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Sino-Latin America relations

December 02, 2023

Sino-Latin America relations are relations between China — which is by defined as either the People's Republic of China (PRC, China) or the Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan) — and the countries of Latin America. Such relations have become increasingly important between the region and Latin America. </ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/166408[1]

Latin America
Two Chinas (PRC and ROC)
China–Latin American relations
Latin America
China
Taiwan–Latin American relations
Latin America
Taiwan

Trade edit

Between 2000 and 2009, trade between China and Latin America increased by 1,200% from $10 to $130 billion.[2] According to the Chinese Trade Ministry Counselor Yu Zhong, in 2011 the value of trade increased to $241.5 billion, making China the second largest trading partner of Latin America (the USA is the largest). The top five nations in this China-Latin trade were Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Venezuela and Argentina.[3]

In 2009 7% of Latin America's exports was to China. It consisted largely of raw material and commodities such as copper, iron ore, oil, and soybeans.[4] China was the largest export market for Brazil, Chile, and Peru and the second largest for Argentina, Costa Rica, and Cuba. Four nations contributed 90% of the exports: Brazil (41%), Chile (23.1%), Argentina (15.9%), and Peru (9.3%). Increased Chinese demand has also been argued to increase the commodity prices of Latin American exports.[2] In the case of Brazil the rise of a new middle class has even been seen as due to Chinese commodity demand.[5] On the other hand, a large part of the exports of Costa Rica (which has a Free Trade Agreement with China), El Salvador, and Mexico to China were high-tech manufactured goods.[6]

5% of China's exports went to Latin America in 2009 and consisted mainly of industrial and manufactured goods. Chinese goods are popular in part due to their low costs. Chinese manufacturers are also making substantial efforts to establish themselves as brand names for the new middle class.[2] China is investing in power plants in Brazil, and repairing a railway in Argentina.[7]

According to a 2012 Fitch ratings report, in 2010, 92% of Latin American exports to China were commodities; 85% of Chinese foreign direct investment went to extractive industries as did 60% of Chinese loans. The report stated that the effects are mixed but overall Latin America has benefited from the relationship with China by higher commodity prices, increased growth, increased investment, and improved governmental financials.[8] There are also concerns of environmental impacts related to the huge increase in extractive industries and agriculture by Chinese companies in Latin America, including pollution, deforestation, habitat destruction and rising fossil-fuel emissions.[9]

There have been concerns regarding the relationship due to Latin American dependency on exports of low-value added, highly price volatile commodities that employ relatively few people. Latin American manufacturers have faced increasing competition from China on both domestic and international markets. In some countries there have protests against the raising inflow of Chinese manufactured goods, local Chinese businesses, and perceived loss of manufacturing jobs to China.[2][8]

The book The Dragon in the Room: China and the Future of Latin America found that 92% manufacturing exports from Latin American were in sectors where China was increasing its market share while Latin America was decreasing its share, or where both China and Latin America where increasing their shares but Latin America at a slower rate.[10] Several experts have even argued that the long-term outlooks for Latin American manufacturing are poor and other sources for growth and trade such as services should be sought.[5]

After the 2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence many Chinese investment projects in Latin America were canceled or have slowed.[11] These include the Nicaragua Canal.

Political edit

China has been seen as an alternative to the United States and Europe by Latin American nations for support in the international community, for funding of infrastructure and humanitarian aid, and for creating economic growth. The number of high-level meetings between Chinese and Latin American officials have rapidly increased. These have been accompanied by several bilateral agreements.[2] The creation of the BRICS group also helped to increase relations between China and Brazil.

Leaked diplomatic cables describe a divided Latin American opinion regarding China. Neil Dávila, head of Mexico's federal agency for promoting foreign commerce and investments, stated "We do not want to be China's next Africa," reflecting a common concern regarding the effects of Chinese involvement in Africa. Colombia, Brazil, and Chile also expressed concerns while Venezuela and Argentina were convinced that dependency on the United States must end and saw China as the greatest opportunity for their exports. Chinese officials in response has accused US diplomats of spreading mistrust and Chinese Vice-president Xi Jinping in 2009 in Mexico stated that "China does not export revolution. China exports neither hunger nor poverty. We do not cause problems. What more can be said of us?"[12]

