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Chlorophyta

April 08, 2024

This article is about a group of green algae. For the genus with the common name 'spider plant', see Chlorophytum.

Chlorophyta is a taxon of green algae informally called chlorophytes.[6] The name is used in two very different senses, so care is needed to determine the use by a particular author. In older classification systems, it is a highly paraphyletic group of all the green algae within the green plants (Viridiplantae) and thus includes about 7,000 species[7][8] of mostly aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. In newer classifications, it is the sister clade of the streptophytes/charophytes. The clade Streptophyta consists of the Charophyta in which the Embryophyta (land plants) emerged.[9][10] In this latter sense the Chlorophyta includes only about 4,300 species.[4] About 90% of all known species live in freshwater.[11] Like the land plants (embryophytes: bryophytes and tracheophytes), green algae (chlorophytes and charophytes besides embryophytes) contain chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and store food as starch[7] in their plastids.

Chlorophyta
Chlorophytes (A–F, H–L and O)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
(unranked): Archaeplastida
(unranked): Viridiplantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Reichenbach, 1828, emend. Pascher, 1914, emend. Lewis & McCourt, 2004[1][2][3]
Classes[4]
Synonyms[5]
  • Chlorophycophyta Papenfuss 1946
  • Chlorophycota
  • Chlorophytina
  • Chlorophyllophyceae
  • Isokontae
  • Stephanokontae
Green algae on coastal rocks at Shihtiping in Taiwan

With the exception of the three classes Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae and Chlorophyceae in the UTC clade, which show various degrees of multicellularity, all the Chlorophyta lineages are unicellular.[12] Some members of the group form symbiotic relationships with protozoa, sponges, and cnidarians. Others form symbiotic relationships with fungi to form lichens, but the majority of species are free-living. Some conduct sexual reproduction, which is oogamous or isogamous. All members of the clade have motile flagellated swimming cells.[13] While most species live in freshwater habitats and a large number in marine habitats, other species are adapted to a wide range of land environments. For example, Chlamydomonas nivalis, which causes Watermelon snow, lives on summer alpine snowfields. Others, such as Trentepohlia species, live attached to rocks or woody parts of trees. Monostroma kuroshiense, an edible green alga cultivated worldwide and most expensive among green algae, belongs to this group.

Ecology edit

Species of Chlorophyta (treated as what is now considered one of the two main clades of Viridiplantae) are common inhabitants of marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments.[14][15] Several species have adapted to specialised and extreme environments, such as deserts, arctic environments, hypersaline habitats, marine deep waters, deep-sea hydrothermal vents and habitats that experiences extreme changes in temperature, light and salinity.[16][17][18][19] Some groups, such as the Trentepohliales are exclusively found on land.[20] Several species of Chlorophyta live in symbiosis with a diverse range of eukaryotes, including fungi (to form lichens), ciliates, forams, cnidarians and molluscs. [15] Some species of Chlorophyta are heterotrophic, either free-living or parasitic.[21][22] Others are mixotrophic bacterivores through phagocytosis.[23] Two common species of the heterotrophic green alga Prototheca are pathogenic and can cause the disease protothecosis in humans and animals.[24]

Classifications edit

 
"Siphoneae" from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904
Further information: Wikispecies:Chlorophyta

Characteristics used for the classification of Chlorophyta are: type of zoid, mitosis (karyokinesis), cytokinesis, organization level, life cycle, type of gametes, cell wall polysaccharides[25] and more recently genetic data.

Phylogeny edit

Leliaert et al. 2012 proposed the following phylogeny. He marked the "prasinophytes" as paraphyletic, with the remaining Chlorophyta groups as "core chlorophytes". He described all Streptophyta except the land plants as paraphyletic "charophytes".[15]

A 2020 paper places the "Prasinodermophyta" (i.e. Prasinodermophyceae + Palmophyllophyceae) as the basal Viridiplantae clade.[26]

Viridiplantae/
Green Algae/
Prasinophyta s.l.

Leliaert et al. 2012 edit

Simplified phylogeny of the Chlorophyta, according to Leliaert et al. 2012.[15] Note that many algae previously classified in Chlorophyta are placed here in Streptophyta.

