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Charles Brent

January 01, 1970

Charles Henry Brent (April 9, 1862 – March 27, 1929) was the Episcopal Church's first Missionary Bishop of the Philippine Islands (1902–1918); Chaplain General of the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I (1917–1918); and Bishop of the Episcopal Church's Diocese of Western New York (1918–1929).[3] The historian and Episcopal minister Frederick Ward Kates characterised him as a "gallant, daring, and consecrated soldier and servant of Christ" who was "one of modern Christendom's foremost leaders, prophets, and seers."[4]

The Right Reverend

Charles Henry Brent

D.D., LL.D.
4th Bishop of Western New York
ChurchEpiscopal Church
DioceseWestern New York
ElectedJanuary 18, 1918
In office1919–1929
PredecessorWilliam D. Walker
SuccessorDavid L. Ferris
Orders
OrdinationMarch 6, 1887
by Arthur Sweatman
ConsecrationDecember 19, 1901
by William Croswell Doane
Personal details
Born(1862-04-09)April 9, 1862
Newcastle, Ontario, Canada
DiedMarch 27, 1929(1929-03-27) (aged 66)
Lausanne, Switzerland
BuriedBois-de-Vaux Cemetery
NationalityBorn Canadian
Naturalized American
DenominationAnglican
ParentsHenry Brent & Sophia Frances Cummings
Previous post(s)Bishop of the Missionary District of the Philippine Islands (1901–1918)
Alma materTrinity College, Toronto
Sainthood
Feast dayThe Episcopal Church's Liturgical Calendar commemorates Brent on March 27.[1] The Anglican Church of Canada commemorates Brent on March 27 as "Charles Henry Brent, Bishop of the Philippines, and of Western New York, 1929."[2]

Early life and education edit

Charles Henry Brent was born on April 9, 1862, in Newcastle, Ontario. He was the third of ten children of the Reverend Henry Brent, who was the Anglican rector in Newcastle for forty-two years, and Sophia Francis Brent.[5] By his own account, Brent's childhood in the rural village was a happy and secure one.[6]

Education edit

Brent was educated in Ontario.[7] He planned his education to prepare him for the ordained ministry. First, Brent attended the town's public schools until 1880. Second, Brent's college preparation was done in 1880–1881 at Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario.[a] Third, he attended Trinity College, Toronto, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in classical honors in 1884. Throughout his education, Brent was both "a gifted and apt scholar" and "a formidable athlete." After graduating from Trinity College, he returned to Port Hope where from 1884 to 1886 he both taught at Trinity College School and studied privately for ordination.[9]

Ordination edit

From Brent's earliest memories he felt called to the ordained ministry. He once said, "I do not recall an instant of my life when I aspired to any vocation excepting that of the Ministry, but on one brief occasion when I faced the possibility of becoming a musician. As a boy at school the Ministry seemed to me the one vocation worth considering. ... Were I again on the threshold of life I would choose as I have chosen."[10]

Brent was ordained a deacon on March 21, 1886, in the Anglican Diocese of Toronto in the Anglican Church of Canada in 1886. However, there were no openings for him in his diocese, so he looked for a position in the United States. In 1887, he was ordained to the priesthood on March 6, 1887. After that, he was called to his first ministerial position in Buffalo, New York.[11]

Ministry edit

Before being elected bishop, Brent had "pastorates" in Buffalo, New York, and Boston. Massachusetts. During that time he was naturalized as a United States citizen.[12]

Throughout his ministry, Brent was "essentially a pastor with a prophetic vision."[13] His biographer Eleanor Slater wrote that Brent "was born a poet; he made himself a prophet."[14]

Brent was also "a popular preacher."[15] His biographer Eleanor Slater wrote that Brent "gradually learned to be a great preacher. ... His eloquence was the eloquence of simplicity, of self-forgetfulness, of the inner compulsion to share his treasure."[16]

Buffalo edit

In 1884, Brent accepted a position as curate and organist at St. John's Church, Buffalo in the Diocese of Western New York. He remained in that position until 1887.[17]

In 1887, Brent was ordained to the priesthood on March 6 and accepted a position as a curate at St. Paul's Episcopal Church (now cathedral) in Buffalo. He was assigned to St. Andrew's Mission Chapel in Buffalo.[18] While at St. Andrew's, Brent placed candles on the altar, but the bishop of the diocese Arthur Coxe ordered him to remove them. As a result, Brent resigned and moved to Boston. Later, he explained his resignation: "I did not set such store by the candles as I did by my rights as a priest."[19]

Boston edit

In 1887, Brent had met and been influenced by Father Hall, a member of the Society of St. John the Evangelist, an Anglican monastic order, often called the Cowley Fathers. Thus, when he resigned his St. Andrew's assignment, Brent moved to the Cowley monastery in Boston.[20] The Cowley Fathers placed Brent in charge of St. Augustine's chapel which had been built to minister to African-Americans living in the West End of Boston.[21]

Leaving monastery. Brent lived and worked with the Society of St. John the Evangelist from 1888 until 1891, but he never took monastic vows.[22] It is likely that Brent would have taken his final vows and become a member of the order if a disagreement had not occurred between the Father Superior of the order in England and the Boston house. The disagreement had to do with the election of Phillips Brooks as Bishop of Massachusetts which was opposed by the Father Superior. The Father Superior's highhandedness led Brent to leave the order.[23]

Time with Cowley Fathers was crucial. The years he spent with the Cowley Fathers (1888-1891) were crucial to Brent's spiritual formation. The monks taught him how to live "an ordered and disciplined spiritual life." These lessons were invaluable for his future ministry.[24] Thirty-five later, Brent reflected that the lessons he learned from the Cowley Fathers were "so sound and inspiring that I could covet it for every young priest." More specifically, he said that the "daily meditation was a severe and joyous task." Meditating on "the love of Jesus Christ, the application to modern life of principles by which He lived, and the overwhelming importance of the unseen, were instilled into my being in a manner and to a degree from which there is, thirty-five years later, no escape."[21]

St. Stephen's: 1891–1901. After leaving the Cowley monastery, Brent's bishop Phillips Brooks appointed him to serve as assistant minister at what had been an abandoned church, St. Stephen's Church, Boston. St. Stephen's was in one of Boston's poorest neighborhoods, the South End of Boston. Brent ministered in St. Stephen's from 1891 until 1901. Under the leadership of Brent and the rector Father Henry Martyn Torbert, the parish flourished. After Torbert's death on September 29, 1901,[b] Brent served as rector for two months before his election as bishop.[26]

During the ten years of their work together, Brent and Torbert had built St. Stephen's into an impressive mission. Its "physical plant was expanded to include a parish house, a settlement house, a rescue mission, a lodging house, and a wood and coal yard that allowed men to earn money for their meals and housing for the night." The purpose of these ministries was "to minister to the physical, mental and spiritual needs of people in the loving spirit of Christian neighborliness."[21]

Regarding Brent's ministry in St. Stephen's, Frederick Ward Kates (one of Brent's biographers) wrote that Brent's "humble work in a struggling parish in a crowded neighborhood of underprivileged people proved good schooling for his naturally aristocratic mind. These years deepened not only his ideas of religion but also his insight into human character. … He came to know people, all sorts of people."[27]

Social gospel edit

As Brent ministered in Boston's slums, "he became receptive to the social gospel, then in vogue with urban churches throughout the United States."[21] In his "theology of the social gospel," Brent held that the church was "responsible for all of society" and that society would be "regenerated by its participation in the life of the church." Therefore, for Brent the purpose of "the Christian mission" was to renew "the spiritual, social, and economic life of a people."[28]

Brent was influenced by F. D. Maurice and other Anglican Socialists. During his Boston days, he made friends with American Christian Socialists William Dwight Porter Bliss and Vida Dutton Scudder and with leaders of the settlement movement. Brent's "theology of social reform" was based on Jesus' two great commandments: to love God and to love one's neighbor. These commandments can be read in full at Jesus' two great commandments. Regarding these two commandments, Brent wrote in his first book, With God in the World (1900), "God never considers men apart from, but always as part of, a great social order—a social order that is not a concourse of independent units, but a body instinct with life, a society which is not an organization but an organism." Therefore, in Brent's theology, the command to love one's neighbor "applied to the whole of humanity."[21]

1901: a milestone edit

The year 1901 was a milestone for Brent. He suffered losses in the death of his mother and the death of his friend and fellow-worker Torbert. He also had new opportunities. The Reverend William S. Rainsford, rector of the prestigious St. George's Episcopal Church (Manhattan), offered Brent a position on the staff. He was elected to the faculty of the University of the South. The General Theological Seminary in New York City, was "seriously considering him for the position of dean."[29]

While all these opportunities were in the works, on October 11, 1901, Brent was elected by the Episcopal Church's General Convention meeting in San Francisco as the first missionary bishop of the Philippines. He was "both elated and terrified."[29] He was notified of his election by a telegram. Brent recounts receiving the telegram. He was sitting at lunch with friends and they looked in an atlas "to see where the Philippines actually were."[30]

Because, with the exceptions of Liberia, China, and Japan, the Episcopal Church was for the most part "apathetic about foreign missions," it was only "after confiding with close friends and after many days of prayer, Brent accepted the post." On December 19, 1901, in Emmanuel Episcopal Church, Boston, Brent was consecrated as the Episcopal Church's first Missionary Bishop of the Philippines. He remained in that position until February 19, 1918.[31]

Missionary Bishop edit

After the United States won the Spanish–American War, Spain ceded the Philippines to United States on December 10, 1898.[32] After the United States annexed the Philippines, the colony became an Episcopal Church missionary district on October 2, 1901, by action of the Episcopal Church's General Convention meeting in San Francisco.[33]

The demographics edit

When the United States gained control of the Philippines, there was a population of seven and a half million inhabitants, ninety percent of whom were Roman Catholic. The Church of Rome had been there for three centuries under the Spaniards. But the Roman Church was unpopular for two reasons. The Church had been closely linked with the unpopular Spanish Government and because the Dominicans, Franciscans, and Augustinians together had owned "some four hundred thousand acres of land, which they held in a sort of feudal tenure."[34]

In addition to the Roman Catholics, there were three pagan groups:[35]

  • In northern Luzon, thousands of head-hunting Igorots practiced their pagan religion.
  • In the southern islands, three hundred thousand Moro people were Muslims "of an extremely militant type."
  • In Manila itself, the Chinese community of shopkeepers was almost entirely non-Christian.