Many of the nations that continue to have official diplomatic relations with Taiwan are in Central America and the Caribbean. Taiwan has previously offered military exchanges and training as well as economic aid in return but has more recently had difficulty competing with China's economic incentives and in 2008 officially abandoned this "checkbook diplomacy". The remaining pro-Taiwan nations have been seen as waiting for better Chinese offers.[2]

The formation of Community of Latin American and Caribbean States was warmly welcome by China in 2011. Hugo Chavez read aloud a letter from China's Paramount leader Hu Jintao congratulating the leaders on forming the new regional bloc.[citation needed] On January 8, 2015, the 1st China-CELAC Forum opened at the Great Hall of the People in China.[13]

In January 2019, numerous countries including the US recognized the legitimacy of opposition leader Juan Guaido as President of Venezuela. The PRC issued an official statement condemning American intervention in the internal affairs of Venezuela, supporting Nicolás Maduro in the struggle for the Venezuelan presidency.[14]

Military edit

Military relationships have been mainly through military-to-military contacts. In particular Venezuela, Chile, Bolivia, and Cuba have had frequent official military visits, exchange of military officers, and navy port calls. South American countries such as Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru and Argentina are buying Chinese weapons.[15][16] Chile, Ecuador and Peru were visited by a Chinese flotilla in 2009.[17]

In 2011 China and Bolivia signed a military-to-military cooperation agreement.[2]

In 2015, China's Paramount leader Xi Jinping and President of Argentina, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, announced prospective arms sales and defense cooperation agreements extending beyond the scope of any made between China and a Latin American nation to date. These plans include Argentina’s purchase or coproduction of 110 8×8 VN-1 APCs, 14 JF-17/FC-1 multirole fighters, and five P18 Malvinas class patrol ships.[18][19] While the government of President Mauricio Macri, elected in December 2015, soon dropped the arms purchases from China.[20] that also authorizes construction of satellite tracking facility near Las Lajas, Neuquén; base is managed by People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force.[21][22] Per Argentine ambassador to China, Diego Guelar, China has agreed to use the base only for civilian purposes.[23]

In King George Island, Antarctica, China and Chile share side-by-side military facilities.[17] In 1982, with Pinochet's Chile allowed, China built a Great Wall research station in the Antarctic inside Chile's territorial claims.[24]

Space edit

China has launched communication satellites (from launch sites in China) for Venezuela,[25] Bolivia, Ecuador, Brazil, and Argentina.[26][27]

Regional organizations edit

In 2004 China joined the Organization of American States as a permanent observer. In 2008 China joined the Inter-American Development Bank as a donor. China has also increased its relationships with CELAC, the Andean Community, PARLACEN, and the Caribbean Community.[2]

