings include 599 Lexington Avenue to the south 100 East 53rd Street and the Seagram Building to the southwest 399 Park Avenue to the west the Central Synagogue to the northwest and the Lipstick Building to the east 5 The New York City Subway s Lexington Avenue 51st Street station is directly underneath the building 7 Thirty one parcels were acquired and cleared to make way for the development 6 8 The 54th Street frontage was largely occupied by brownstone houses 9 Some of the other lots contained commercial spaces ranging from small shops to the upscale Cafe Chauveron 9 10 The site also included the Medical Chambers on 54th Street which was owned by a cooperative of doctors 9 11 St Peter s Evangelical Lutheran Church occupied the corner of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street 6 12 its sanctuary was rebuilt when the Citigroup Center was developed 13 10 Street furniture edit nbsp Custom pedestrian traffic signal pylon northeast corner of Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street Custom street furniture including newsstands flagpoles and streetlight pylons was designed for the sidewalks around the Citigroup Center 14 15 New Jersey based company Designetics designed pylons with a cruciform cross section and street lamps at the top Seven lighting pylons are placed along the streets that surround the block Three custom pylons at the northwest northeast and southwest corners of the block a include pedestrian and vehicular traffic lights 16 The pylons were initially designed with a glossy black finish that contrasted with the tower s aluminum facade 14 15 16 by 2016 they had been painted gray 14 The New Yorker described the pylons in 2017 as sculptural towers worthy of Brancusi 17 History editFirst National City Bank later Citibank was founded in 1812 18 and for over a century had its headquarters in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan 6 The company was headquartered at 52 Wall Street 19 until 1908 when it moved to 55 Wall Street 20 21 After National City Bank and the Farmers Loan and Trust Company merged in 1929 22 the new company City Bank Farmers Trust moved into a new structure at 20 Exchange Place which was completed in 1931 23 and opened a Midtown office at 399 Park Avenue one block west of the present Citigroup Center in 1961 24 On the northwestern corner of the future Citigroup Center site was St Peter s Lutheran Church which had been founded in 1862 as a German speaking congregation 6 b The St Peter s congregation occupied a building at Lexington Avenue and 46th Street from 1871 to 1902 when it was demolished for the construction of Grand Central Terminal 12 This prompted the congregation to move to a Gothic building designed by John G Michel and P Brandner 25 which was completed in 1905 6 12 26 The congregation which at its peak had a membership of over one thousand had decreased to below 300 by the 1960s prompting the congregation to consider relocating to near the United Nations headquarters 12 10 Planning edit Site acquisition edit nbsp Top of the Citigroup Center left as seen from Rockefeller Center Lots on the St Peter s block were acquired secretively starting in 1968 and continued for five and a half years 6 27 The acquisition was headed by brokers Donald Schnabel and Charles McArthur of Julien J Studley Inc 10 28 The brokers believed that a large contiguous land lot would be worth more than the sum of each lot s individual worth though the firm had not yet secured a client for which it was purchasing the lots 28 St Peter s Church s membership was increasing again by then and members of the congregation were loath to part with their property 12 A Studley broker formed a company called Lexman which then approached what had become First National City Bank to determine their interest in the St Peter s block one block east of their headquarters at the time 6 8 Lexman gradually acquired the other lots on the block 27 The brokerage firm again negotiated with St Peter s congregation in late 1969 after some lots had been acquired 29 John White president of consulting firm James D Landauer Associates proposed that the new structure on the site be a condominium development i e the church would have a partial ownership stake in the new development 29 30 In February 1970 the congregation signed a letter of intent to sell its building as well as the air rights above the church 29 30 to First National City Bank 31 32 In exchange the congregation received 9 million and was named as a condominium partner in the tower s development The congregation saw a 4 million net profit as its new building cost 5 million 29 31 33 Members of the congregation formally approved the sale of their building in May 1971 34 Hugh Stubbins amp Associates was hired to develop plans for a large building on the city block and St Peter s Church hired Edward Larrabee Barnes as a design consultant by the beginning of 1971 11 The Stubbins firm at the time had relatively little experience designing high rise buildings 10 The New York Times characterized the site as an annex to First National City Bank s main building at 399 Park Avenue 11 29 The congregation of St Peter s Church voted in May 1971 to approve the sale of its old building and construct a new structure on the same site 35 36 and they relocated in early 1973 to a