This was the religious situation in the missionary district of which Brent had been elected bishop. Here he would labor for seventeen years to minister to the Christians, to build up the Episcopal church, to convert the non-Christians, and to end the opium traffic throughout Southeast Asia.[7]

Long interim edit

After Brent's consecration on December 19, 1901, it was eight months before he arrived in the Philippines. He was busy during this time doing things that included the following:

  • He studied the situation and developed plans and policies for the work of the mission.[29]
  • He raised money for the work that included "two substantial gifts of money" totaling $120,000.[36]
  • He made "important contacts with government officials." This included meetings with President Theodore Roosevelt and his cabinet, as well as William Howard Taft, who had been appointed governor of the Philippines.[29]
  • He worked on a long-standing personal matter. Brent was in love with Mary, the only name he wrote in his diaries.[c] He also wrote that she declared her love for him. Nevertheless, they "agreed that it would be best not to marry." However, they continued to send love letters to each other. In several letters Brent proposed to Mary, but she always refused. Brent wrote about this refusal in his diaries: "I have everything [Mary's love], yet nothing [no hope of marriage]!" The correspondence came to an end on August 29, 1904, when Mary wrote, "another hand has come into my life." Brent's reaction was "immersing himself in his work and devoting himself to a life of celibacy." His celibacy resulted in "loneliness frequently left him depressed in later life."[29]

Regarding the annexation of the Philippines by the United States in 1898, President William McKinley said that his decision to do so "was directly linked to his religious faith." He believed it would not be right to return the island to "Catholic Spain" or for the Philippine people to "rule themselves." He decided that it would be best to "educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them as our fellow-men for whom Christ died." In line with McKinley's decision, the Episcopal Church's 1898 General Convention "constituted the territory as a missionary district." Brent "believed that properly trained and taught Filipinos could adopt Western customs and thereby become good Episcopalians."[38]

Brent's ministry was congruent with the reasons that McKinley gave for annexing the Philippines. During his seventeen years as missionary bishop, he focused on bringing Christianity to the pagan tribes who lived in the northern part of the island.[39]

Brent "sailed for the islands in 1902, on the same ship with the new Governor General, William Howard Taft whom he had previously met. During the voyage, Brent demonstrated his "ability to deal with American administrators." For the rest of his life, governors and generals found Brent to be "a wise counselor and a spiritual guide."[40]

A clear-cut missionary policy edit

Brent arrived in Manila on August 25, 1902, with the "clear-cut missionary policy" which he had formulated during the eight months' interim before he left the United States. His policy included the following:[40]

  • He saw the American military personnel, administrators, civil servants, and teachers "as his first responsibility." They were the people who held power and many of them were Episcopalians. Brent wanted them to be "governed by Christian principles."
  • He disagreed with the Protestant missionaries who tried to proselytize the Roman Catholics. In 1908, Brent lamented, "when will Christians learn that proselytizing from other Christian churches is ... hateful to our Lord." Nevertheless, Brent "treated the Protestant missionaries with courtesy." Brent's policy directed missionary work toward the three major groups of non-Christians.[41] These three groups were (1) the Chinese community in Manila, (2) the Igorots of the mountains of northern Luzon, and (3) the Muslims who lived in the southern islands.[42]

Manila edit

In accordance with his policy, Brent immediately began "to develop the Anglo-American congregation in Manila." Using some of the more than $120,000. he had raised and brought with him, he purchased property in Manila on which to build "a cathedral and a hospital." On January 25, 1906, the cornerstone of the cathedral was laid. In 1907, the building was completed and consecrated. It could seat one thousand people, and it became the center for many activities. One of the activities was the Columbia Club. It was located in the cathedral's parish house with "a basketball court, tennis courts, bowling alleys, showers, and a swimming pool." The Club sometimes had "more than 450 members."[43]

Also, as part of his ministry in Manila, Brent served as "the first president of the University of the Philippines in Manila."[44]

The Chinese. Of the three non-Christian groups toward which Brent's policy directed missionary efforts, the nearest to Manila was the Chinese community in the city, so the effort was directed to this group first.[42] Therefore, three months after his arrival, Brent opened a mission to the Chinese population of Manila who were "virtually untouched" by Christianity. This work "grew steadily and certainly."[45]

Applied social gospel. In his "theology of the social gospel," Brent held that the purpose of "the Christian mission" was to renew "the spiritual, social, and economic life of a people."[28] He applied this theology to a "crowded slum" which lay just outside of "official Manilla." The slum was populated mostly by Roman Catholic Filipinos. The Episcopal church started a settlement house out of which grew "an orphanage, numerous boys' and girls' clubs, sewing classes, and a profitable secondhand exchange." This was followed by a dispensary that later developed into St. Luke's Medical Center and St. Luke's Church, which was used both as a "hospital chapel and mission to the native Filipinos of Manila." In spite of his opposition to proselytizing, Brent said that if this work "brought Filipinos into the Episcopal fold, so be it. However, if the Filipinos returned to the Church of Rome, that also deserved his benediction."[46]

Summer capital of Baguio
In Manila, there is a long hot and humid season. The American colony there faced two problems: how to endure the hot and humid season and how to educate their children without sending back to the United States. The government solved the climate problem "by establishing a summer capital at Baguio, a cool location in northern Luzon." Brent recognized Baguio as an ideal location a school for the education of the children of English-speaking parents. Here he established two schools. Easter School for Igorot boys "who show signs of superior intelligence and capacity for leadership," was opened in 1906. The cost of the school was raised by Brent. That same year, he established a school for the children of English-speaking parents. This school was later called the Brent School.[47]

The Igorots
One of three non-Christian groups Brent focused on converting was "the pagan head-hunting Igorots of the mountains of Luzon. In 1903, Brent took a journey through this "wild and inaccessible" territory. "He traveled by train, by horse and mule, by chair, and on foot." As a result of the journey, Brent envisioned "a chain of mountain stations, to carry the Church's teaching from Manila all the way to the northern coast. As a step toward implementing his vision, a mission church was established for the Bontoc Tribe of the Igorots in the Bontoc, Mountain Province where they lived. The Bontoc missionaries wrote the first Igorot grammars, which were published by the government.[48]

The Moros
Another of the three non-Christian groups Brent focused on converting was the Muslims who lived in the southern Sulu Archipelago.[42]

Spain had fought the Moros who were Muslims and included a gang of pirates, throughout its three hundred years of occupation without "a peaceful settlement." Brent did not want the United States to continue this futile policy. As an effort to effect a peaceful settlement between the United States and the Muslims, Brent visited them. Government officials warned him that he was risking his life, but he made the visit "without military escort and succeeded in winning some measure of their confidence."[49]

The visit that effected Brent's winning a measure of confidence in him was planned by Brent in collaboration with the government. William Howard Taft, the American governor and friend of Brent also wanted a peaceful settlement. A meeting with the pirates was negotiated. On the day of the meeting, both an armed naval ship and a small unarmed boat from the ship went out to meet the Moro pirates. Before the Moro's boats would come closer, the ship had to depart the scene and leave the small boat alone to meet the pirates. Brent and his co-worker, Mrs. Lorillard Spencer,[d] were in the boat unarmed. Some of the pirates jumped into the small boat "heavily armed and plotting murder." Brent stood up, threw his penknife down on the deck. He pointed to the knife and said, "You call yourselves brave men. There is the only weapon I have. You came aboard my boat in the presence of an unarmed white man and a defenseless white woman as my guests, heavily armed." Shame-faced, the pirates put their weapons down on the deck with Brent's penknife.[51]

Brent felt that the Moro mission was so important that, when the Episcopal church's Board of Mission decided not allocate money for the mission, he "made the Moro mission his personal enterprise and raised money from friends at home."[52]

With the money he had raised and with the measure of confidence effected by his meeting with the pirates, Brent was able to begin his mission to the Moros. In 1905, he dedicated the Mission of the Holy Trinity, Zamboanga on the island of Mindanao. The mission provided "the first contact" between the Episcopal Church's missionaries of the Moro people.[49]

Converting the Moro Muslim was so difficult that Brent decided to try "an indirect approach." By 1914, a hospital had been built. The hospital was located at Zamboanga City. It was the only hospital for a native population of 80,000 people. The next step was establishing "a Moro settlement school for women and girls." It opened in 1914. In 1916, the Moro Agricultural School opened on Jolo island. After that the Willard Straight Agricultural School in Indanan was opened. Teaching the Moros how to prosper by farming turned them from piracy.[53]

Fought opium use edit

William Howard Taft arrived in the Philippines as the American Governor on the same ship with Brent.[42] One problem Taft faced was what to do about the "opium problem." Governor Taft supported continuing the policy of the Spaniards that included issuing "narcotics addicts" licenses and "legally supplying" them with opium. However, this policy was opposed "on moral grounds" by two American clergy, one of whom was Brent. Their position prevailed, so the United States Congress ordered an end to all "legal sales" of opium by 1908.[54] Brent's opposition made him "a world figure in the fight against opium traffic."[13]

In Brent's view, opium was "the greatest evil in Filipino society," so he went all out to stop its use. He served on a three-man commission "to investigate the use of and traffic in opium and the laws regarding such use and traffic in Japan, Formosa, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Saigon, Singapore, Burma, Java, and the Philippine Islands." The commission had its first meeting on August 13, 1903. After months of gathering information and deliberation, the commission presented its recommendations on March 15, 1904. In summary, recommendation was "for opium to become a government monopoly immediately, this to become prohibition, except for medical purposes, after three years." The commission's recommendation was made law by the United States Congress.[55]

Brent's work against opium continued with the February 1909 International Opium Commission in Shanghai. He was "chief commissioner of the American delegation" and he presided over the meeting and it "which was "dominated by his leadership and vision."[55] Brent's work against opium made him "an international figure and statesman."[52] In 1912, an international opium conference adopted the International Opium Convention, "the world's first international drug control treaty "was passed in the Hague."[56] Brent was the chairman of the American delegation to this conference.[55]

Back home edit

During his time in the Philippines, Brent was elected four times by dioceses in the States. Beginning in 1908, he was called three times to be Bishop of Washington. He was also elected as bishop of New Jersey. Brent declined all these elections. After his 1908 election to be Bishop of Washington, Brent "sent a telegram to the chairman of the standing committee: "Must decline. I would have gone, but God bids me stay. John 3:30."[57]