Pombert et al. 2005 edit

A possible classification when Chlorophyta refers to one of the two clades of the Viridiplantae is shown below.[27]

Lewis & McCourt 2004 edit

Hoek, Mann and Jahns 1995 edit

Classification of the Chlorophyta, treated as all green algae, according to Hoek, Mann and Jahns 1995.[7]

In a note added in proof, an alternative classification is presented for the algae of the class Chlorophyceae:

Bold and Wynne 1985 edit

Classification of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta according to Bold and Wynne 1985.[29]

Mattox & Stewart 1984 edit

Classification of the Chlorophyta according to Mattox & Stewart 1984:[28]

Fott 1971 edit

Classification of the Chlorophyta according to Fott 1971.[7]: 483 

  • Suborder Chlorosarcineae
  • Suborder Ulotrichineae
  • Suborder Oedogoniineae
  • Suborder Chaetophorineae

Round 1971 edit

Classification of the Chlorophyta and related algae according to Round 1971.[30]

Smith 1938 edit

Classification of the Chlorophyta according to Smith 1938:

  • Order 5. Schizogoniales
  • Family Schizogoniaceae
  • Order 10. Siphonales
  • Order 11. Siphonocladiales

Research and discoveries edit

In February 2020, the fossilized remains of green algae, named Proterocladus antiquus were discovered in the northern province of Liaoning, China.[31] At around a billion years old, it is believed to be one of the oldest examples of a multicellular chlorophyte.[32]