temporary location at the Central Presbyterian Church 37 By July 1973 land acquisition was almost entirely complete 38 although the last parcel was not acquired until November 1975 when the lot at 884 Third Avenue was purchased 29 The parcels cost 40 million making it the most expensive city block on earth at the time 39 32 The only lot on the block that First National City Bank had not acquired was 880 Third Avenue which had been completed in 1965 and which the brokers considered too new to be demolished 10 Design process and city approvals edit In addition to what became the final design Stubbins and his associates studied at least six alternate proposals for the tower with varying rooftop designs 40 Early plans also called for installing stilts underneath each corner 41 These plans were scrapped because the northwestern stilt would extend into St Peter s Lutheran Church and the church wanted its sanctuary to be structurally separate from the tower 42 41 Before the official plans for the building were announced the architects had designed a roof sloped at a 45 degree corner which was to contain west facing terraces 43 44 for about 100 apartments 45 46 but the New York City Department of City Planning would not approve a zoning change to permit that use 43 46 47 The architects then rotated the roof southward 42 44 to accommodate flat plate solar collectors 48 49 Plans for the project then known as Citicorp Center were publicly disclosed on July 24 1973 50 32 The plans called for a 910 ft tall 280 m tower with stilts under the center of each side rising 112 ft 34 m above street level The project would also include an eight story office annex three stories of retail a landscaped public plaza and a new church building 40 50 51 St Peter s old church building had been demolished by mid 1973 50 and First National City Bank had become known as Citibank a subsidiary of Citicorp 31 St Peter s pastor Ralph E Peterson described the project as a very bold venture in an urban environment 52 In part because of Peterson s insistence the plans included a publicly accessible plaza with shopping available 53 Early plans for the church also called for it to have a cube design 54 the church s final design with a diagonal skylight was announced in April 1974 55 The city government approved plans for Citicorp Center the same year 56 Construction edit Groundbreaking ceremonies for the tower were hosted in April 1974 but work began only twelve months later 48 The tower s construction was supervised by Vivian Longo who at the building s completion in 1977 was twenty five years old 57 58 Citicorp Center was one of the few large structures in Manhattan that were being erected in the mid 1970s 59 At the peak of construction three thousand people were employed and 565 workers were on site simultaneously 48 44 The steel framework had been completed to the eighteenth floor by the end of 1975 48 When the frame topped out on October 7 1976 officials predicted Citicorp Center would be the only major structure in New York City to be completed in 1977 60 61 The cornerstone for the new St Peter s Church was laid on November 1 1976 62 Citibank acquired two buildings at 148 and 152 East 53rd Street immediately south of the new tower the next month The company did not intend to develop the sites of these buildings but they contained topless bars which Citibank officials perceived would decrease the value of the tower 63 64 The bank s vice president for real estate management Arthur E Driscoll had studied vacancy rates at fourteen nearby prime office buildings while Citicorp Center was being developed 65 The first tenants moved to the office building in April 1977 45 By that August Citicorp Center was 96 percent rented 66 even though average rents were higher than in other buildings nearby 44 45 Early years edit Opening edit nbsp Viewed from Lexington Avenue The office tower was dedicated on October 12 1977 48 67 Stubbins gave an opening speech in which he described the building as a skyscraper for the people 48 68 Almost all the space within the retail complex at the building s base known as the Market had been rented 35 and over 300 retailers had applied to operate storefronts in the Market 66 The majority of the Market s space was rented by household furnishings retailer Conran s which occupied 40 000 sq ft 3 700 m2 69 but some of the other retailers included restaurants serving cuisine of various countries 70 Citibank planned to occupy 600 000 sq ft 56 000 m2 or 26 stories moving its offices to the building from five other addresses in Midtown 44 45 The remaining stories were occupied by a variety of firms including those in law and accounting as well as the Consulate General of Japan and technology company IBM 56 At the time of Citicorp Center s dedication the final design features of St Peter s Church were being installed 71 St Peter s Church was dedicated on December 4 1977 13 72 and the Nevelson Chapel was separately dedicated the same month 73 Initially the tower s slanted roof created an ice problem during winter as snow and ice would slide down the roof onto the sidewalk 74 Furthermore the shopping concourse was initially only lightly used and largely unknown to the public 75 The plaza on Lexington Avenue opened by July 1978 48 In the complex s early years St Peter s Church