Attitude toward Roman Catholic church in the Philippines edit

Brent disapproved proselytizing Roman Catholics because of doctrinal reasons. He saw "considerable value" in Roman Catholic theology, so he supported cooperation at first. However, after eighteen months in the Philippines, Brent "expressed almost complete disillusionment" with the Roman Catholic church.[58]

Ecumenical movement edit

In the first part of the twentieth century, Christians "began to seek the reconciliation of their divided churches." Brent believed in Ecumenism and was one of the leaders of this movement.[39] Brent's observation of the serious need for church unity while in the Philippines resulted in his working for it during his time as missionary bishop of the Philippines and as bishop of Western New York, that is, for the rest of his life.[59]

At first, Brent worked for "interdenominational co-operation." Later, he worked for "organic union."[13] Brent once wrote that "the unity of Christendom is not a luxury, but a necessity. ... It is absurd to aim at a united mankind, or even a united Christian civilization, and to be content with a divided Church."[42]

While bishop of the Philippines, Brent attended the 1910 World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh and came to believe that a reunited church was "possible within a century."[13]

The Edinburgh Conference called "for global evangelism and ecumenism." Brent was inspired by this call, but he was also frustrated by the lack of discussion about the divisive differences between the churches in their doctrines and orders. He believed that these faith and order issues had to be dealt with before genuine unity could be achieved. Therefore, during the conference, he proposed "a conference on the faith and order of the church" which would address these issues. After returning to the United States, as a follow-up, he presented his proposal to the Episcopal church's 1910 General Convention. Brent's proposal was unanimously adopted and a commission was set up to implement it. The banker J. P. Morgan (an active Episcopalian) was so taken by the idea of such a conference that he donated $100,000. toward its cost. The Episcopal commission worked hard to bring about Brent's desire for a faith and order conference.[60]

After his participation in the Edinburgh Conference, Brent became even more of an "international celebrity" in religious circles.[61] From the Edinburgh Conference through the 1927 Lausanne Conference, Brent was considered "the animating spirit of the Faith and Order Movement."[13]

1910 address at Howard University edit

 
Charles Henry Brent
1910 photo in New York Times

In November 1910, Brent gave an address at Howard University, an historically black school in Washington, D.C.[62] His prior assignments had prepared Brent for such an occasion. During his time with the Cowley fathers in Boston, Brent was assigned to "St. Augustine's Mission for Negroes." It was "an early schooling" for Brent "in the spiritual care of colored folk" as preparation for working with people of other races in the Philippines. This ministry also increased "his conviction that the Christian Gospel could overcome all the human divisions of race and culture."[63]

After his assignment at St. Augustine's, Brent had ministered ten years (1891–1901) as assistant minister at St. Stephen's Mission, Boston.[17] During his ten years at St. Stephen's, he came to believe in "the essential value of every man, of whatever race or color or creed." In the Philippines, this belief was deepened. He wrote that "it was among the pagan peoples that I learned that equality before God of all men, which I count to be the chief treasure I have honestly made my own in my life time."[64]

Brent's belief in the "equality before God of all men" was reflected in his address at Howard University. He asserted that "God's intention for mankind is that it should be a wonderfully diversified family, a family at unity with itself." Within this diversity, Brent said that "all of us" are seeking "manhood." This, said Brent, is "the one thing that God gave us the capacity for, which will differentiate us from all the rest of creation, and from the very angels in heaven." God gave mankind the capacity, but "no man ever gained manhood, no woman ever gained womanhood, without fighting for it." Given the necessity of fighting for it, Brent challenged the students to "determine above all else to reach the highest goal; to reach the goal of manhood; and having gained manhood, you have gained the best thing that God or the world can bestow upon you."[62]

Chaplain of the American Expeditionary Forces edit

By the beginning of the first World War, Brent was "a world-renowned figure, a friend of national leaders in many countries, a citizen of the world, a foremost leader in the affairs of his Church."[65] In 1917, he left the Philippines permanently because of ill health.[12]

Brent suffered from "recurring heart attacks that left him temporarily incapacitated." However, he refused to reduce his work load. As an example, Brent resigned as the missionary bishop of the Philippines on October 20, 1917. Then he began an even more stressful work in Europe as the Senior Headquarter's Chaplain of the American Expeditionary Forces."[61]

 
Brent, 2nd from Right, while Chief-of-Chaplains of the American Expeditionary Forces, 1917–1918

General John J. Pershing was Commander of the American Expeditionary Forces. He knew Brent; he had been baptized and confirmed by him in the Philippines.[66] Pershing invited Brent to be the Chief-of-Chaplains of the American Expeditionary Forces. Although Brent was "a lover of peace," he accepted the invitation.[67] He served in this capacity from 1917 to 1918.[68]

During his service, Brent was sometimes called "the khaki-colored bishop." He often functioned as "a good-will ambassador" reconciling disagreements between organizations and between nations, especially between Great Britain and the United States. Brent was chosen in 1918 by Pershing to deliver the General's message to the men on the American and British ships stationed in the North Sea. He convinced the French government to take action against the "organized vice which threatened the morality of the army."[69]

Return to United States edit

While he was serving as Chief-of-Chaplains, Brent was elected as bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Western New York on October 2, 1917, just over a year before the Armistice on November 11, 1918. Brent's health was broken, he could not return to the unhealthy climate of Manila, so he accepted. He took up residence and his duties in 1919.[70]

Evaluation of Brent's mission strategy edit

During his fifteen years as Missionary Bishop of the Philippines, Brent "wrote fourteen books and became the most persuasive spokesman for missions in the Episcopal church"[71]

On the positive side, Brent's leadership effected a strong Episcopal Church in the Philippines. During his time as bishop (1901-1918), "hospitals, churches, schools for boys and girls, mission-stations, and a great cathedral-center were established."[72]

On the less positive side, there were significant problems:[52]

  1. There was the difficulty of staffing the programs initiated by Brent. There was frequent turnover, and he had to turn to "army and civil service personnel," many of whom were not Episcopalians, for replacements.
  2. Brent's original plan was for a diocese centered on Manila. However, the size of the diocese plus the cost and dangers of travel made this plan impractical. Furthermore, if the indigenous Episcopalians did travel to Manila for meetings, their differences in language and social customs rendered communication difficult.
  3. Brent was often away from the Philippines about a fourth of the time. His critics called him "the bishop from the Philippines." Many of his absences were trips were to the United States occasioned by "death in his family, poor health, triennial General Conventions, and the constant need for fund-raising." Also, because he was a leader in the crusade against the opium trade, he attended meetings away from the Philippines.[73]

Destruction in World War II edit

In the fall of 1945, Chaplain W. Hubert Bierck visited the area where the Igorot people live to assess the damage done and the repairs that had been done by the United States Army Corps of Engineers since the Japanese surrendered on August 15, 1945. He found that in Baguio the Easter School (founded by Brent in 1906) was badly damaged. In Sagada, St. Mary's Church, the houses where mission people lived, and the boys' school were all totally destroyed. In Bontoc, Mountain Province, the church was damaged "beyond repair." On the positive side, Bierck noted that in the whole Ingorot area, there were Christian adult women and men, some of whom had been children when Bishop Brent explored the region and started missions and schools some forty years earlier.[74]

Return to New York edit

After Brent finished his service as senior chaplain of the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I, he did not return to his missionary diocese in the Philippines. He was elected the fourth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Western New York on October 2, 1917.[15] By then, Brent's health had so deteriorated that remaining in the Philippines was no longer viable, so this time he accepted an election by a diocese in the States.[75]

After his election, Brent was given an "acknowledgment service" in St. Paul's Cathedral, Buffalo, on February 7, 1919. He assumed his duties on February 19, 1918. The diocese granted him an assistant the next year when The Rev. David Lincoln Ferris, D.D., of Rochester was consecrated his suffragan."[76]

Before becoming bishop of the Diocese of Western New York, "Brent had become ... the most widely influential Episcopal clergyman in the United States."[13]

Brent's predecessor and successor edit

MC: Brent's predecessor was William David Walker. Walker opposed association with other Christian denominations. He controlled his clergy "with an iron hand." Brent differed from Walker "in points of view and methods of administration." Brent supported working with other denominations. He removed Walker's inhibitions on diocesan clergy. Rather than controlling his clergy with "an iron hand" as Walker did, Brent led "by precept and example."[77]

Brent's successor David Lincoln Ferris said that in serving with Brent, he was serving with "one of the greatest men in the Episcopate."[78]

Extremely active within his diocese and away from it edit

Within his diocese, in order to fulfill his duties and diocesan bishop, Brent had to keep so many appointments that he was known for driving over the speed limit to make them.[61]

Although the diocese suffered because Brent was away so often working on the causes to which he committed himself, "the diocese was proud to have as its bishop a man of such stature." Not only was the diocese proud that its bishop was a man of such stature, Brent's "mistakes, absences, and limited acquaintance" with his diocese were overcome by "the greatness and inspiration of his person."[79]

Away from his diocese, he worked for "Christian unity" and for "world peace." His away activities included the following:[80]

  1. Served on the board of overseers of Harvard University.
  2. Delivered the Duff Lectures at Edinburgh in 1921.
  3. President Harding appointed Brent as a member of the Advisory Committee on Narcotics of the League of Nations in Geneva, Switzerland in 1923 and 1924.
  4. Served as chairman of the Sub-Committee on International Affairs at the Universal Christian Conference on Life and Work in Stockholm in 1925.
  5. Served as "titular Chancellor" of Hobart College, Geneva, New York.
  6. Served as Bishop-in-Charge of the American Episcopal Churches in Europe from 1926 to 1928.
  7. Elected President of the First World Conference on Faith and Order held at Lausanne in 1927.