Cultural edit

The PRC actively seeks cultural exchanges with Latin America and CCTV-4 America has extensive Spanish language programming.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Mora, Frank O. (1999). "Sino-Latin American Relations: Sources and Consequences, 1977-1997". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 41 (2): 91–116. doi:10.2307/166408. ISSN 0022-1937.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Katherine Koleski. Backgrounder: China in Latin America. May 27, 2011. U.S.-China Economic & Security Review Commission. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-16. Retrieved 2012-05-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ China's trade with Latin America grew in 2011, Indo Asian News Service, Wed 18 Apr, 2012, http://in.news.yahoo.com/chinas-trade-latin-america-grew-2011-050334275.html 2014-08-13 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Jenkins, Rhys (April 2022). "China's Belt and Road Initiative in Latin America: What has Changed?". Journal of Current Chinese Affairs. 51 (1): 13–39. doi:10.1177/18681026211047871. ISSN 1868-1026.
  5. ^ a b Jordi Zamora. China's double-edged trade with Latin America. Sep 3, 2011. AFP. https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ggNqQ5G8UFErmAEw71Y-u51P8_Eg?docId=CNG.e829052752a5436e909ab280ad561af6.671
  6. ^ Ryan Berger. The Fast Ramp-Up. Quarterly Americas. http://www.americasquarterly.org/charticle_winter2012.html 2012-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ "China moves into Latin America". The Economist. 2018-02-03. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
  8. ^ a b Fitch: China's Economic Rise Provides Mixed Benefits for Latin America, May 9, 2012, http://newamericamedia.org/2011/01/latin-america-divided-over-ties-with-china-growing-suspicions-over-chinese-presence-in-latin-america.php 2014-10-18 at the Wayback Machine, Fitch Ratings, BUSINESS WIRE
  9. ^ "Diálogo Chino — China, Latin America and the environment".
  10. ^ Kevin P. Gallagher and Roberto Porzecanski. The Dragon in the Room: China and the Future of Latin American Industrialization. 2010. Stanford University Press
  11. ^ ROMERO, SIMON (3 October 2015). "China's Ambitious Rail Projects Crash Into Harsh Realities in Latin America". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  12. ^ Louis E.V. Nevaer, "Latin America Divided Over Ties with China," Jan 26, 2011, New American Media, http://newamericamedia.org/2011/01/latin-america-divided-over-ties-with-china-growing-suspicions-over-chinese-presence-in-latin-america.php 2014-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "First Ministerial Meeting of China-CELAC Forum Grandly Opens in Beijing Xi Jinping Attends Opening Ceremony and Delivers Important Speech, Stressing Firm Grasp of New Opportunities in China-CELAC Overall Cooperation to Jointly Write New Chapter of China-CELAC Comprehensive Cooperative Partnership". www.fmprc.gov.cn/. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  14. ^ "China, Russia side with Maduro as US backs Venezuela challenger". AFP.com. Retrieved 2019-01-26.
  15. ^ "China selling more military equipment to South American countries". nextbigfuture. July 26, 2015. Retrieved 2019-06-21.
  16. ^ "Trade Registers". armstrade.sipri.org.
  17. ^ a b (PDF). www.american.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. ^ "China's Military Agreements with Argentina: A Potential New Phase in China-Latin America Defense Relations". United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission. 2015-05-11. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  19. ^ "Argentina turns to China for arms supply". Nikkei. 2015-04-09. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  20. ^ "Could China Help Ignite a Second War over the Falkland Islands?". National Interest. 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  21. ^ "China Builds Space-Monitoring Base in the Americas". The Diplomat. 2016-05-24. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  22. ^ "China's military-run space station in Argentina is a 'black box'". Reuters. 2019-01-31. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  23. ^ Londoño, Ernesto (July 28, 2019). "From a Space Station in Argentina, China Expands Its Reach in Latin America". The New York Times.
  24. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ^ "China launches Venezuelan remote sensing satellite". gbtimes.com. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
  26. ^ Urdinez, Francisco; Knoerich, Jan; Ribeiro, Pedro Feliú (2018-06-01). "Don't Cry for me "Argenchina": Unraveling Political Views of China through Legislative Debates in Argentina". Journal of Chinese Political Science. 23 (2): 235–256. doi:10.1007/s11366-016-9450-y. ISSN 1874-6357. S2CID 148344648.
  27. ^ "This Is How China Is Slowly Creeping into Latin America". National Interest. December 28, 2017. Retrieved 2019-06-09.

Further reading edit

  • Hu-DeHart, Evelyn, and Kathleen López. "Asian Diasporas in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Historical Overview." Afro-Hispanic Review (2008): 9-21. in JSTOR
  • Hu-DeHart, Evelyn. "Indispensable enemy or convenient scapegoat? A critical examination of sinophobia in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1870s to 1930s." Journal of Chinese Overseas 5.1 (2009): 55–90.
  • López, Kathleen M. Chinese Cubans: A Transnational History (2013)
  • López-Calvo, Ignacio, ed. Alternative Orientalisms in Latin America and Beyond. (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007).
  • Meagher, Arnold J. The Coolie trade: the traffic in Chinese laborers to Latin America 1847-1874 (2008).
  • Ryan, Keegan D. "The Extent of Chinese Influence in Latin America" (Naval Postgraduate School, 2018) online.
  • Young, Elliott. Alien Nation: Chinese Migration in the Americas from the Coolie Era Through World War II (2014).
  • Erikson; Chen (2007), (PDF), vol. 31:2, The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, pp. 21 (69–89), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-17