encountered fiscal deficits because of high utility costs as well as inflation and lack of investment experience even though the church earned money from renting out some of the other space it owned at Citicorp Center 76 By 1980 Citicorp counted 25 000 daily visitors to the shopping concourse but some of the stores had already closed down because of a lack of patronage 77 78 1978 engineering crisis edit Main article Citicorp Center engineering crisis Due to material changes during construction the building as completed was vulnerable to collapse in high winds LeMessurier s original design for the chevron load braces had used welded joints To save money Bethlehem Steel changed the plans in 1974 to use bolted joints which was accepted by LeMessurier s office but not known to the engineer himself 79 Furthermore LeMessurier originally only needed to calculate wind loads from perpendicular winds as required under the building code in typical buildings loads from quartering winds at the corners would be less 79 80 In June 1978 after an inquiry from engineering student Diane Hartley 81 82 LeMessurier recalculated the wind loads on the building with quartering winds 80 LeMessurier found that quartering winds would significantly increase the load at the bolted joints 79 After conducting tests on the building s structural safety 83 he found that a wind capable of toppling Citicorp Center would have a 1 in 55 chance of occurring in an average year or a 1 in 16 chance of happening if the tuned mass damper TMD on the roof was powered off 84 LeMessurier proposed welding steel plates over the bolted joints and Karl Koch Erecting was hired for the welding process 85 Starting in August 1978 construction crews installed the welded panels at night 86 85 The fixes were completed that October after which LeMessurier claimed that a wind strong enough to topple the building would have a 1 in 700 chance of occurring in any given year 87 The work was not publicized at the time as it took place during the 1978 New York City newspaper strike and very few people were notified of the issue 84 85 Since no structural failure occurred the extent of the engineering crisis was only publicly revealed in a lengthy article in The New Yorker in 1995 86 88 A National Institute of Standards and Technology reassessment of the engineering crisis in 2019 using modern technology indicated that the quartering wind loads were not as severe as LeMessurier and Hartley had thought 89 1980s and 1990s edit nbsp Night view of the Citigroup Center at right from Rockefeller Center As completed Citicorp Center was divided into three separate condominium style ownership stakes One condominium was owned by the church while the other two were 61 55 and 32 85 percent ownership stakes in the office stories 90 In October 1987 Citicorp sold the 61 55 percent ownership stake consisting of the 23rd through 59th floors along with a one third stake in its former 399 Park Avenue headquarters to Dai Ichi Mutual Life Insurance Company for 670 million Citicorp used the profits from the sale to reduce its losses which in the first half of 1987 totaled 2 32 billion it continued to own the remaining stories at Citicorp Center 91 92 At the time Citicorp was developing One Court Square across the East River in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens 77 93 The new building in Queens was one subway stop away from Citicorp Center and 399 Park Avenue allowing Citicorp to split its offices between the buildings 93 The Market shopping atrium fell into disrepair in the two decades following Citicorp Center s completion 94 In May 1995 Citicorp commenced a 15 million eighteen month renovation of the shopping concourse which was designed by Gwathmey Siegel amp Associates Architects 77 95 The brick pavers were replaced with terrazzo new signs were installed outside each storefront and circulation features such as the placement of escalators were rearranged 77 94 96 The shopping concourse was renamed the Shops at Citicorp Center and bookstore Barnes amp Noble was named as the anchor tenant taking 40 000 sq ft 3 700 m2 95 21st century edit By late 2000 Dai Ichi s broker Jones Lang LaSalle had placed the entirety of the office building which had become known as the Citigroup Center for sale 97 98 Dai Ichi and Citigroup the latter of which had been formed in 1998 through a merger of Citicorp and the Travelers Companies 99 arranged to jointly sell both condominium shares 98 Richard and Eric D Hadar a father and son venture bid 725 million for Dai Ichi s ownership stake in January 2001 For the purchase Eric Hadar had arranged a 525 million first mortgage from Deutsche Bank and a 150 million mezzanine loan from the government of Singapore 97 100 The sale was delayed after Boston Properties offered to buy Dai Ichi s stake 101 Eric Hadar s company Allied Partners along with Boston Properties ultimately finalized their purchase of both condominium shares that April 102 103 The price was 755 million including closing costs and taxes and Citigroup relocated to 399 Park Avenue 77 104 One of the stilts was structurally reinforced following the September 11 attacks 105 106 and protective bollards were installed on the sidewalk 107 Boston Properties bought Allied Partners stake in the Citigroup Center in 2006 for 100 million 108 109 The