1925 "The Authority of Christ" sermon edit

In 1925, Brent preached the sermon at the consecration of Ernest M. Stires as Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Long Island. The subject of the sermon was "The Authority of Christ."[81] At the time of this sermon, Brent was involved in planning for the first World Conference on Faith and Order which he had proposed in 1910 while he was Missionary Bishop of the Philippines. In 1925, he met with the planning committee in Stockholm, Sweden to make final plans for the Conference that was held in 1927 in Lausanne, Switzerland.[82] In his sermon, Brent summarized the belief that motivated his efforts in the ecumenical movement: "The unity of Christendom is no longer a beautiful dream. It is a pressing necessity for the arousing of that passion for Christ which will be the most flaming thing in the world, that certainty of voice and touch which will quell honest doubt and perplexity, that fund of wisdom which will open up spiritual vistas such as now we only yearn for."[81]

Work for Episcopal Church colleges edit

By the end of the first World War, there were only five Episcopal colleges out of the "great many" which the Episcopal Church had established. Because of their "meager enrollments" and "financial difficulties," it seemed that they would probably soon close. Brent was "determined that this would not be." At this time, Brent's had two priorities. One was church unity, which he pursued until his death. The other was doing what he could to overcome the separation in America "between secular education and the Christian religion" by trying to convince the Episcopal Church to give financial support to its five remaining colleges. As "titular Chancellor" of Hobart College. Brent led the effort which got off to "a good start" with the 1922 General Convention budgeting $10,000. for each of the five colleges. However, the 1925 General Convention reduced the appropriation to $6,000. for each college, and the 1928 General Convention appropriated nothing.[83]

In 1929, just before Brent "sailed for that ecumenical journey in 1929 on which he died," he gave an interview explaining why he believed church colleges were so important. He described "a Church college" as one "in which there is no dodging of facts, no coloring of science, but also and even more one in which Christ's revelation about the meaning of the universe and about the nature and destiny of man is assumed in all the teaching, in the administration, in the life of the place." The faculty would "know and respect" the "central convictions" of Christianity and teach them. Brent said that he would like to keep up his effort but that he knew he "had not long to live."[83]

Reflections on the twenty-fifth anniversary of his consecration edit

In 1926, on the twenty-fifth anniversary of his consecration as bishop, Brent wrote, "For three things I am deeply grateful—that I am Canadian born and bred, that I had a mother who for character and spiritual culture was the peer of the best, and that a country rectory, where my father served for forty-two years, sheltered my young days. From my Canadian breeding I got that fine, just discipline, which held within bounds a nature that could easily have gone on the rocks; to my mother's wise and loving influence I owe all the good that is in me; and it was my father's long rectorate in the little village where I was born that burned into my soul the high value of stability."[84]

Work for Church unity edit

During his tenure as bishop of Western New York, working for church unity often took him away from his diocese as it had when he was in the Philippines. "The unity of Christendom," he declared, "is not a luxury, but a necessity, and the world will go limping until Christ's prayer that all may be one is answered." During his years as a missionary bishop in the Philippines, he had recognized that only a united Church could succeed in converting great nations. He had seen for himself "the waste of energy, money, personnel, and the confusion and weakness of competing Christian bodies."[85]

From August 3–12, 1927, the First World Conference on Faith and Order met in Lausanne, Switzerland. Preparation for the Conference had taken seventeen years. Brent worked during that time as one of the organizers. The Conference was attended by 406 delegates from 108 Christian denominations. Brent was elected as presiding officer by a unanimous vote. He opened the Conference by reminding the delegates that neither "total agreement" nor "a federation" of the denominations was their purpose. Their purpose was, he stated, "to learn to fellowship with one another, to listen sympathetically, and to open themselves to the guidance of the Holy Spirit." This Brent asserted would be "an important first step in a long pilgrimage to restore the true catholic church."[86]

Poor health. The success of the conference was in large part the result of Brent's leadership. "His sense of humor, his diplomatic skill, and his patience kept the conference from breaking up on several occasions." For Brent, the conference was his "finest hour, but it was bittersweet." His health was poor and he died less than two years after the conference on March 27, 1929.[61]

Semi-centennial commemoration. A four-day commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the 1927 first World Conference on Faith and Order was held in the summer of 1977 in Lausanne. Brent was often mentioned.[87]

Critics. Brent also had his critics. "It seemed to many" that Brent's commitment to church unity resulted in his "minimizing fundamentals of Christian doctrine." His broad "definition of the Catholic Church" and "his latitudinarianism with regard to Holy Orders" were denounced."[85]

In 1928, Brent represented the Episcopal Church at Cosmo Gordon Lang's enthronement as archbishop of Canterbury on December 4, 1928.[88] He died in Europe without ever returning to his diocese.

Death and legacy edit

Brent preached his last sermon in Canterbury Cathedral in November 1928. Its subject was "The Way to Peace."[89]

The "last public appearance" by Brent was 'as representative of the Episcopal Church at the enthronement of Cosmo Gordon Lang as archbishop of Canterbury" on December 4, 1928.[88] After the enthronement, following his physician Sir Thomas Barlow's advice, Brent did not return to the United States. Rather, he stayed the next three months in the American Embassy in London as the guest of Ambassador Alanson B. Houghton. It was hoped that the rest would facilitate recovery."[89] Sir Thomas told Brent that by living "a restricted life" he might "live for years," but that "his heart might fail him at any time without warning."[90]

Somewhat improved edit

Brent's rest in American Embassy seemed to have improved his health. During this period, in a letter to his diocese, he said, "I am happy to think that by the time this greets your eyes, I shall have once more taken up active work with you again." The letter also contained "in detail his plans for the next eight months."[91]

To further his health improvement, in March, 1929 Brent set out on a trip to the Mediterranean for a cruise with Sir Thomas. Arriving in Paris on March 21, Brent called on General Pershing and attended service at Holy Trinity Church on Palm Sunday, March 24, the last service he ever attended." The next day Brent began his trip. He stopped at Lausanne, Switzerland where he died on March 27, 1929. "And so Lausanne became the final resting-place for this gallant, daring, and consecrated soldier and servant of Christ."[92] Brent was buried in the Bois de Vaux Cemetery, Lausanne, Switzerland.[93]

Lausanne "had become the enduring symbol" of Brent's "greatest contribution to Christendom." There Brent presided over the first World Conference on Faith and Order, which met in Lausanne, Switzerland, August 3–12, 1927."[94]

During his life Brent had become "one of the most intrepid and gallant ambassadors of Christ the world has known for many years." After his death "the Christian world mourned the passing of a tall, somewhat austere, often deeply lonesome man who had grown during his lifetime into one of modern Christendom's foremost leaders, prophets, and seers."[10] Brent was buried in the Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery, Lausanne, Switzerland.[68]

In a section of the Bois de Vaux cemetery that is reserved for distinguished foreigners, there is a 7'×3' granite grave marker. The following epitaph is carved into the granite under a large Celtic Cross:

Charles Henry Brent, 1862–1929

A soldier of Christ
A servant of Humanity
An Apostle of Christian Unity
Bishop of the Philippine Islands, 1901–1918
Bishop of Western New York, 1918–1929
Chief of Chaplains American Expeditionary Force, 1917–1918

President First World Conference on Faith and Order, 1927

Th epitaph indicates that Brent was "a unique, energetic, multitalented leader of the modern church."[21]

By the time of his death, Brent was probably the best known Episcopal clergyman since Phillips Brooks. He left a lasting mark on the church. Although Brent attended just one Faith and Order Conference before he died, the Conferences on Faith and Order continued under a Continuation Committee led by Archbishop William Temple, Bishop Yngve T. Brilioth, and until 1948. At that time, Faith and Order became the Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches.[95]

Things that Matter edit

On January 2, 1929, Brent wrote in his diary that the title of his next book would be Things that Matter. He did not have time to write the book, but in the few weeks before he died in March, he wrote an article addressed to the laity and clergy of his diocese and called "Things that Matter." The article deals with things that matter "in this world and the next." Brent said that he was writing from "the edge of the grave."[96]

Two realities. 

In the article, Brent wrote that "there are but two great realities in the whole universe–the heart of God and the heart of man, and each is ever seeking the other. It is this that makes the adventure for God not an experiment, but a certainty. The appeal issuing from man's abysmal need is met by the amplitude of the divine supply."[97]

Prayer. Regarding prayer, Brent wrote:[97]

The thought of God keeping tryst with us is a winsome thought. When we go to pray, God has already come to the meeting-place. We are never there first. The great thing to remember is that God, being Who He is, is more ready to hear than we to pray, more eager to give than we to receive, more active to find us than we to find Him. God is ever seeking man: His ear is more sensitive to the words, His heart to the desires of men, then the aspen leaf on a summer breeze, than the compass needle to the call of the poles. The essence of prayer is desire, forming itself into hope and aspiration, and mounting up into effort, in the direction of the unattained. Prayer is the address made by human personality to that which it is desired to establish affiliations. It is a movement of the whole being which reaches after the heart's desire. . . . One may say that the real end of prayer is not so much to get this or that single desire granted, so much as to put human life in full and joyful conformity with the will of God.

Conclusion. Brent concluded the article with these words:[96]

My solemn conviction born of years of pain and struggle, confirmed as I skirt eternity, is that what I have said in the foregoing pages must form the main background for the truly Christian life. It is the kernel of the matter. All else, however important, is of a subordinate nature. If you have, in a sincere soul, as your permanent ideal, the great principles on which I have touched and if you pursue them with 'terrible meekness,' you will accomplish a work greater than that of empire builders or world statesmen.

Memorial services edit

Two memorial services for Brent were held in the Diocese of Western New York. One was held in St. Paul's Cathedral (Buffalo, New York) on April 24, 1929. The preacher was the Rt. Rev. A. C. A. Hall, D. D., the Bishop of the Diocese of Vermont. The other service was in the eastern part of the diocese on May 10. It was held in Christ Church, Rochester. The preacher was the Rt. Rev. James E. Freeman, D. D., the Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington.[98]

At the St. Paul's Cathedral service, the Rt. Rev. James Sweeny, D. D., bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Toronto delivered two messages from the Church of England in Canada. The message from the Missionary Society expressed "their admiration of the greatness and power of [Brent's] life as one of the foremost Missionary Leaders and Christian Statesmen of this age." The message from Diocese of Toronto's Clergy and Laity said in part, "by his international work on behalf of World Peace, of Christian Unity, Faith and Order, and of the restriction of the Opium traffic, Dr. Brent made his influence felt as widely as that of any living Churchman.[99] At Brent's memorial service on April 24, 1929, he was recognized as "one of the foremost Missionary Leaders and Christian Statesmen of [his age]."[100]

Commemorated in two liturgical calendars edit

Brent is commemorated in the Episcopal Church's Liturgical Calendar on March 27.[15] The collect for his commemoration is as follows:

Heavenly Father, whose Son prayed that we all might be one: deliver us from arrogance and prejudice,
and give us wisdom and forbearance, that, following your servant Charles Henry Brent, we may be
united in one family with all who confess the Name of your Son Jesus Christ: who lives and reigns with
you and the Holy Spirit, one God, now and for ever.[101]

In addition to being commemorated, a prayer for mission in Morning Prayer in the Book of Common Prayer (Rite 1 on page 58; Rite 2 on page 101) was written by Brent.[102] The Rite 2 version of Brent's prayer is as follows:[103]

Lord Jesus Christ, you stretched out your arms of love on
the hard wood of the cross that everyone might come within
the reach of your saving embrace: So clothe us in your Spirit
that we, reaching forth our hands in love, may bring those
who do not know you to the knowledge and love of you; for
the honor of your Name. Amen.