References edit

  1. ^ Reichenbach HG (1828). Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis. p. 23.
  2. ^ Pascher A (1914). "Über Flagellaten und Algen". Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft. 32: 136–160. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1914.tb07573.x. S2CID 257830577.
  3. ^ Adl SM, Simpson AG, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, et al. (2005). "The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 52 (5): 399–451. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x. PMID 16248873. S2CID 8060916.
  4. ^ a b Guiry MD, Guiry GM (2011). "AlgaeBase : Chlorophyta". World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
  5. ^ Papenfuss GF (1955). "The Classification of the Algae". A century of progress in the natural sciences, 1853-1953. California Academy of Sciences.
  6. ^ Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Li FW, Mathews S, Lagarias JC (May 2017). "The phycocyanobilin chromophore of streptophyte algal phytochromes is synthesized by HY2". The New Phytologist. 214 (3): 1145–1157. doi:10.1111/nph.14422. PMC 5388591. PMID 28106912.
  7. ^ a b c d van den Hoek C, Mann DG, Jahns HM (1995). Algae An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30419-1.
  8. ^ . Archived from the original on 2009-10-29.
  9. ^ Lewis LA, McCourt RM (October 2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1535–56. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. PMID 21652308.
  10. ^ Becker B, Marin B (May 2009). "Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes". Annals of Botany. 103 (7): 999–1004. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044. PMC 2707909. PMID 19273476.
  11. ^ Lee, Robert Edward (2018). Chlorophyta (Chapter 5) - Phycology - Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316407219. ISBN 9781316407219.
  12. ^ Umen JG (October 2014). "Green algae and the origins of multicellularity in the plant kingdom". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 6 (11): a016170. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016170. PMC 4413236. PMID 25324214.
  13. ^ Kapraun DF (April 2007). "Nuclear DNA content estimates in green algal lineages: chlorophyta and streptophyta". Annals of Botany. 99 (4): 677–701. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl294. PMC 2802934. PMID 17272304.
  14. ^ Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2009) Algae. 2nd Edition. Benjamin Cummings (Pearson), San Francisco, CA
  15. ^ a b c d Leliaert F, Smith DR, Moreau H, Herron MD, Verbruggen H, Delwiche CF, De Clerck O (2012). "Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 31: 1–46. doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.615705. S2CID 17603352. (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-26.
  16. ^ Lewis LA, Lewis PO (December 2005). "Unearthing the molecular phylodiversity of desert soil green algae (Chlorophyta)". Systematic Biology. 54 (6): 936–47. doi:10.1080/10635150500354852. PMID 16338765.
  17. ^ De Wever A, Leliaert F, Verleyen E, Vanormelingen P, Van der Gucht K, Hodgson DA, Sabbe K, Vyverman W (October 2009). "Hidden levels of phylodiversity in Antarctic green algae: further evidence for the existence of glacial refugia". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 276 (1673): 3591–9. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0994. PMC 2817313. PMID 19625320.
  18. ^ Leliaert F, Verbruggen H, Zechman FW (September 2011). "Into the deep: new discoveries at the base of the green plant phylogeny". BioEssays. 33 (9): 683–92. doi:10.1002/bies.201100035. PMID 21744372. S2CID 40459076.
  19. ^ Foflonker F, Ananyev G, Qiu H, Morrison A, Palenik B, Dismukes GC, Bhattacharya D (June 2016). "The unexpected extremophile: Tolerance to fluctuating salinity in the green alga Picochlorum". Algal Research. 16: 465–472. doi:10.1016/j.algal.2016.04.003.
  20. ^ López-Bautista JM, Rindi F, Guiry MD (July 2006). "Molecular systematics of the subaerial green algal order Trentepohliales: an assessment based on morphological and molecular data". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 56 (Pt 7): 1709–15. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63990-0. hdl:10379/9448. PMID 16825655.
  21. ^ Joubert JJ, Rijkenberg FH (1971). "Parasitic green algae". Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 9: 45–64. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.09.090171.000401.
  22. ^ Nedelcu AM (December 2001). "Complex patterns of plastid 16S rRNA gene evolution in nonphotosynthetic green algae". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 53 (6): 670–9. Bibcode:2001JMolE..53..670N. doi:10.1007/s002390010254. PMID 11677627. S2CID 21151223.
  23. ^ Anderson, R.; Charvet, S.; Hansen, P. J. (2018). "Mixotrophy in Chlorophytes and Haptophytes—Effect of Irradiance, Macronutrient, Micronutrient and Vitamin Limitation - NCBI - NIH". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 1704. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01704. PMC 6080504. PMID 30108563.
  24. ^ Tartar A, Boucias DG, Adams BJ, Becnel JJ (January 2002). "Phylogenetic analysis identifies the invertebrate pathogen Helicosporidium sp. as a green alga (Chlorophyta)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 52 (Pt 1): 273–9. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-1-273. PMID 11837312.
  25. ^ Lobban CS, Wynne MJ (1981). The Biology of Seaweeds. Botanical Monograph Series 17. University of California Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780520045859.
  26. ^ Li L, Wang S, Wang H, Sahu SK, Marin B, Li H, et al. (September 2020). "The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (9): 1220–1231. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1221-7. PMC 7455551. PMID 32572216.
  27. ^ Pombert JF, Otis C, Lemieux C, Turmel M (September 2005). "The chloroplast genome sequence of the green alga Pseudendoclonium akinetum (Ulvophyceae) reveals unusual structural features and new insights into the branching order of chlorophyte lineages". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (9): 1903–18. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi182. PMID 15930151.
  28. ^ a b c d e Mattox KR, Stewart KD, et al. (The Systematics Association) (1984). "Classification of the green algae: a concept based on comparative cytology.". In Irvine DE, John DM (eds.). The systematics of Green Algae. Vol. 27. London: Academic Press. pp. 29–72.
  29. ^ Bold HC, Wynne MJ (1985). Introduction to the algae : structure and reproduction (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-477746-7.
  30. ^ Round FE (1971). "The taxonomy of the Chlorophyta, 2". Br. Phycol. J. 6 (2): 235–264. doi:10.1080/00071617100650261.
  31. ^ McCall R (2020-02-24). "Billion-year-old green algae found in China is the oldest ever discovered". Newsweek. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
  32. ^ Sandhya Ramesh (2020-02-25). "Scientists discover world's oldest green algae fossil in China". ThePrint. Retrieved 2020-02-25.

Further reading edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Chlorophyta.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chlorophyta.
  • Burrows EM (1991). Seaweeds of the British Isles. Vol. 2 (Chlorophyta). London: Natural History Museum. ISBN 978-0-565-00981-6.
  • Lewis LA, McCourt RM (October 2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1535–56. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. PMID 21652308.
  • Pickett-Heaps JD (1975). Green Algae. Structure, Reproduction and Evolution in Selected Genera. Stamford, CT: Sinauer Assoc. p. 606.