same year Boston Properties began rebranding the building as 601 Lexington Avenue 110 A new Lexington Avenue lobby was constructed and the tower stories entrance was relocated from 53rd Street to Lexington Avenue 111 112 In addition a ramp was installed on 53rd Street and a reception area was added to the northern entrance of St Peter s Church 77 The name change took effect in 2010 77 113 114 Boston Properties was also considering selling naming rights to the building 115 By 2013 Citigroup only occupied three stories at the Citigroup Center 116 The next year Boston Properties sold a 45 percent ownership stake in the Citigroup Center along with proportional stakes in the Atlantic Wharf Office Building and 100 Federal Street in Boston to companies associated with Norges Bank Investment Management These firms paid a combined 1 5 billion 117 118 In mid 2016 the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission LPC proposed protecting twelve buildings in East Midtown including the Citigroup Center in advance of proposed changes to the area s zoning 119 At the time Boston Properties was contemplating renovations to the building the company filed alteration plans for the plaza that July 120 and it was vacating the space in the office annex 121 On December 6 2016 the LPC designated the Citigroup Center as a city landmark 3 122 123 The designation made the Citigroup Center the city s youngest landmark at that time 122 The same month Boston Properties announced plans to renovate the office annex which would be rebranded 159 East 53rd Street 124 Shortly afterward in March 2017 Gensler revealed its design for a refurbished entry plaza and a new atrium space 125 126 That June work on the plaza commenced the original fountain which had been part of the landmark designation was demolished 127 All of the space in the 159 East 53rd Street annex was leased to NYU Langone Health in 2018 128 129 Following the completion of the renovation in late 2019 Anna Castellani signed a lease for a 10 000 sq ft 930 m2 food hall at the base of the Citigroup Center 130 131 In October 2019 London based company etc venues agreed to operate a 30 000 sq ft 2 800 m2 conference center on the 14th floor 132 In 2021 Boston Properties converted the shopping concourse into a food hall named the Hugh 133 134 Boston Properties and Norges Bank Investment Management refinanced the Citigroup Center that December with a 1 billion mortgage from four banks 135 136 At the time the building s office space was 96 3 percent occupied and the tenants largely included financial firms and law offices 137 With about 326 000 square feet 30 300 m2 of space the Blackstone Group was one of the building s largest tenants in 2022 138 139 Other large tenants by then included Citibank Kirkland amp Ellis and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer 137 Architecture edit nbsp The Citigroup Center as seen from Park Avenue between 399 Park Avenue to the left and the Seagram Building to the right The Citigroup Center consists of the office tower and its annex there is also a structure for St Peter s Church at the base of the office tower 140 The tower was designed by architect Hugh Stubbins along with associate architects Emery Roth amp Sons for the First National City Bank later Citibank 4 51 50 Of the other principals at Hugh A Stubbins amp Associates architect Peter Woytuk was most involved in the design while project manager W Easley Hammer oversaw the construction 48 39 In addition Edward Larrabee Barnes was the consulting architect 2 50 39 and LeMessurier Associates and James Ruderman were the structural engineers 51 141 The general contractor was the HRH Construction Corporation 48 141 which was acquired by the Starrett Housing Corporation during the building s construction 142 and the steel contractor was Bethlehem Steel 141 79 Numerous contractors supplied other material for the building 143 Form and facade edit The Citigroup Center is 59 stories high with its roof about 915 ft 279 m above ground level 1 2 3 c Excluding unused floor numbers accounting for the raised base it contains 46 office stories 145 47 At the time of completion Citicorp Center was the seventh tallest building in the world 60 144 In addition to the primary 59 story tower there is an annex at 159 East 53rd Street with six 144 40 or seven stories 146 It extends east to Third Avenue and includes part of the building s shopping concourse 144 40 The tower and its annex have similarly designed facades 43 The facade is made of anodized aluminum and reflective glass panels 43 147 148 Each facade segment measures 12 by 9 ft 3 7 by 2 7 m and consists of both glass panes and aluminum plates 149 To conserve energy each window is double glazed the inner pane is coated with chrome plating 147 148 The windows on each floor are separated by flush aluminum spandrels 150 The spandrels were manufactured by Flour City Architectural Metals a firm based in Glen Cove New York 43 151 The aluminum is silver colored like that on the Pepsi Cola Building and One Chase Manhattan Plaza because Stubbins thought a dark color would not allow observers to see the shade and shadow 43 The facade is fitted with 2 inches 51 mm of insulation 14 148 double the amount of insulation considered normal at the time of construction 147 148 The aluminum was polished