The Anglican Church of Canada also commemorates Brent on March 27 as "Charles Henry Brent, Bishop of the Philippines, and of Western New York, 1929."[104]

The historian James Thayer Addison characterized Brent as a "a saint of disciplined mental vigor, one whom soldiers were proud to salute and whom children were happy to play with, who could dominate a parliament and minister to an invalid, a priest and bishop who gloried in the heritage of his Church, yet who stood among all Christian brothers as one who served ... He was everywhere an ambassador for Christ."[102]

Degrees and decorations edit

Brent was awarded degrees and decorations as follow:[105]

  • Doctor of Divinity: Toronto, 1901; King's College, 1907, Harvard, 1913; Yale, 1919; Glasgow, 1920; Trinity College, Hartford, 1921
  • Doctor of Sacred Theology: Columbia, 1920
  • Doctor of Laws: Rochester, 1922; Union College, 1924; Toronto, 1924; New York University, 1925
  • Companion of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)
  • Officer of the Legion of Honor (France),
     
    Brent School in Baguio: Shows plagues about Brent's founding the school in both English and Tagalog.
  • Distinguished Service Medal (United States). conferred by General Pershing

Brent International School edit

Brent went to the Philippines as missionary bishop with "a three pronged mission" one of which was education. In fulfillment of this mission, in 1909, Brent founded the Brent International School, at first named Baguio School, in Baguio. The school was patterned on schools in the United States such as the Groton School." Girls were admitted in 1925 which made Brent the first co-educational day and boarding school in East Asia. Today, there are two other campuses: one in Manila and one in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone.[106] For 2016 information about the school and its history click on

Notes edit

  1. ^ Trinity College School had been founded in 1865 by The Reverend William A. Johnson as an attempt to recreate a classical Anglican "public school". James J. Halsema describes life at Trinity College School as Brent probably it: "Masters and boys followed a strenuous program that began at 6:30 a.m. and ended with an evening study hall from 7:30 to 9:00 p.m. Study of the classics, the Bible and theology was emphasized. Sports were cricket and rugby rather than baseball, the candy store was called a "tuck shop" and the student military drill association members swore red coats, for this was very much a part of the British Empire."[8]
  2. ^ "The Rev. Henry Martyn Torbert, rector of St. Stephen's church, Boston, Mass., died on Sunday, Sept. 29, 1901, at Toronto, Ontario, where he was spending his vacation. He was born in Newtown, Penn., and was fifty-six years of age at the time of his death. He was graduated from Princeton University, and subsequently from the General Theological Seminary in the class of 1873."[25]
  3. ^ "Brent edited any mention of Mary out of his diaries with ink and a blue crayon, and none of their correspondence survives. Fortunately for the historian, the original writing has bled through over the years and much of it can be read with the aid of a magnifying glass.[37]
  4. ^ After the death of her husband, Mrs. Lorillard Spencer volunteered as an Episcopal Church missionary in the Philippines. Her work was on the island of Jolo and its goal was to convert the Muslim population to Christianity.[50]

Works edit

Brent was "a widely published author."[15] He was "a gifted writer and commanding preacher." During the time that Brent served in the Philippine Islands (1902–1918) he made frequent trips back to the United States. He used "these long sea-voyages ... for reading, meditation, and writing."[107] The list of his works below shows some twenty writings published during his time in the Philippines.

Books, pamphlets, and reports by Brent edit

Brent published more than twenty books.[108] His books reveal "a man equally absorbed in the problems and mysteries of the inner life.[109]
  • 1896 The Spirit and Work of the Early Christian Socialists (Publications of the Church Social Union, 1896).
  • 1899 With God in the World: A Series of Papers (Longmans, Green and Co. 1899)
  • 1904 The Consolations of the Cross: Addresses on the Seven Words of the Dying Lord (Longmans, Green and Co., 1904)
  • 1904 The Splendor of the Human Body: A Reparation and an Appeal (Longmans, Green and Co. 1904).
  • 1905 Adventure for God, The Paddock Lectures. (Longmans, Green and Co., 1905)
  • 1905 Report of the committee appointed by the Philippine Commission to investigate the use of opium and the traffic therein and the rules, ordinances and laws regulating such use and traffic in Japan, Formosa, Shanghai, Hongkong, Saigon, Singapore, Burmah, Java, and the Philippine Islands Others on the Commission were co-authors. (United States Government Printing Office, 1905)
  • 1906 Liberty and Other Sermons (Longmans, Green and Co.)
  • 1907 With God in Prayer (G. W. Jacobs, 1907)
  • 1908 Leadership: The William Belden Noble Lectures (delivered at Sanders theater, Harvard University, December 1907). (Longmans, Green and Co., 1908)
  • 1908 The Mind of Christ Jesus in the Church of the Living God (Longmans, Green and Co., 1908)
  • 1910 Addresses by the Right Reverend Charles H. Brent, bishop of the Philippines, Mr. Dwight O. W. Holmes, A.M., Dr. Elmer E. Brown, United States commissioner of education, President Taft, on University Training. (Howard University Press, 1910)
  • 1914 Presence (Longmans, Green and Co., 1914)
  • 1915 Adventure for God (Longmans, Green and Co., 1915)
  • 1915 The Revelation of Discovery (Longmans, Green and Co., 1915)
  • 1915 The Inspiration of Responsibility and Other Papers (Longmans, Green and Co., 1915.) "These papers and addresses, with a few exceptions, have been printed separately or else in current journals."
  • 1915 Prisoners of Hope and Other Sermons ( Longmans, Green and Co., 1915)
  • 1916 A Master Builder: Being the Life and Letters of Henry Yates Satterlee, First Bishop of Washington (Longmans, Green and Co., 1916)
  • 1916 The Conquest of Trouble and the Peace of God: Musings by the Right Rev. C. H. Brent (H. Rees, 1916)
  • 1918 The Mount of Vision: Being a Study of Life in Terms of the Whole (Longmans, Green and Co., 1918)
  • 1919 The Sixth Sense: Its Cultivation and Use, edited by Edward Howard Griggs. (B. W. Huebsch, 1911.) Book contains five articles by Brent.
  • 1924 In Memoriam Robert Hallowell Gardiner: September 9, 1855 – June 15, 1924 (Boston, s.n., 1924)
  • 1925 Making the World Safe for Peace: Commencement Address June tenth, nineteen hundred twenty-five (New York, 1925)
  • 1925 Understanding, Being an Interpretation of the Universal Christian Conference on Life and Work, Held in Stockholm, August 15–30, 1925 (Longmans, Green and Co., 1925)
  • 1925 World conference on faith and order: Announcement of meeting in Washington, D.C., May 1925 (Typewritten, 1925)
  • 1925 The Christian Way Toward Unity (The Secretariat, 1925)
  • 1930 The Commonwealth: Its Foundations and Pillars (D. Appleton, 1930)
  • 1930 A Victor: Nathaniel Bowditch Potter (Marshall Jones Co., 1930)
  • 1943 A Day-book Chosen From the Writings of Charles Henry Brent, 1862-1929 (Forward Movement, 1943.)
  • 1949 Things that Matter: The Best Writings of Bishop Brent, edited by Frederick Ward Kates. [Contents include: Things That Matter, That They all May be One, Man's Meeting with God, The Last Great Adventure, and a biographical sketch of Bishop Brent.] (Harper & Brothers, 1949)
  • 1952 Prayers of Bishop Brent: Servant of the Universal Church, Apostle of Christian Unity, Friend of Humanity (Forward Movement Publications, 1952)
  • 1956 Walking with God: A Devotional Miscellany from the Unpublished Personal Papers of Bishop Charles Henry Brent, (Church Historical Society Publications, 1956)
  • 1965 No Other Wealth: The Prayers of a Modern-Day Saint Bishop Charles Henry Brent 1862–1929, edited by Frederick Ward Kates (The Upper Room, 1965)
  • 2003 What is Dying?, Ben Ecclestone (Illustrator), (Souvenir Press Ltd., 2003)

Individual sermons by Brent edit

  • 1901 In Whom Was No Guile: a Sermon Preached in Memory of Henry Martyn Torbert, Minister of Saint Stephen's Church, Boston, Massachusetts on Sunday, October 6, 1901 (Merrymount Press, 1901).
  • 1917 The Commonwealth of Mankind: a Sermon Preached in St. Paul's Cathedral, April 20, 1917, at a Solemn Service to Almighty God on the Occasion of the Entry of the United States of America into the Great War for Freedom, Attended by their Majesties the King and Queen and the American Ambassador (London: A. R. Mowbray, 1917).
  • 1921 The Peace of Christ; from a Sermon Preached in Trinity Church, Buffalo, New York, Palm Sunday (s.n., 1921),
  • 1926 The Authority of Christ, a sermon by Charles Henry Brent, Bishop of Western New York in 1926.
  • 1927 The Call to Unity: A Sermon to be Preached in the Cathedral, Lausanne, Switzerland on August 3, 1927 (The Secretariat, 1927)