April 08, 2024
chlorophyta, this, article, about, group, green, algae, genus, with, common, name, spider, plant, chlorophytum, taxon, green, algae, informally, called, chlorophytes, name, used, very, different, senses, care, needed, determine, particular, author, older, clas. This article is about a group of green algae For the genus with the common name spider plant see Chlorophytum Chlorophyta is a taxon of green algae informally called chlorophytes 6 The name is used in two very different senses so care is needed to determine the use by a particular author In older classification systems it is a highly paraphyletic group of all the green algae within the green plants Viridiplantae and thus includes about 7 000 species 7 8 of mostly aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms In newer classifications it is the sister clade of the streptophytes charophytes The clade Streptophyta consists of the Charophyta in which the Embryophyta land plants emerged 9 10 In this latter sense the Chlorophyta includes only about 4 300 species 4 About 90 of all known species live in freshwater 11 Like the land plants embryophytes bryophytes and tracheophytes green algae chlorophytes and charophytes besides embryophytes contain chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and store food as starch 7 in their plastids ChlorophytaChlorophytes A F H L and O Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaClade Diaphoretickes unranked Archaeplastida unranked ViridiplantaeDivision ChlorophytaReichenbach 1828 emend Pascher 1914 emend Lewis amp McCourt 2004 1 2 3 Classes 4 Chlorodendrophyceae Chloropicophyceae Mamiellophyceae Nephrophyceae Palmophyllophyceae Prasinophyceae s s Pedinophyceae Picocystophyceae Pyramimonadophyceae UTC clade Ulvophyceae Trebouxiophyceae ChlorophyceaeSynonyms 5 Chlorophycophyta Papenfuss 1946 Chlorophycota Chlorophytina Chlorophyllophyceae Isokontae StephanokontaeGreen algae on coastal rocks at Shihtiping in TaiwanWith the exception of the three classes Ulvophyceae Trebouxiophyceae and Chlorophyceae in the UTC clade which show various degrees of multicellularity all the Chlorophyta lineages are unicellular 12 Some members of the group form symbiotic relationships with protozoa sponges and cnidarians Others form symbiotic relationships with fungi to form lichens but the majority of species are free living Some conduct sexual reproduction which is oogamous or isogamous All members of the clade have motile flagellated swimming cells 13 While most species live in freshwater habitats and a large number in marine habitats other species are adapted to a wide range of land environments For example Chlamydomonas nivalis which causes Watermelon snow lives on summer alpine snowfields Others such as Trentepohlia species live attached to rocks or woody parts of trees Monostroma kuroshiense an edible green alga cultivated worldwide and most expensive among green algae belongs to this group Contents 1 Ecology 2 Classifications 2 1 Phylogeny 2 2 Leliaert et al 2012 2 3 Pombert et al 2005 2 4 Lewis amp McCourt 2004 2 5 Hoek Mann and Jahns 1995 2 6 Bold and Wynne 1985 2 7 Mattox amp Stewart 1984 2 8 Fott 1971 2 9 Round 1971 2 10 Smith 1938 3 Research and discoveries 4 References 5 Further readingEcology editSpecies of Chlorophyta treated as what is now considered one of the two main clades of Viridiplantae are common inhabitants of marine freshwater and terrestrial environments 14 15 Several species have adapted to specialised and extreme environments such as deserts arctic environments hypersaline habitats marine deep waters deep sea hydrothermal vents and habitats that experiences extreme changes in temperature light and salinity 16 17 18 19 Some groups such as the Trentepohliales are exclusively found on land 20 Several species of Chlorophyta live in symbiosis with a diverse range of eukaryotes including fungi to form lichens ciliates forams cnidarians and molluscs 15 Some species of Chlorophyta are heterotrophic either