to reflect heat from sunlight 147 Roof edit The triangular roof of the Citigroup Center rises 160 ft 49 m above the top story and faces south sloping at a 45 degree angle 144 40 152 d The roof was originally intended to face west and contain several terraces 43 44 but the architects rotated the roof southward to accommodate flat plate solar collectors which they believed would produce hot water that could dehumidify air and reduce the need for other energy for cooling 49 Starting in February 1975 engineers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology conducted a twelve month feasibility study for the installation of such a system 40 153 154 Afterward the system was scrapped either because of the smaller than expected savings 155 156 57 the cost of the required refined mechanical systems 148 supplier issues 14 or the insufficient energy produced by the system 157 Even after the solar collector plans were scrapped the design was kept Stubbins wrote that the roof relieves the uniformity of flat topped towers proliferating in the center of the city 158 159 This made Citicorp Center the first postmodern skyscraper in New York City with an entirely decorative roof 152 160 The roof was also fitted with solar panels in 1983 when Consolidated Edison and Citibank sponsored a four year solar panel test 14 161 Plaza edit nbsp View from the plaza A large plaza 12 ft 3 7 m beneath street level was designed by landscape architect Sasaki Associates and built along with Citicorp Center 162 The plaza s presence was encouraged by the 1961 Zoning Resolution 162 which gave additional floor area to New York City developers as a zoning bonus for including open space outside their buildings 163 While many developers took advantage of the bonus the New York City Planning Commission found in 1975 that many of these plazas ranged from bleak forlorn places to those that were forbidding and downright hostile 164 165 In response the City Planning Commission s Urban Design Group was formed in 1967 to determine how to improve plaza designs 162 53 influencing a design handbook that the City Planning Commission published in 1975 162 165 The design of the Citigroup Center s plaza was finalized in 1973 162 and it included many of the same features described in the handbook such as an outdoor plaza a covered pedestrian area and an arcade running for a city block 162 166 The plaza has an area of 6 000 sq ft 560 m2 120 Under the zoning laws its presence allowed the tower to be designed with a maximum floor area ratio of 18 1 higher than the 15 1 ratio specified for the area 47 The plaza is accessed by a diagonally oriented stairway 162 extending northeast from the corner of Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street 167 On the south side of the plaza is an entrance to the Lexington Avenue 51st Street subway station 168 169 The Citigroup Center s entrance replaces two previous subway entrances on the sidewalk 162 The north side of the plaza contains the entrance to St Peter s Church 170 During the plaza s construction the developers collaborated with the numerous public agencies that had a stake in the project including the Metropolitan Transportation Authority which operated the subway station 150 The plaza interior shopping concourse and sidewalks all initially contained brown brick floor pavers There was originally also a fountain at the center of the plaza which was designed to conceal noise from the environs similar to the fountain at nearby Paley Park 170 That fountain was demolished in 2017 127 St Peter s Lutheran Church edit Not to be confused with St Peter s Church Manhattan nbsp St Peter s Church as seen from the south nbsp Interior of St Peter s Church At the northwest corner of Citigroup Center is St Peter s Lutheran Church 13 at 619 Lexington Avenue 171 The exterior was designed by Stubbins and Hammer while the interior was furnished by Vignelli Associates 15 54 13 The church s congregation permitted Citicorp to erect the office tower only if an edifice structurally unconnected to the tower were built at the same location as the congregation s old building Andrew Alpern and Seymour Durst characterized the agreement as ecumenically joining God and mammon to the benefit of both 10 172 In addition at least 63 percent of the church was to have nothing built above it 13 173 According to Stubbins the lack of structural connections would give the church a breathing space of its own 68 The church was described by the architectural writer David W Dunlap in 2004 as the city s most architecturally successful postwar sanctuary 56 174 The structure rises about 60 ft 18 m above ground 42 and 85 ft 26 m above the Citigroup Center s plaza 15 54 13 It has a facade of brown Caledonia granite interspersed with ashlar 42 54 13 The roof is clad in copper that is coated with lead The materials were meant to establish a distinct identity for the church while also associating it with the office tower 15 13 At the top of the church building a skylight bisects it from southwest to northeast allowing passersby to look inside 146 54 A window at the corner of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street also overlooks the pipe organ inside 13 Stubbins had intended the structure s shape to resemble a pair of hands held up in prayer with light coming between them 