Works about Brent edit

Books and Pamphlets

  • William Thomas Manning, Address of William T. Manning, at the memorial service for the Right Reverend Charles Henry Brent, at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, Sunday, April 28th, 1929 (n.p. 1929)
  • James J. Halsema, Bishop Brent's Baguio School: The first 75 Years (Brent School Inc., 1988)
  • Eleanor Slater, Charles Henry Brent: Everybody's Bishop (Morehouse Publishing, 1932)
  • Alexander C. Zabriskie, Bishop Brent: Crusader for Christian Unity (Westminster Press, 1948).
  • Frederick W. Kates, Charles Henry Brent: Ambassador of Christ (SCM Press, Ltd., 1948)
  • Frederick Ward Kates, Lo, I come to do thy will, O God: An appreciation of Bishop Charles Henry Brent (1862–1929) (Church Historical Society Publications, 1959)
  • Leopold Damrosch, Charles Henry Brent in the Philippines (Pioneer Builders for Christ, 1956)
  • Kenton J. Clymer, Protestant Missionaries in the Philippines, 1898–1916: An Inquiry into the American Colonial Mentality (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1986). Book includes important material on Brent.
  • Handbooks on the Missions of the Episcopal Church, No. III. Philippine Islands (National Council of the Protestant Episcopal Church Department of Missions, 1923.)
  • Library of Congress. Manuscript Division, Bishop Charles Henry Brent: a register of his papers in the Library of Congress (University of Michigan Library, 1959)

Articles

  • Mark D. Norbeck, "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 168.
  • Kenton J. Clymer, "The Episcopalian Missionary Encounter with Roman Catholicism in the Philippines, 1901-1916" in Philippine Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1 (First Quarter 1980).
  • Eugene C. Bianchi, "The Ecumenical Thought of Bishop Charles Brent" in Church History 33 (December 1964: 448–61).
  • Michael C. Reilly, "Charles Henry Brent: Philippine Missionary and Ecumenist" in Philippine Studies 24 (1976: 303–25).
  • Mark D. Norbeck, The Protestant Episcopal Church in the City of Manila, Philippine Islands, from 1898 to 1918: An Institutional History (M.A. thesis, University of Texas at El Paso, 1992)
  • Emma J. Portuondo, The Impact of Bishop Charles Henry Brent upon American Colonial and Foreign Policy, 1901-1917 (Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University of America, 1969)
  • Leon G. Rosenthal, Christian Statesmanship in the First Missionary-Ecumenical Generation (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1989).
  • Upbuilding the Wards of the Nation: the Work of Charles H. Brent, of the Philippine Islands (New York City: Harmony Club of America, 1913)

References edit

  1. ^ Episcopal Church Glossary: Charles Henry Brent.
  2. ^ For All the Saints Prayers and Readings for Saints' Days According to the Calendar of the Book of Alternative Services of the Anglican Church of Canada.
  3. ^ Charles Henry Brent
  4. ^ Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 4, 10. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  5. ^ Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996),163. and Episcopal Church Glossary: Charles Henry Brent. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  6. ^ A. H. Humble, The School on the Hill: Trinity College School, 1865-1965 (Trinity College School, 1965), 48.
  7. ^ a b For All the Saints Prayers and Readings for Saints' Days According to the Calendar of the Book of Alternative Services of the Anglican Church of Canada (ABC Publishing, Anglican Book Centre, 2007), 126.
  8. ^ James J. Halsema, Bishop Brent's Baguio School: The First 75 Years (Brent School Special Edition, 1988), 4.
  9. ^ Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 4–5. Retrieved October 17, 2016. and Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 163. and David Hein and Gardiner H. Shattuck, Jr., The Episcopalians (Praeger, 2003), 174.
  10. ^ a b Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 4. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  11. ^ Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 163. and Episcopal Church Glossary: Charles Henry Brent. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  12. ^ a b David Shavit, The United States in Asia: A Historical Dictionary (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990), 57.
  13. ^ a b c d e f James Hastings Nichols, Review of Alexander C. Zabriskie, Bishop Brent: Crusader for Christian Unity in The Journal of Religion, Volume 29, Number 1 (Jan., 1949).
  14. ^ Eleanor Slater, Charles Henry Brent: Everybody's Bishop (Morehouse Publishing, 1932), 123-124.
  15. ^ a b c d Episcopal Church Glossary: Charles Henry Brent. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  16. ^ Eleanor Slater, Charles Henry Brent: Everybody's Bishop (Morehouse Publishing, 1932), 114–115.
  17. ^ a b David Hein and Gardiner H. Shattuck, Jr., The Episcopalians (Praeger, 2003), 174.
  18. ^ Episcopal Church Glossary: Charles Henry Brent. Retrieved October 22, 2016. and Brent to Buffalo 1887. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  19. ^ Eleanor Slater, Charles Henry Brent: Everybody's Bishop (Morehouse Publishing, 1932), 9. and Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 5. Retrieved October 17, 2016. and Alexander C. Zabriskie, Bishop Brent: Crusader for Christian Unity (Westminster Press, 1948), 24.
  20. ^ Alexander C. Zabriskie, Bishop Brent: Crusader for Christian Unity (Westminster Press, 1948), 14.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 163.
  22. ^ Episcopal Church Glossary: Charles Henry Brent. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  23. ^ Alexander C. Zabriskie, Bishop Brent: Crusader for Christian Unity (Westminster Press, 1948), 29-31.
  24. ^ Alexander C. Zabriskie, Bishop Brent: Crusader for Christian Unity (Westminster Press, 1948), 31.
  25. ^ The Churchman, Volume 84, Oct 5, 1901 issue (Churchman Company, 1901), 458.
  26. ^ Episcopal Church Glossary: Charles Henry Brent. Retrieved October 22, 2016. and Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 163. and Alexander C. Zabriskie, Bishop Brent: Crusader for Christian Unity (Westminster Press, 1948), 32-37. and Eleanor Slater, Charles Henry Brent: Everybody's Bishop (Morehouse Publishing, 1932), 13-14. and Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 5. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  27. ^ Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 5. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  28. ^ a b Hans J. Hillerbrand, Encyclopedia of Protestantism: Volume One (Routledge, 2004), 489.
  29. ^ a b c d e Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 164.
  30. ^ Eleanor Slater, Charles Henry Brent: Everybody's Bishop (Morehouse Publishing, 1932), 16.
  31. ^ Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 164. and Episcopal Church Glossary: Charles Henry Brent. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  32. ^ "Spanish American War." Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  33. ^ George E. DeMille, The Episcopal Church Since 1900: a Brief History (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1955), 1-2.
  34. ^ George E. DeMille, The Episcopal Church Since 1900: a Brief History (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1955), 2-3.
  35. ^ George E. DeMille, The Episcopal Church Since 1900: a Brief History (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1955), 3.
  36. ^ George E. DeMille, The Episcopal Church Since 1900: a Brief History (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1955), 5.
  37. ^ Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 168, note 8.
  38. ^ David Hein and Gardiner H. Shattuck, Jr., The Episcopalians (Praeger, 2003), 104-105.
  39. ^ a b For All the Saints Prayers and Readings for Saints' Days According to the Calendar of the Book of Alternative Services of the Anglican Church of Canada (ABC Publishing, Anglican Book Centre, 2007), 126. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  40. ^ a b George E. DeMille, The Episcopal Church Since 1900: a Brief History (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1955), 4.
  41. ^ George E. DeMille, The Episcopal Church Since 1900: a Brief History (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1955), 4. and Kenton J. Clymer, "The Episcopalian Missionary Encounter with Roman Catholicism in the Philippines, 1901–1916" in Philippine Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1 (First Quarter 1980), 95.
  42. ^ a b c d e James Kiefer, "Biographical Sketch of Brent." Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  43. ^ Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 164. and George E. DeMille, The Episcopal Church Since 1900: a Brief History (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1955), 4-5. and David Shavit, The United States in Asia: A Historical Dictionary (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990), 57.
  44. ^ Bishop Brent. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  45. ^ George E. DeMille, The Episcopal Church Since 1900: a Brief History (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1955), 5-6.
  46. ^ Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 164. and George E. DeMille, The Episcopal Church Since 1900: a Brief History (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1955), 5.
  47. ^ George E. DeMille, The Episcopal Church Since 1900: a Brief History (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1955), 8.
  48. ^ George E. DeMille, The Episcopal Church Since 1900: a Brief History (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1955), 6-7. and Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 166. and James Kiefer, "Biographical Sketch of Brent." Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  49. ^ a b George E. DeMille, The Episcopal Church Since 1900: a Brief History (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1955), 9.
  50. ^ The Telegraph-Herald, December 5, 1913. Mrs. Lorillard Spencer to Philippines as Missionary. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  51. ^ Eleanor Slater, Charles Henry Brent: Everybody's Bishop (Morehouse Publishing, 1932), 23.
  52. ^ a b c Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 166.
  53. ^ George E. DeMille, The Episcopal Church Since 1900: a Brief History (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1955), 10. and Annual Report of the Board of Missions for the Fiscal Year - September 1, 1913 to September 1, 1914 (The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Episcopal Church), 15.
  54. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 10, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  55. ^ a b c Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 7. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  56. ^ "100 years of drug control."
  57. ^ Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 7. Retrieved October 17, 2016. and "Charles Henry Brent vs. Julia Chester Emery" March 7, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  58. ^ Kenton J. Clymer, "The Episcopalian Missionary Encounter with Roman Catholicism in the Philippines, 1901–1916" in Philippine Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1 (First Quarter 1980), 91.
  59. ^ Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 6–7. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  60. ^ Heather A. Warren, Religion in America: Theologians of a New World Order: Reinhold Niebuhr and the Christian Realists, 1920-1948 (Oxford University Press, 1997), 16. and "World Conference on Faith and Order, Lausanne, 1927." and Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 167.
  61. ^ a b c d Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 167.
  62. ^ a b "Address of the Right Reverend Charles H. Brent" (1910), 3–4, 6.
  63. ^ Alexander C. Zabriskie, Bishop Brent: Crusader for Christian Unity (Westminster Press, 1948), 28–29.
  64. ^ Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 5–6. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  65. ^ Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 7.
  66. ^ George E. DeMille, The Episcopal Church Since 1900: a Brief History (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1955), 10.
  67. ^ Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 7–8.
  68. ^ a b "Charles Henry Brent, Bishop." Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  69. ^ Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 8. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  70. ^ Eleanor Slater, Charles Henry Brent: Everybody's Bishop (Morehouse Publishing, 1932), 35. and "Charles Henry Brent vs. Julia Chester Emery" March 7, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  71. ^ James Hastings Nichols, Review of Alexander C. Zabriskie, "Bishop Brent: Crusader for Christian Unity" in The Journal of Religion, Volume 29, Number 1 (Jan., 1949).
  72. ^ Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 6. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  73. ^ Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 166. and The Living Church, Volume 117 (Morehouse-Gorham, September 19, 1948), 24. and Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 7. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  74. ^ W. Hubert Bierck, "Philippines: The Mountain Missions" in Living Church, Vol. 111 (November 11, 1945, 9-11.
  75. ^ Eleanor Slater, Charles Henry Brent: Everybody's Bishop (Morehouse Publishing, 1932), 35.
  76. ^ Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 8. Retrieved October 17, 2016. and "Charles Henry Brent vs. Julia Chester Emery" March 7, 2014. and Episcopal Church Glossary: Charles Henry Brent. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  77. ^ Review of G. Sherman Burrows The Diocese of Western New York, 1897–1931 by E. Clowes Chorley in the Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church Vol. 5, No. 1 (March, 1936), 71–72.
  78. ^ George Sherman Burrows, The Diocese of Western New York, 1897–1931 (Diocese of Western New York, 1935), 238.
  79. ^ Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 8. Retrieved October 17, 2016. and The Living Church, Volume 117 (Morehouse-Gorham, September 19, 1948), 24.
  80. ^ Eleanor Slater, Charles Henry Brent: Everybody's Bishop (Morehouse Publishing, 1932), 37-38. and Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 167. and Bernard Iddings Bell, "The Battle for the Church’s Colleges" in The Living Church, Volume 126, June 28, 1953 (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1953), 9-10. and Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 8-9. Retrieved October 17, 2016. and Federal Council Bulletin, Volumes 4-6, June-July, 1923 (Religious Publicity Service of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, 1921), 6. and David Hein and Gardiner H. Shattuck, Jr., The Episcopalians (Praeger, 2003), 174.
  81. ^ a b Joseph Fort Newton, Best Sermons 1926 (Harcourt Brace, 1926).
  82. ^ "World Conference on Faith and Order, Lausanne, 1927."
  83. ^ a b Bernard Iddings Bell, "The Battle for the Church's Colleges" in The Living Church, Volume 126, June 28, 1953 (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1953), 9–10.
  84. ^ Alexander C. Zabriskie, Bishop Brent: Crusader for Christian Unity (Westminster Press, 1948), 15–16.
  85. ^ a b Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 9. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  86. ^ Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 167. and G. Scott Cady and Christopher L. Webber, Year with American Saints (Church Publishing, 2006), 488. and James Kiefer, "Biographical Sketch of Brent." Retrieved October 24, 2016. and "Charles Henry Brent vs. Julia Chester Emery" March 7, 2014.
  87. ^ J. Robert Nelson, "After 50 Years: We remember this summer the achievement of Bishop Brent, one of the men credited with the rise of the modern ecumenical movement" in The Living Church, Volume 175 (August 21, 1977), 11.
  88. ^ a b David Hein and Gardiner H. Shattuck, Jr., The Episcopalians (Praeger, 2003), 175.
  89. ^ a b Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 9-10. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  90. ^ Alexander C. Zabriskie, Bishop Brent: Crusader for Christian Unity (Westminster Press, 1948), 183.
  91. ^ Eleanor Slater, Charles Henry Brent: Everybody's Bishop (Morehouse Publishing, 1932), 45.
  92. ^ Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 10. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  93. ^ "Charles Henry Brent, Bishop." Retrieved October 24, 2016. and Eleanor Slater, Charles Henry Brent: Everybody's Bishop (Morehouse Publishing, 1932), 45.
  94. ^ Trinity College School Record October 1946-August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 10. Retrieved October 17, 2016. and James Kiefer, "Biographical Sketch of Brent." Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  95. ^ Mar k D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 167–168.
  96. ^ a b The Living Church, Volume 118, February 20, 1949 (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1949), 20.
  97. ^ a b G. Scott Cady and Christopher L. Webber, A Year with American Saints (Church Publishing, 2006), 448-449.
  98. ^ Tribute of the Church of England in Canada at Memorial Service for Bishop Brent, April 24, 1929.
  99. ^ "Tribute of the Church of England in Canada at Memorial Service for Bishop Brent, April 24, 1929".
  100. ^ "Tribute of the Church of England in Canada at Memorial Service for Bishop Brent, April 24, 1929".
  101. ^ Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints (Church Publishing Inc., 2010), 293.
  102. ^ a b Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints (Church Publishing Inc., 2010), 292.
  103. ^ The (Online) Book of Common Prayer or http://www.episcopalchurch.org/sites/default/files/downloads/book_of_common_prayer.pdf
  104. ^ For All the Saints Prayers and Readings for Saints’ Days According to the Calendar of the Book of Alternative Services of the Anglican Church of Canada (ABC Publishing, Anglican Book Centre, 2007), 126.
  105. ^ Alexander C. Zabriskie, Bishop Brent: Crusader for Christian Unity (Westminster Press, 1948), 8.
  106. ^ Brent International School. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
  107. ^ Trinity College School Record October 1946 – August 1947 (Trinity College School, 1946), 4, 7. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  108. ^ Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 168.
  109. ^ Sermon by Brent, 1926. Retrieved October 24, 2016.