free living or parasitic 21 22 Others are mixotrophic bacterivores through phagocytosis 23 Two common species of the heterotrophic green alga Prototheca are pathogenic and can cause the disease protothecosis in humans and animals 24 Classifications edit nbsp Siphoneae from Ernst Haeckel s Kunstformen der Natur 1904Further information Wikispecies Chlorophyta Characteristics used for the classification of Chlorophyta are type of zoid mitosis karyokinesis cytokinesis organization level life cycle type of gametes cell wall polysaccharides 25 and more recently genetic data Phylogeny edit Leliaert et al 2012 proposed the following phylogeny He marked the prasinophytes as paraphyletic with the remaining Chlorophyta groups as core chlorophytes He described all Streptophyta except the land plants as paraphyletic charophytes 15 Hypothetical ancestral Chlorophyta PalmophyllalesPrasinococcalesNephroselmidophyceaePycnococcaceaePyramimonadophyceaeMamiellophyceaePicocystisPedinophyceaeChlorodendrophyceaeTrebouxiophyceaeUlvophyceaeChlorophyceaeStreptophyta MesostigmatophyceaeChlorokybophyceaeKlebsormidiophyceaeCharophyceae stoneworts ZygnematophyceaeColeochaetophyceaeEmbryophyte Land plants prasinophytes charophytes green flagellate A 2020 paper places the Prasinodermophyta i e Prasinodermophyceae Palmophyllophyceae as the basal Viridiplantae clade 26 Viridiplantae Prasinodermophyta PrasinodermophyceaePalmophyllophyceae Prasinococcales prasinophyte clade VI PalmophyllalesChlorophyta Pyramimonadophyceae prasinophyte clade I Mamiellophyceae prasinophyte clade II Nephroselmidophyceae prasinophyte clade III Pycnococcaceae prasinophyte clade V Chloropicophyceae prasinophyte clade VII A B C Tetraphytina PedinophyceaeTrebouxiophyceaeChlorodendrophyceae prasinophyte clade IV UlvophyceaeChlorophyceaeStreptophyta Mesostigmatophyceae Mesostigma virideSpirotaeniaChlorokybophyceaeKlebsormidiophytaPhragmoplastophyta Charophyceae stoneworts Coleochaetophyceae ChaetosphaeridialesColeochaetophytaZygnematophyceae ZygnematophytaMesotaeniaceaeEmbryophyte Land plants CharophytaGreen Algae Prasinophyta s l Leliaert et al 2012 edit Simplified phylogeny of the Chlorophyta according to Leliaert et al 2012 15 Note that many algae previously classified in Chlorophyta are placed here in Streptophyta Viridiplantae Chlorophyta core chlorophytes Ulvophyceae Cladophorales Dasycladales Bryopsidales Trentepohliales Ulvales Ulotrichales Oltmannsiellopsidales Chlorophyceae Oedogoniales Chaetophorales Chaetopeltidales Chlamydomonadales Sphaeropleales Trebouxiophyceae Chlorellales Oocystaceae Microthamniales Trebouxiales Prasiola clade Chlorodendrophyceae prasinophytes paraphyletic Pyramimonadales Mamiellophyceae Pycnococcaceae Nephroselmidophyceae Prasinococcales Palmophyllales Streptophyta charophytes Mesostigmatophyceae Chlorokybophyceae Klebsormidiophyceae Charophyceae Zygnematophyceae Coleochaetophyceae Embryophyta land plants Pombert et al 2005 edit A possible classification when Chlorophyta refers to one of the two clades of the Viridiplantae is shown below 27 Class Prasinophyceae T A Chr ex O Moestrup amp J Throndsen Class Chlorophyceae Wille Class Trebouxiophyceae T Friedl Class Ulvophyceae 28 Lewis amp McCourt 2004 edit Division Chlorophyta green algae sensu stricto Subdivision Chlorophytina Class Chlorophyceae chlorophytes Order Chlamydomonadales some Chlorococcales some Tetrasporales some Chlorosarcinales Order Sphaeropleales sensu Deason plus Bracteacoccus Schroederia Scenedesmaceae Selanastraceae Order Oedogoniales Order Chaetopeltidales Order Chaetophorales Incertae Sedis Cylindrocapsa clade Mychonastes clade Class Ulvophyceae ulvophytes Order Ulotrichales Order Ulvales Order Siphoncladales Cladophorales Order Caulerpales Order Dasycladales Class Trebouxiophyceae trebouxiophytes Order Trebouxiales Order Microthamniales Order Prasiolales Order Chlorellales Class Prasinophyceae prasinophytes Order Pyramimonadales Order Mamiellales Order Pseudoscourfieldiales Order Chlorodendrales