55 Arnaldo Pomodoro designed a bronze cross for the exterior which was installed in 1982 and measures 8 ft 2 4 m tall by 6 ft 1 8 m wide 175 The church s main sanctuary is adjacent to the lower plaza 170 176 and is about 5 ft 1 5 m beneath the plaza 170 The sanctuary has movable pews that can seat up to 850 people 15 There was also a black box theater a library kitchen daycare center clergy offices dressing rooms choir rooms and lecture and community rooms 55 Upon the church s completion there was a two manual two pedal organ with 2 175 pipes 177 Inside the church is the 24 seat Chapel of the Good Shepherd also known as the Nevelson Chapel 178 which was donated by parishioner Erol Beker 179 and designed by sculptor Louise Nevelson 176 180 The basement theater was used by the York Theatre 181 St Peter s Church also hosts a jazz ministry created by the Rev John Garcia Gensel who in 1965 became the Minister to the Jazz Community 182 183 The jazz ministry has sponsored several programs over the years 13 such as free jazz performances at the base of the office tower 184 The church has hosted memorials and funerals for jazz musicians such as Miles Davis Dizzy Gillespie and Thelonious Monk 13 In 2021 the church was seriously damaged after a broken water main flooded its space 185 186 Structural features edit nbsp Base of the Citigroup Center St Peter s Evangelical Lutheran Church is visible to the left below the skyscraper the location of the church influenced the columns locations The tower stories are of trussed tube construction 86 187 Each of the tower stories measures 157 by 157 ft 48 by 48 m 141 188 or 24 600 sq ft 2 290 m2 in total 189 Within the office stories the elevator shafts and emergency stairs are embedded in a service core at the center of each story 190 The core is about 68 by 68 ft 21 by 21 m while the floor space around the core is just less than 45 ft 14 m wide 188 Overall the Citigroup Center is made of 24 000 short tons 21 000 long tons 22 000 t of steel two fifths of the amount used in the Empire State Building 86 191 Stilts edit The tower is supported by four stilts 157 measuring approximately 112 ft 34 m high with a cross section of 24 by 24 ft 7 3 by 7 3 m 51 40 167 e The stilts are underneath the centers of each elevation of the facade and the building s corners are cantilevered 72 ft 22 m outward from the core 79 144 160 According to Stanley Goldstein of LeMessurier s New York City office stilts at the centers of each elevation would be able to withstand forces from quartering winds from the corners compared to stilts at the corners Additionally the stilts allowed the building to have a smaller foundation than in a conventional building of similar size 188 Each of the individual stilts is composed of four vertical beams the outer pairs of beams are much heavier than the inner pairs 41 192 This design prevents the stilt from buckling 192 Inside the stilts are emergency stairs and mechanical ducts 86 41 In 2002 following the September 11 attacks the previous year one of the stilts was reinforced with blast resistant shields of steel and copper as well as steel bracing 105 106 There is also an octagonal elevator core in the middle of the building 43 160 192 which measures 63 by 72 ft 19 by 22 m 192 and carries half of the building s gravity related structural loads 41 Beneath the lowest office story the core contains only elevators and the emergency staircases are within the stilts 192 Chevrons edit Above the stilts within the walls are stacked load bearing braces in the form of inverted chevrons 60 84 Each elevation of the facade has six chevrons which are eight stories tall 79 160 193 The wind loads from each eight story tier are transferred into the center of the frame where 60 in wide 150 cm mast column transports extend the tower s entire height 188 193 The mast columns are 30 in 760 mm deep at their bases tapering to 18 in 460 mm above the 40th floor The diagonal beams in each chevron are 14 in 360 mm deep and connect to spandrel panels at the top of each eight story tier which are 36 in 910 mm deep 188 The tops of each eight story tier where the diagonal beams meet the building s corners do not have vertical columns thus preventing wind loads from accumulating at the tower s corners 146 The ninth story the lowest level above the stilts contains a trussed frame similar to those use in cantilever bridges where the wind loads are transferred downward into the stilts 193 194 This story is used as mechanical space 194 The chevrons are not visible from the exterior but can be seen from the offices inside 60 195 this contrasted with structures such as Chicago s John Hancock Center in which the diagonal beams could be seen from the outside 60 150 44 After Citicorp Center s completion W Easley Hammer said he thought it was a mistake to conceal the chevrons 60 while LeMessurier said that Stubbins had rejected his idea for exposed chevrons 79 86 The chevrons were originally bolted to each other with over two hundred joints 86 83 Following the Citicorp Center engineering crisis of 1978 workers installed 2 in thick 5 1 cm steel plates over each joint 86 85 Interior edit nbsp Public lobby The tower contains approximately 1 3 10 6 sq ft 120 000 m2 of rentable space 1 The office annex to the east contains about 270 000 sq ft 25 000 m2 of