December 02, 2023
sino, latin, america, relations, this, article, needs, updated, please, help, update, this, reflect, recent, events, newly, available, information, january, 2019, relations, between, china, which, defined, either, people, republic, china, china, republic, chin. This article needs to be updated Please help update this to reflect recent events or newly available information January 2019 Sino Latin America relations are relations between China which is by defined as either the People s Republic of China PRC China or the Republic of China ROC Taiwan and the countries of Latin America Such relations have become increasingly important between the region and Latin America lt ref gt https www jstor org stable 166408 1 Latin AmericaTwo Chinas PRC and ROC China Latin American relationsLatin America ChinaTaiwan Latin American relationsLatin America TaiwanContents 1 Trade 2 Political 3 Military 4 Space 5 Regional organizations 6 Cultural 7 See also 8 References 9 Further readingTrade editBetween 2000 and 2009 trade between China and Latin America increased by 1 200 from 10 to 130 billion 2 According to the Chinese Trade Ministry Counselor Yu Zhong in 2011 the value of trade increased to 241 5 billion making China the second largest trading partner of Latin America the USA is the largest The top five nations in this China Latin trade were Brazil Mexico Chile Venezuela and Argentina 3 In 2009 7 of Latin America s exports was to China It consisted largely of raw material and commodities such as copper iron ore oil and soybeans 4 China was the largest export market for Brazil Chile and Peru and the second largest for Argentina Costa Rica and Cuba Four nations contributed 90 of the exports Brazil 41 Chile 23 1 Argentina 15 9 and Peru 9 3 Increased Chinese demand has also been argued to increase the commodity prices of Latin American exports 2 In the case of Brazil the rise of a new middle class has even been seen as due to Chinese commodity demand 5 On the other hand a large part of the exports of Costa Rica which has a Free Trade Agreement with China El Salvador and Mexico to China were high tech manufactured goods 6 5 of China s exports went to Latin America in 2009 and consisted mainly of industrial and manufactured goods Chinese goods are popular in part due to their low costs Chinese manufacturers are also making substantial efforts to establish themselves as brand names for the new middle class 2 China is investing in power plants in Brazil and repairing a railway in Argentina 7 According to a 2012 Fitch ratings report in 2010 92 of Latin American exports to China were commodities 85 of Chinese foreign direct investment went to extractive industries as did 60 of Chinese loans The report stated that the effects are mixed but overall Latin America has benefited from the relationship with China by higher commodity prices increased growth increased investment and improved governmental financials 8 There are also concerns of environmental impacts related to the huge increase in extractive industries and agriculture by Chinese companies in Latin America including pollution deforestation habitat destruction and rising fossil fuel emissions 9 There have been concerns regarding the relationship due to Latin American dependency on exports of low value added highly price volatile commodities that employ relatively few people Latin American manufacturers have faced increasing competition from China on both domestic and international markets In some countries there have protests against the raising inflow of Chinese manufactured goods local Chinese businesses and perceived loss of manufacturing jobs to China 2 8 The book The Dragon in the Room China and the Future of Latin America found that 92 manufacturing exports from Latin American were in sectors where China was increasing its market share while Latin America was decreasing its share or where both China and Latin America where increasing their shares but Latin America at a slower rate 10 Several experts have even argued that the long term outlooks for Latin American manufacturing are poor and other sources for growth and trade such as services should be sought 5 After the 2015 16 Chinese stock market turbulence many Chinese investment projects in Latin America were canceled or have slowed 11 These include the Nicaragua Canal Political editChina has been seen as an alternative to the United States and Europe by Latin American nations for support in the international community for funding of infrastructure and humanitarian aid and for creating economic growth The number of high level meetings between Chinese and Latin American officials have rapidly increased These have been accompanied by several bilateral agreements 2 The creation of the BRICS group also helped to increase relations between China and Brazil Leaked diplomatic cables describe a divided Latin American opinion