Incertae sedis Unnamed clade of coccoid taxa Division Charophyta charophyte algae and embryophytes Class Mesostigmatophyceae mesostigmatophytes Class Chlorokybophyceae chlorokybophytes Class Klebsormidiophyceae klebsormidiophytes Class Zygnemophyceae conjugates Order Zygnematales filamentous conjugates and saccoderm desmids Order Desmidiales placoderm desmids Class Coleochaetophyceae coleochaetophytes Order Coleochaetales Subdivision Streptophytina Class Charophyceae reverts to use of GM Smith Order Charales charophytes sensu stricto Class Embryophyceae embryophytes Hoek Mann and Jahns 1995 edit Classification of the Chlorophyta treated as all green algae according to Hoek Mann and Jahns 1995 7 Class Prasinophyceae orders Mamiellales Pseudocourfeldiales Pyramimonadales Chlorodendrales Class Chlorophyceae orders Volvocales including the Tetrasporales Chlorococcales Chaetophorales Oedogoniales Class Ulvophyceae orders Codiolales Ulvales Class Cladophorophyceae order Cladophorales Class Bryopsidophyceae orders Bryopsidales Halimedales Class Dasycladophyceae order Dasycladales Class Trentepohliophyceae order Trentepohliales Class Pleurastrophyceae order Pleurastrales Incertae sedis order Prasiolales Class Klebsormidiophyceae orders Klebsormidiales Coleochaetales Class Zygnematophyceae order Zygnematales Desmidiales Class Charophyceae order Charales In a note added in proof an alternative classification is presented for the algae of the class Chlorophyceae Class Chlamydophyceae orders Volvocales Chlorococcales Chaetophorales Class Oedogoniophyceae order Oedogoniales Class Chlorophyceae order Chlorellales Bold and Wynne 1985 edit Classification of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta according to Bold and Wynne 1985 29 Chlorophyta Chlorophyceae 16 orders Volvocales Tetrasporales Chlorococcales Chlorosarcinales Ulotrichales Sphaeropleales Chaetophorales Trentepohliales Oedogoniales Ulvales Cladophorales Acrosiphoniales Caulerpales Siphonocladales Dasycladales Zygnematales Charophyta Charophyceae 1 order CharalesMattox amp Stewart 1984 edit Classification of the Chlorophyta according to Mattox amp Stewart 1984 28 Micromonadophyceae 28 similar to Prasinophyceae Tetraselmidiales transferred to Pleurastrophyceae Charophyceae Rabenhorst Chlorokybales Klebsormidiales Zygnematales Coleochaetales Charales Ulvophyceae 28 Pleurastrophyceae 28 Tetraselmidiales Pleurastrales Chlorophyceae Wille in Warming Chlamydomonadales Volvocales Chlorococcales Sphaeropleales Chlorosarcinales Chaetophorales OedogonialesFott 1971 edit Classification of the Chlorophyta according to Fott 1971 7 483 Class ChlorophyceaeOrder Volvocales Order Tetrasporales Order Chlorococcales Order UlotrichalesSuborder Chlorosarcineae Suborder Ulotrichineae Suborder Oedogoniineae Suborder ChaetophorineaeOrder Siphonocladales Order Bryopsidales dd Class Conjugatophyceae Class CharophyceaeRound 1971 edit Classification of the Chlorophyta and related algae according to Round 1971 30 green algae Euglenophyta Prasinophyta Charophyta Chlorophyta Zygnemaphyceae Conjugatophyceae orders Mesotaeniales Zygnematales Gonatozygales Desmidiales Oedogoniophyceae order Oedogoniales Bryopsidophyceae Hemisiphoniidae orders Cladophorales Sphaeropleales Acrosiphoniales Cystosiphoniidae orders Dasycladales Siphonocladales Chlorochytriales Eusiphoniidae orders Derbesiales Codiales Caulerpales Dichotomosiphonales Phyllosiphonales Chlorophyceae orders Chlamydomonadales Volvocales Polyblepharidales Tetrasporales Chlorodendrales Chlorosarcinales Chlorococcales orders Ulotrichales Codiolales Ulvales Prasiolales Cylindrocapsales Microsporales orders Chaetophorales Coleochaetales Trentepohliales Pleurococcales UlvellalesSmith 1938 edit Classification of the Chlorophyta according to Smith 1938 Class 1 ChlorophyceaeOrder 1 VolvocalesFamily 1 Chlamydomonadaceae Family 2 Volvocaceae dd Order 2 Tetrasporales Order 3 UlotrichalesFamily 1 Ulotrichaceae Family 2 Microsporaceae Family 3 Cylindrocapsaceae