space 60 According to the Department of City Planning the building has a gross floor area of 1 654 020 sq ft 153 663 m2 5 while according to The Skyscraper Center the building has 1 578 883 sq ft 146 683 0 m2 1 Base edit The Citigroup Center s main entrance lobby is at the middle of the Lexington Avenue frontage across a footbridge that also provides entrance to St Peter s Church The main entrance consists of a double height glass box with steel ribs that is 70 ft 21 m long The lobby was constructed as part of a 2010 renovation 111 There is a three story shopping concourse at the base of the stilts originally called the Market 157 57 70 The lowest level corresponding to the lower lobby includes a plant filled atrium measuring 85 ft 26 m high with a skylight measuring 90 by 100 ft 27 by 30 m 179 196 The corner of Third Avenue and 54th Street contained an entrance to the lowest level of the shopping concourse while on 54th Street was an entrance to the second level 196 The storefronts were designed to blend in with the plaza and street with similar floor surfaces and transparent exterior walls 66 Overall the stores were intended as a commitment to the city a corporate symbol and a tourist attraction according to one of Citicorp s vice presidents Arthur E Driscoll 60 70 From 1987 to 2008 the bank presented a model train exhibition in the space each December 197 The shopping concourse was renamed The Shops at Citicorp Center in 1995 95 and it was known as the Atrium by 2016 77 Mechanical features edit In the office stories the elevators and stairs are clustered in a central core 53 The building contains 20 double deck elevators 198 199 which Otis Worldwide constructed for 7 million 198 200 Although each of the upper or lower decks serves only odd or even floors visitors can travel between odd and even floors using escalators 201 Each of the elevators consists of two standard elevator cabs that operate simultaneously in one shaft 198 199 The elevators cost 25 percent more than standard elevators but allowed for a 24 percent reduction in the floor area taken up by elevators 202 as twenty six single deck elevator shafts would have been required otherwise 189 The Citigroup Center s double deck elevators were likely the first to be installed in New York City since 1932 when the Cities Service Building was completed 14 40 In total the Citigroup Center has 38 elevators 1 At Citicorp Center s completion a supermail system delivered each tenant s mail Incoming mail was sorted in the basement and transferred via lifts to each floor where the mail was transported manually to fixed bins 203 The building also contained 2 500 sensors to monitor the mechanical systems such as HVAC lighting electrical sprinkler life safety security and elevator systems 199 The sloped roof houses mechanical equipment 148 The building was intended to be energy efficient compared to its contemporaries 51 147 199 Its water supply consisted entirely of cold water 148 heat from the building s mechanical systems was recirculated to warm the water and the office spaces 147 The office spaces were cooled with outside air wherever it was practical 147 The fluorescent light bars in the ceiling manufactured by Joseph Loring amp Associates were fitted with glass shields to spread artificial light across a wider area 147 199 Even though the rooftop solar collectors were not installed the other features were intended to reduce energy use by up to 42 percent compared with a regular office building of the same size 67 During the summer the building used a conventional air conditioning system offsetting any energy saved by the heat deflecting facade 189 Citicorp Center was the city s first skyscraper to feature a tuned mass damper 60 146 195 Located within the rooftop mechanical space the TMD is designed to counteract swaying motions due to wind and reduces wind related movement by up to fifty percent 86 204 205 The equipment weighs 400 short tons 360 long tons 360 t and includes a concrete block measuring 30 by 30 by 6 ft 9 1 by 9 1 by 1 8 m 141 60 44 The block sits on an oil coated steel plate and has two spring mechanisms one each to counteract north south and east west movement 195 The equipment cost around 1 5 million to install 206 By comparison it would have cost 5 million 195 to reduce the tower s movement by adding 2 800 short tons 2 500 long tons 2 500 t of additional steel 206 Impact editReception edit nbsp Close up of the base As one of three office buildings approved in Manhattan during 1974 Citicorp Center received much media attention during its construction 56 After the design was announced the architectural writer Ada Louise Huxtable criticized the design in The New York Times saying that the tower has neither romanticism nor structural rationalism but instead appears to have been painstakingly invented with a tortured logic through a series of pragmatic and esthetic compromises 60 207 As the building was being completed Huxtable took a less harsh tone saying that it contained a clear desire for design quality despite the drawbacks of the form and roof 56 208 A writer for the New York Daily News described the building as being a typical New York City office structure that would only attract notice if it were built elsewhere 209 A New York magazine writer Suzanne Stephens stated that