External links edit

  • Works by Charles Brent at Project Gutenberg
  • Works by or about Charles Brent at Internet Archive
  • Documents by and about Brent from Project Canterbury
  • Charles Henry Brent profile
  • "Career of the Rev. C. H. Brent" in the New York Times
  • "Filipinos Do Not Like Americans" says Bishop Brent" in the New York Times

January 01, 1970
charles, brent, charles, henry, brent, april, 1862, march, 1929, episcopal, church, first, missionary, bishop, philippine, islands, 1902, 1918, chaplain, general, american, expeditionary, forces, world, 1917, 1918, bishop, episcopal, church, diocese, western, . Charles Henry Brent April 9 1862 March 27 1929 was the Episcopal Church s first Missionary Bishop of the Philippine Islands 1902 1918 Chaplain General of the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I 1917 1918 and Bishop of the Episcopal Church s Diocese of Western New York 1918 1929 3 The historian and Episcopal minister Frederick Ward Kates characterised him as a gallant daring and consecrated soldier and servant of Christ who was one of modern Christendom s foremost leaders prophets and seers 4 The Right ReverendCharles Henry BrentD D LL D 4th Bishop of Western New YorkChurchEpiscopal ChurchDioceseWestern New YorkElectedJanuary 18 1918In office1919 1929PredecessorWilliam D WalkerSuccessorDavid L FerrisOrdersOrdinationMarch 6 1887by Arthur SweatmanConsecrationDecember 19 1901by William Croswell DoanePersonal detailsBorn 1862 04 09 April 9 1862Newcastle Ontario CanadaDiedMarch 27 1929 1929 03 27 aged 66 Lausanne SwitzerlandBuriedBois de Vaux CemeteryNationalityBorn CanadianNaturalized AmericanDenominationAnglicanParentsHenry Brent amp Sophia Frances CummingsPrevious post s Bishop of the Missionary District of the Philippine Islands 1901 1918 Alma materTrinity College TorontoSainthoodFeast dayThe Episcopal Church s Liturgical Calendar commemorates Brent on March 27 1 The Anglican Church of Canada commemorates Brent on March 27 as Charles Henry Brent Bishop of the Philippines and of Western New York 1929 2 Contents 1 Early life and education 1 1 Education 1 2 Ordination 2 Ministry 2 1 Buffalo 2 2 Boston 2 3 Social gospel 2 4 1901 a milestone 3 Missionary Bishop 3 1 The demographics 3 2 Long interim 3 3 A clear cut missionary policy 3 4 Manila 3 5 Fought opium use 3 6 Back home 3 7 Attitude toward Roman Catholic church in the Philippines 3 8 Ecumenical movement 3 9 1910 address at Howard University 3 10 Chaplain of the American Expeditionary Forces 3 11 Return to United States 3 12 Evaluation of Brent s mission strategy 3 13 Destruction in World War II 4 Return to New York 4 1 Brent s predecessor and successor 4 2 Extremely active within his diocese and away from it 4 3 1925 The Authority of Christ sermon 4 4 Work for Episcopal Church colleges 4 5 Reflections on the twenty fifth anniversary of his consecration 4 6 Work for Church unity 5 Death and legacy 5 1 Somewhat improved 5 2 Things that Matter 5 3 Memorial services 5 4 Commemorated in two liturgical calendars 5 5 Degrees and decorations 5 6 Brent International School 6 Notes 7 Works 7 1 Books pamphlets and reports by Brent 7 2 Individual sermons by Brent 7 3 Works about Brent 8 References 9 External linksEarly life and education editCharles Henry Brent was born on April 9 1862 in Newcastle Ontario He was the third of ten children of the Reverend Henry Brent who was the Anglican rector in Newcastle for forty two years and Sophia Francis Brent 5 By his own account Brent s childhood in the rural village was a happy and secure one 6 Education edit Brent was educated in Ontario 7 He planned his education to prepare him for the ordained ministry First Brent attended the town s public schools until 1880 Second Brent s college preparation was done in 1880 1881 at Trinity College School in Port Hope Ontario a Third he attended Trinity College Toronto where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in classical honors in 1884 Throughout his education Brent was both a gifted and apt scholar and a formidable athlete After graduating from Trinity College he returned to Port Hope where from 1884 to 1886 he both taught at Trinity College School and studied privately for ordination 9 Ordination edit From Brent s earliest memories he felt called to the ordained ministry He once said I do not recall an instant of my life when I aspired to any vocation excepting that of the Ministry but on one brief occasion when I faced the possibility of becoming a musician As a boy at school the Ministry seemed to me the one vocation worth considering Were I again on the threshold of life I would choose as I have chosen 10 Brent was ordained a deacon on March 21 1886 in the Anglican Diocese of Toronto in the Anglican Church of Canada in 1886 However there were no openings for him in his diocese so he looked for a position in the United States In 1887 he was ordained to the priesthood on March 6 1887 After that he was called to his first ministerial position in Buffalo New York 11 Ministry editBefore being elected bishop Brent had pastorates in Buffalo New York and Boston Massachusetts During that time he was naturalized as a United States citizen 12 Throughout his ministry Brent was essentially a pastor with a prophetic vision 13 His biographer Eleanor Slater wrote that Brent was born a poet he made himself a prophet 14 Brent was also a popular preacher 15 His biographer Eleanor Slater wrote that Brent gradually learned to be a great preacher His eloquence was the eloquence of simplicity of self forgetfulness of the inner compulsion to share his treasure 16 Buffalo edit In 1884 Brent accepted a position as curate and organist at St John s Church Buffalo in the Diocese of Western New York He remained in that position until 1887 17 In 1887 Brent was ordained to the priesthood on March 6 and accepted a position as a curate at St Paul s Episcopal Church now cathedral in Buffalo He was assigned to St Andrew s Mission Chapel in Buffalo 18 While at St Andrew s Brent placed candles on the altar but the bishop of the diocese Arthur Coxe ordered him to remove them As a result Brent resigned and moved to Boston Later he explained his resignation I did not set such store by the candles as I did by my rights as a priest 19 Boston edit In 1887 Brent had met and been influenced by Father Hall a member of the Society of St John the Evangelist an Anglican monastic order often called the Cowley Fathers Thus when he resigned his St Andrew s assignment Brent moved to the Cowley monastery in Boston 20 The Cowley Fathers placed Brent in charge of St Augustine s chapel which had been built to minister to African Americans living in the West End of Boston 21 Leaving monastery Brent lived and worked with the Society of St John the Evangelist from 1888 until 1891 but he never took monastic vows 22 It is likely that Brent would have taken his final vows and become a member of the order if a disagreement had not occurred between the Father Superior of the order in England and the Boston house The disagreement had to do with the election of Phillips Brooks as Bishop of Massachusetts which was opposed by the Father Superior The Father Superior s highhandedness led Brent to leave the order 23 Time with Cowley Fathers was crucial The years he spent with the Cowley Fathers 1888 1891 were crucial to Brent s spiritual formation The monks taught him how to live an ordered and disciplined spiritual life These lessons were invaluable for his future ministry 24 Thirty five later Brent reflected that the lessons he learned from the Cowley Fathers were so sound and inspiring that I could covet it for every young priest More specifically he said that the daily meditation was a severe and joyous task Meditating on the love of Jesus Christ the application to modern life of principles by which He lived and the overwhelming importance of the unseen were instilled into my being in a manner and to a degree from which there is thirty five years later no escape 21 St Stephen s 1891 1901 After leaving the Cowley monastery Brent s bishop Phillips Brooks appointed him to serve as assistant minister at what had been an abandoned church St Stephen s Church Boston St Stephen s was in one of Boston s poorest neighborhoods the South End of Boston Brent ministered in St Stephen s from 1891 until 1901 Under the leadership of Brent and the rector Father Henry Martyn Torbert the parish flourished After Torbert s death on September 29 1901 b Brent served as rector for two months before his election as bishop 26 During the ten years of their work together Brent and Torbert had built St Stephen s into an impressive mission Its physical plant was expanded to include a parish house a settlement house a rescue mission a lodging house and a wood and coal yard that allowed men to earn money for their meals and housing for the night The purpose of these ministries was to minister to the physical mental and spiritual needs of people in the loving spirit of Christian neighborliness 21 Regarding Brent s ministry in St Stephen s Frederick Ward Kates one of Brent s biographers wrote that Brent s humble work in a struggling parish in a crowded neighborhood of underprivileged people proved good schooling for his naturally aristocratic mind These years deepened not only his ideas of religion but also his insight into human character He came to know people all sorts of people 27 Social gospel edit As Brent ministered in Boston s slums he became receptive to the social gospel then in vogue with urban churches throughout the United States 21 In his theology of the social gospel Brent held that the church was responsible for all of society and that society would be regenerated by its