regarding China Neil Davila head of Mexico s federal agency for promoting foreign commerce and investments stated We do not want to be China s next Africa reflecting a common concern regarding the effects of Chinese involvement in Africa Colombia Brazil and Chile also expressed concerns while Venezuela and Argentina were convinced that dependency on the United States must end and saw China as the greatest opportunity for their exports Chinese officials in response has accused US diplomats of spreading mistrust and Chinese Vice president Xi Jinping in 2009 in Mexico stated that China does not export revolution China exports neither hunger nor poverty We do not cause problems What more can be said of us 12 Many of the nations that continue to have official diplomatic relations with Taiwan are in Central America and the Caribbean Taiwan has previously offered military exchanges and training as well as economic aid in return but has more recently had difficulty competing with China s economic incentives and in 2008 officially abandoned this checkbook diplomacy The remaining pro Taiwan nations have been seen as waiting for better Chinese offers 2 The formation of Community of Latin American and Caribbean States was warmly welcome by China in 2011 Hugo Chavez read aloud a letter from China s Paramount leader Hu Jintao congratulating the leaders on forming the new regional bloc citation needed On January 8 2015 the 1st China CELAC Forum opened at the Great Hall of the People in China 13 In January 2019 numerous countries including the US recognized the legitimacy of opposition leader Juan Guaido as President of Venezuela The PRC issued an official statement condemning American intervention in the internal affairs of Venezuela supporting Nicolas Maduro in the struggle for the Venezuelan presidency 14 Military editMilitary relationships have been mainly through military to military contacts In particular Venezuela Chile Bolivia and Cuba have had frequent official military visits exchange of military officers and navy port calls South American countries such as Venezuela Bolivia Ecuador Peru and Argentina are buying Chinese weapons 15 16 Chile Ecuador and Peru were visited by a Chinese flotilla in 2009 17 In 2011 China and Bolivia signed a military to military cooperation agreement 2 In 2015 China s Paramount leader Xi Jinping and President of Argentina Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner announced prospective arms sales and defense cooperation agreements extending beyond the scope of any made between China and a Latin American nation to date These plans include Argentina s purchase or coproduction of 110 8 8 VN 1 APCs 14 JF 17 FC 1 multirole fighters and five P18 Malvinas class patrol ships 18 19 While the government of President Mauricio Macri elected in December 2015 soon dropped the arms purchases from China 20 that also authorizes construction of satellite tracking facility near Las Lajas Neuquen base is managed by People s Liberation Army Strategic Support Force 21 22 Per Argentine ambassador to China Diego Guelar China has agreed to use the base only for civilian purposes 23 In King George Island Antarctica China and Chile share side by side military facilities 17 In 1982 with Pinochet s Chile allowed China built a Great Wall research station in the Antarctic inside Chile s territorial claims 24 Space editChina has launched communication satellites from launch sites in China for Venezuela 25 Bolivia Ecuador Brazil and Argentina 26 27 Regional organizations editIn 2004 China joined the Organization of American States as a permanent observer In 2008 China joined the Inter American Development Bank as a donor China has also increased its relationships with CELAC the Andean Community PARLACEN and the Caribbean Community 2 Cultural editThe PRC actively seeks cultural exchanges with Latin America and CCTV 4 America has extensive Spanish language programming See also editChinatowns in Latin America Sino African relations Sino Caribbean relations Sino Pacific relations China LAC Cooperation Fund Sino Latin American Production Capacity Cooperation Investment Fund Debt trap diplomacyReferences edit Mora Frank O 1999 Sino Latin American Relations Sources and Consequences 1977 1997 Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 41 2 91 116 doi 10 2307 166408 ISSN 0022 1937 a b c d e f g h Katherine Koleski Backgrounder China in Latin America May 27 2011 U S China Economic amp Security Review Commission Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2012 04 16 Retrieved 2012 05 27 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link China s trade with Latin America grew in 2011 Indo Asian News Service Wed 18 Apr 2012 http in news yahoo com chinas trade latin america grew 2011 050334275 html Archived 2014 08 13 at the Wayback Machine Jenkins Rhys April 2022 China s Belt and Road Initiative in Latin