the building was simply a modified version of a 1950s skyscraper 60 189 considering the rooftop and base to be wasteful with space 189 After the building s completion it had mixed reception The architectural critic Paul Goldberger wrote for The New York Times that the roof was unusual and that the building had a reflective facade and a varied form but that the overall design was not particularly innovative 67 Another architectural critic Jack Egan similarly wrote for The Washington Post that the building had distinctive design features but did not appeal to either nostalgia or novel innovation 45 Huxtable regarded the plaza as an architectural success but observed in January 1978 that very few people used it 75 August Heckscher II a former New York City parks commissioner described the interior as an amenity in which we can all rejoice 179 77 210 Nevertheless Heckscher believed the atrium s silver cladding and light fixtures to be unwelcoming and suggestive of the indoors 179 210 and Stephens said that the benefits of the atrium did not transcend class boundaries 179 211 Other critics described Citicorp Center in a largely positive light The historian and writer John Tauranac described the tower as the most dramatic new skyscraper in New York City since the completion of 30 Rockefeller Plaza several decades prior 56 212 The architect and writer Robert A M Stern said Citicorp Center was the summation of the unique architectural and urbanistic character that made Fifty third Street at once an enclave within midtown and a microcosm of midtown itself 10 The urbanist and sociologist William H Whyte spoke positively of the structure for its juxtaposition of design elements such as the exterior plaza and sidewalk 14 The building was also praised by publications outside the New York City area 56 The Baltimore Sun described the building as being simultaneously sophisticated and simple looking 145 while The Observer of London wrote that the building was a unique contribution to the skyline of Manhattan s East Side 56 Awards and use as icon edit Upon Citicorp Center s completion it received several architectural awards In 1978 the City Club of New York gave the building a Bard Award which recognized excellence in architecture and urban design 213 The same year the American Institute of Steel Construction gave its Architectural Award of Excellence to Citicorp for the building s design 141 56 The American Institute of Architects AIA gave Citicorp an Honor Award in 1979 2 214 and Hugh Stubbins and Associates received the AIA s R S Reynolds Memorial Award in 1981 for using aluminum in Citicorp Center s design 215 216 The AIA s 2007 survey List of America s Favorite Architecture ranked the Citigroup Center among the top 150 buildings in the United States 217 218 The sloped roof of the building has been used for branding purposes For instance it is included on the label of Chock full o Nuts coffee 219 In addition the top left corner of the first M in Manhattan Mini Storage s logo was sloped to resemble the Citigroup Center s roof 220 The proposed King David Hotel in the Las Vegas Valley would have a similar sloped roof to Citigroup Center if it is built 221 See also edit nbsp Architecture portal nbsp New York City portal List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets List of tallest buildings in New York City List of tallest buildings in the United States List of tallest freestanding steel structuresReferences editNotes edit The northwest northeast and southwest corners of the block correspond respectively to the corners of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street Third Avenue and 54th Street and Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street 5 Schmertz 1978 p 112 erroneously states that St Peter s was founded at Lexington Avenue and 54th Street the church was established several blocks south at 46th Street 6 12 The height is alternatively cited as 914 ft 279 m 60 144 The roof height is alternatively given as 130 ft 40 m 74 A New York Times article says that the columns are 114 ft 35 m high with a cross section of 22 by 22 ft 6 7 by 6 7 m 67 Citations edit a b c d e Citigroup Center The Skyscraper Center Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Archived from the original on June 15 2012 a b c d 601 Lexington Avenue Emporis Archived from the original on September 29 2007 Retrieved January 1 2021 a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016 p 1 a b White Norval Willensky Elliot Leadon Fran 2010 AIA Guide to New York City 5th ed New York Oxford University Press p 320 ISBN 978 0 19538 386 7 a b c d e 601 Lexington Avenue 10022 New York City Department of City Planning Archived from the original on April 11 2022 Retrieved March 20 2020 a b c d e f g h i Landmarks 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Robert A M Mellins Thomas Fishman David 1995 New York 1960 Architecture and Urbanism Between the Second World War and the Bicentennial New York Monacelli Press pp 490 496 ISBN 1 885254 02 4 OCLC 32159240 OL 1130718M External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Citigroup Center Official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Citigroup Center amp oldid 1225248122, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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