Family 4 Chaetophoraceae Family 5 Protococcaceae Family 6 Coleochaetaceae Family 7 Trentepohliaceae dd Order 4 UlvalesFamily 1 Ulvaceae Family 2 Schizomeridaceae dd Order 5 SchizogonialesFamily Schizogoniaceae dd Order 6 CladophoralesFamily 1 Cladophoraceae Family 2 Sphaeropleaceae dd Order 7 OedogonialesFamily Oedogoniaceae dd Order 8 ZygnematalesFamily 1 Zygnemataceae Family 2 Mesotaeniaceae Family 3 Desmidiaceae dd Order 9 ChlorococcalesFamily 1 Chlorococcaceae Family 2 Endosphaeraceae Family 3 Characiaceae Family 4 Protosiphonaceae Family 5 Hydrodictyaceae Family 6 Oocystaceae Family 7 Scenedesmaceae dd Order 10 SiphonalesFamily 1 Bryopsidaceae Family 2 Caulerpaceae Family 3 Halicystaceae Family 4 Codiaceae Family 5 Derbesiaceae Family 6 Vaucheriaceae Family 7 Phyllosiphonaceae dd Order 11 SiphonocladialesFamily 1 Valoniaceae Family 2 Dasycladaceae dd dd dd Class 2 CharophyceaeOrder CharalesFamily Characeae dd dd dd Research and discoveries editIn February 2020 the fossilized remains of green algae named Proterocladus antiquus were discovered in the northern province of Liaoning China 31 At around a billion years old it is believed to be one of the oldest examples of a multicellular chlorophyte 32 References edit Reichenbach HG 1828 Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis p 23 Pascher A 1914 Uber Flagellaten und Algen Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 32 136 160 doi 10 1111 j 1438 8677 1914 tb07573 x S2CID 257830577 Adl SM Simpson AG Farmer MA Andersen RA Anderson OR Barta JR et al 2005 The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52 5 399 451 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 2005 00053 x PMID 16248873 S2CID 8060916 a b Guiry MD Guiry GM 2011 AlgaeBase Chlorophyta World wide electronic publication National University of Ireland Galway Retrieved 2011 07 26 Papenfuss GF 1955 The Classification of the Algae A century of progress in the natural sciences 1853 1953 California Academy of Sciences Rockwell NC Martin SS Li FW Mathews S Lagarias JC May 2017 The phycocyanobilin chromophore of streptophyte algal phytochromes is synthesized by HY2 The New Phytologist 214 3 1145 1157 doi 10 1111 nph 14422 PMC 5388591 PMID 28106912 a b c d van den Hoek C Mann DG Jahns HM 1995 Algae An Introduction to Phycology Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 30419 1 Major Algae Phyla Table MSN Encarta Archived from the original on 2009 10 29 Lewis LA McCourt RM October 2004 Green algae and the origin of land plants American Journal of Botany 91 10 1535 56 doi 10 3732 ajb 91 10 1535 PMID 21652308 Becker B Marin B May 2009 Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes Annals of Botany 103 7 999 1004 doi 10 1093 aob mcp044 PMC 2707909 PMID 19273476 Lee Robert Edward 2018 Chlorophyta Chapter 5 Phycology Cambridge University Press doi 10 1017 9781316407219 ISBN 9781316407219 Umen JG October 2014 Green algae and the origins of multicellularity in the plant kingdom Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 6 11 a016170 doi 10 1101 cshperspect a016170 PMC 4413236 PMID 25324214 Kapraun DF April 2007 Nuclear DNA content estimates in green algal lineages chlorophyta and streptophyta Annals of Botany 99 4 677 701 doi 10 1093 aob mcl294 PMC 2802934 PMID 17272304 Graham LE Graham JM Wilcox LW 2009 Algae 2nd Edition Benjamin Cummings Pearson San Francisco CA a b c d Leliaert F Smith DR Moreau H Herron MD Verbruggen H Delwiche CF De Clerck O 2012 Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae PDF Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 31 1 46 doi 10 1080 07352689 2011 615705 S2CID 17603352 Archived PDF from the original on 2015 06 26 Lewis LA Lewis PO December 2005 Unearthing the molecular phylodiversity of desert soil green algae Chlorophyta Systematic Biology 54 6 936 47 doi 10 1080 10635150500354852 PMID 16338765 De Wever A Leliaert F Verleyen E Vanormelingen P Van der Gucht K Hodgson DA Sabbe K Vyverman W October 2009 Hidden levels of phylodiversity