America What has Changed Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 51 1 13 39 doi 10 1177 18681026211047871 ISSN 1868 1026 a b Jordi Zamora China s double edged trade with Latin America Sep 3 2011 AFP https www google com hostednews afp article ALeqM5ggNqQ5G8UFErmAEw71Y u51P8 Eg docId CNG e829052752a5436e909ab280ad561af6 671 Ryan Berger The Fast Ramp Up Quarterly Americas http www americasquarterly org charticle winter2012 html Archived 2012 05 02 at the Wayback Machine China moves into Latin America The Economist 2018 02 03 Retrieved 2018 02 21 a b Fitch China s Economic Rise Provides Mixed Benefits for Latin America May 9 2012 http newamericamedia org 2011 01 latin america divided over ties with china growing suspicions over chinese presence in latin america php Archived 2014 10 18 at the Wayback Machine Fitch Ratings BUSINESS WIRE Dialogo Chino China Latin America and the environment Kevin P Gallagher and Roberto Porzecanski The Dragon in the Room China and the Future of Latin American Industrialization 2010 Stanford University Press ROMERO SIMON 3 October 2015 China s Ambitious Rail Projects Crash Into Harsh Realities in Latin America The New York Times Retrieved 3 October 2015 Louis E V Nevaer Latin America Divided Over Ties with China Jan 26 2011 New American Media http newamericamedia org 2011 01 latin america divided over ties with china growing suspicions over chinese presence in latin america php Archived 2014 10 18 at the Wayback Machine First Ministerial Meeting of China CELAC Forum Grandly Opens in Beijing Xi Jinping Attends Opening Ceremony and Delivers Important Speech Stressing Firm Grasp of New Opportunities in China CELAC Overall Cooperation to Jointly Write New Chapter of China CELAC Comprehensive Cooperative Partnership www fmprc gov cn Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People s Republic of China 2015 01 08 Retrieved 2020 01 10 China Russia side with Maduro as US backs Venezuela challenger AFP com Retrieved 2019 01 26 China selling more military equipment to South American countries nextbigfuture July 26 2015 Retrieved 2019 06 21 Trade Registers armstrade sipri org a b Archived copy PDF www american edu Archived from the original PDF on 6 June 2014 Retrieved 17 January 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link China s Military Agreements with Argentina A Potential New Phase in China Latin America Defense Relations United States China Economic and Security Review Commission 2015 05 11 Retrieved 2020 01 07 Argentina turns to China for arms supply Nikkei 2015 04 09 Retrieved 2020 01 07 Could China Help Ignite a Second War over the Falkland Islands National Interest 2018 09 14 Retrieved 2020 01 07 China Builds Space Monitoring Base in the Americas The Diplomat 2016 05 24 Retrieved 2020 01 07 China s military run space station in Argentina is a black box Reuters 2019 01 31 Retrieved 2020 01 07 Londono Ernesto July 28 2019 From a Space Station in Argentina China Expands Its Reach in Latin America The New York Times Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 6 October 2012 Retrieved 7 January 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link China launches Venezuelan remote sensing satellite gbtimes com Retrieved 2019 06 23 Urdinez Francisco Knoerich Jan Ribeiro Pedro Feliu 2018 06 01 Don t Cry for me Argenchina Unraveling Political Views of China through Legislative Debates in Argentina Journal of Chinese Political Science 23 2 235 256 doi 10 1007 s11366 016 9450 y ISSN 1874 6357 S2CID 148344648 This Is How China Is Slowly Creeping into Latin America National Interest December 28 2017 Retrieved 2019 06 09 Further reading editHu DeHart Evelyn and Kathleen Lopez Asian Diasporas in Latin America and the Caribbean An Historical Overview Afro Hispanic Review 2008 9 21 in JSTOR Hu DeHart Evelyn Indispensable enemy or convenient scapegoat A critical examination of sinophobia in Latin America and the Caribbean 1870s to 1930s Journal of Chinese Overseas 5 1 2009 55 90 Lopez Kathleen M Chinese Cubans A Transnational History 2013 Lopez Calvo Ignacio ed Alternative Orientalisms in Latin America and Beyond Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2007 Meagher Arnold J The Coolie trade the traffic in Chinese laborers to Latin America 1847 1874 2008 Ryan Keegan D The Extent of Chinese Influence in Latin America Naval Postgraduate School 2018 online Young Elliott Alien Nation Chinese Migration in the Americas from the Coolie Era Through World War II 2014 Erikson Chen 2007 China Taiwan and the Battle for Latin America PDF vol 31 2 The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs pp 21 69 89 archived from the original PDF on 2013 05 17 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sino Latin America relations amp oldid 1186350304, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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