in Antarctic green algae further evidence for the existence of glacial refugia Proceedings Biological Sciences 276 1673 3591 9 doi 10 1098 rspb 2009 0994 PMC 2817313 PMID 19625320 Leliaert F Verbruggen H Zechman FW September 2011 Into the deep new discoveries at the base of the green plant phylogeny BioEssays 33 9 683 92 doi 10 1002 bies 201100035 PMID 21744372 S2CID 40459076 Foflonker F Ananyev G Qiu H Morrison A Palenik B Dismukes GC Bhattacharya D June 2016 The unexpected extremophile Tolerance to fluctuating salinity in the green alga Picochlorum Algal Research 16 465 472 doi 10 1016 j algal 2016 04 003 Lopez Bautista JM Rindi F Guiry MD July 2006 Molecular systematics of the subaerial green algal order Trentepohliales an assessment based on morphological and molecular data International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56 Pt 7 1709 15 doi 10 1099 ijs 0 63990 0 hdl 10379 9448 PMID 16825655 Joubert JJ Rijkenberg FH 1971 Parasitic green algae Annu Rev Phytopathol 9 45 64 doi 10 1146 annurev py 09 090171 000401 Nedelcu AM December 2001 Complex patterns of plastid 16S rRNA gene evolution in nonphotosynthetic green algae Journal of Molecular Evolution 53 6 670 9 Bibcode 2001JMolE 53 670N doi 10 1007 s002390010254 PMID 11677627 S2CID 21151223 Anderson R Charvet S Hansen P J 2018 Mixotrophy in Chlorophytes and Haptophytes Effect of Irradiance Macronutrient Micronutrient and Vitamin Limitation NCBI NIH Frontiers in Microbiology 9 1704 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2018 01704 PMC 6080504 PMID 30108563 Tartar A Boucias DG Adams BJ Becnel JJ January 2002 Phylogenetic analysis identifies the invertebrate pathogen Helicosporidium sp as a green alga Chlorophyta International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52 Pt 1 273 9 doi 10 1099 00207713 52 1 273 PMID 11837312 Lobban CS Wynne MJ 1981 The Biology of Seaweeds Botanical Monograph Series 17 University of California Press p 88 ISBN 9780520045859 Li L Wang S Wang H Sahu SK Marin B Li H et al September 2020 The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants Nature Ecology amp Evolution 4 9 1220 1231 doi 10 1038 s41559 020 1221 7 PMC 7455551 PMID 32572216 Pombert JF Otis C Lemieux C Turmel M September 2005 The chloroplast genome sequence of the green alga Pseudendoclonium akinetum Ulvophyceae reveals unusual structural features and new insights into the branching order of chlorophyte lineages Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 9 1903 18 doi 10 1093 molbev msi182 PMID 15930151 a b c d e Mattox KR Stewart KD et al The Systematics Association 1984 Classification of the green algae a concept based on comparative cytology In Irvine DE John DM eds The systematics of Green Algae Vol 27 London Academic Press pp 29 72 Bold HC Wynne MJ 1985 Introduction to the algae structure and reproduction 2nd ed Englewood Cliffs N J Prentice Hall ISBN 978 0 13 477746 7 Round FE 1971 The taxonomy of the Chlorophyta 2 Br Phycol J 6 2 235 264 doi 10 1080 00071617100650261 McCall R 2020 02 24 Billion year old green algae found in China is the oldest ever discovered Newsweek Retrieved 2020 02 25 Sandhya Ramesh 2020 02 25 Scientists discover world s oldest green algae fossil in China ThePrint Retrieved 2020 02 25 Further reading edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Chlorophyta nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chlorophyta Burrows EM 1991 Seaweeds of the British Isles Vol 2 Chlorophyta London Natural History Museum ISBN 978 0 565 00981 6 Lewis LA McCourt RM October 2004 Green algae and the origin of land plants American Journal of Botany 91 10 1535 56 doi 10 3732 ajb 91 10 1535 PMID 21652308 Pickett Heaps JD 1975 Green Algae Structure Reproduction and Evolution in Selected Genera Stamford CT Sinauer Assoc p 606 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chlorophyta amp oldid 1193722210, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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