participation in the life of the church Therefore for Brent the purpose of the Christian mission was to renew the spiritual social and economic life of a people 28 Brent was influenced by F D Maurice and other Anglican Socialists During his Boston days he made friends with American Christian Socialists William Dwight Porter Bliss and Vida Dutton Scudder and with leaders of the settlement movement Brent s theology of social reform was based on Jesus two great commandments to love God and to love one s neighbor These commandments can be read in full at Jesus two great commandments Regarding these two commandments Brent wrote in his first book With God in the World 1900 God never considers men apart from but always as part of a great social order a social order that is not a concourse of independent units but a body instinct with life a society which is not an organization but an organism Therefore in Brent s theology the command to love one s neighbor applied to the whole of humanity 21 1901 a milestone edit The year 1901 was a milestone for Brent He suffered losses in the death of his mother and the death of his friend and fellow worker Torbert He also had new opportunities The Reverend William S Rainsford rector of the prestigious St George s Episcopal Church Manhattan offered Brent a position on the staff He was elected to the faculty of the University of the South The General Theological Seminary in New York City was seriously considering him for the position of dean 29 While all these opportunities were in the works on October 11 1901 Brent was elected by the Episcopal Church s General Convention meeting in San Francisco as the first missionary bishop of the Philippines He was both elated and terrified 29 He was notified of his election by a telegram Brent recounts receiving the telegram He was sitting at lunch with friends and they looked in an atlas to see where the Philippines actually were 30 Because with the exceptions of Liberia China and Japan the Episcopal Church was for the most part apathetic about foreign missions it was only after confiding with close friends and after many days of prayer Brent accepted the post On December 19 1901 in Emmanuel Episcopal Church Boston Brent was consecrated as the Episcopal Church s first Missionary Bishop of the Philippines He remained in that position until February 19 1918 31 Missionary Bishop editAfter the United States won the Spanish American War Spain ceded the Philippines to United States on December 10 1898 32 After the United States annexed the Philippines the colony became an Episcopal Church missionary district on October 2 1901 by action of the Episcopal Church s General Convention meeting in San Francisco 33 The demographics edit When the United States gained control of the Philippines there was a population of seven and a half million inhabitants ninety percent of whom were Roman Catholic The Church of Rome had been there for three centuries under the Spaniards But the Roman Church was unpopular for two reasons The Church had been closely linked with the unpopular Spanish Government and because the Dominicans Franciscans and Augustinians together had owned some four hundred thousand acres of land which they held in a sort of feudal tenure 34 In addition to the Roman Catholics there were three pagan groups 35 In northern Luzon thousands of head hunting Igorots practiced their pagan religion In the southern islands three hundred thousand Moro people were Muslims of an extremely militant type In Manila itself the Chinese community of shopkeepers was almost entirely non Christian This was the religious situation in the missionary district of which Brent had been elected bishop Here he would labor for seventeen years to minister to the Christians to build up the Episcopal church to convert the non Christians and to end the opium traffic throughout Southeast Asia 7 Long interim edit After Brent s consecration on December 19 1901 it was eight months before he arrived in the Philippines He was busy during this time doing things that included the following He studied the situation and developed plans and policies for the work of the mission 29 He raised money for the work that included two substantial gifts of money totaling 120 000 36 He made important contacts with government officials This included meetings with President Theodore Roosevelt and his cabinet as well as William Howard Taft who had been appointed governor of the Philippines 29 He worked on a long standing personal matter Brent was in love with Mary the only name he wrote in his diaries c He also wrote that she declared her love for him Nevertheless they agreed that it would be best not to marry However they continued to send love letters to each other In several letters Brent proposed to Mary but she always refused Brent wrote about this refusal in his diaries I have everything Mary s love yet nothing no hope of marriage The correspondence came to an end on August 29 1904 when Mary wrote another hand has come into my life Brent s reaction was immersing himself in his work and devoting himself to a life of celibacy His celibacy resulted in loneliness frequently left him depressed in later life 29 Regarding the annexation of the Philippines by the United States in 1898 President William McKinley said that his decision to do so was directly linked to his religious faith He believed it would not be right to return the island to Catholic Spain or for the Philippine people to rule themselves He decided that it would be best to educate the Filipinos and uplift and civilize and Christianize them as our fellow men for whom Christ died In line with McKinley s decision the Episcopal Church s 1898 General Convention constituted the territory as a missionary district Brent believed that properly trained and taught Filipinos could adopt Western customs and thereby become good Episcopalians 38 Brent s ministry was congruent with the reasons that McKinley gave for annexing the Philippines During his seventeen years as missionary bishop he focused on bringing Christianity to the pagan tribes who lived in the northern part of the island 39 Brent sailed for the islands in 1902 on the same ship with the new Governor General William Howard Taft whom he had previously met During the voyage Brent demonstrated his ability to deal with American administrators For the rest of his life governors and generals found Brent to be a wise counselor and a spiritual guide 40 A clear cut missionary policy edit Brent arrived in Manila on August 25 1902 with the clear cut missionary policy which he had formulated during the eight months interim before he left the United States His policy included the following 40 He saw the American military personnel administrators civil servants and teachers as his first responsibility They were the people who held power and many of them were Episcopalians Brent wanted them to be governed by Christian principles He disagreed with the Protestant missionaries who tried to proselytize the Roman Catholics In 1908 Brent lamented when will Christians learn that proselytizing from other Christian churches is hateful to our Lord Nevertheless Brent treated the Protestant missionaries with courtesy Brent s policy directed missionary work toward the three major groups of non Christians 41 These three groups were 1 the Chinese community in Manila 2 the Igorots of the mountains of northern Luzon and 3 the Muslims who lived in the southern islands 42 Manila edit In accordance with his policy Brent immediately began to develop the Anglo American congregation in Manila Using some of the more than 120 000 he had raised and brought with him he purchased property in Manila on which to build a cathedral and a hospital On January 25 1906 the cornerstone of the cathedral was laid In 1907 the building was completed and consecrated It could seat one thousand people and it became the center for many activities One of the activities was the Columbia Club It was located in the cathedral s parish house with a basketball court tennis courts bowling alleys showers and a swimming pool The Club sometimes had more than 450 members 43 Also as part of his ministry in Manila Brent served as the first president of the University of the Philippines in Manila 44 The Chinese Of the three non Christian groups toward which Brent s policy directed missionary efforts the nearest to Manila was the Chinese community in the city so the effort was directed to this group first 42 Therefore three months after his arrival Brent opened a mission to the Chinese population of Manila who were virtually untouched by Christianity This work grew steadily and certainly 45 Applied social gospel In his theology of the social gospel Brent held that the purpose of the Christian mission was to renew the spiritual social and economic life of a people 28 He applied this theology to a crowded slum which lay just outside of official Manilla The slum was populated mostly by Roman Catholic Filipinos The Episcopal church started a settlement house out of which grew an orphanage numerous boys and girls clubs sewing classes and a profitable secondhand exchange This was followed by a dispensary that later developed into St Luke s Medical Center and St Luke s Church which was used both as a hospital chapel and mission to the native Filipinos of Manila In spite of his opposition to proselytizing Brent said that if this work brought Filipinos into the Episcopal fold so be it However if the Filipinos returned to the Church of Rome that also deserved his benediction 46 Summer capital of Baguio In Manila there is a long hot and humid season The American colony there faced two problems how to endure the hot and humid season and how to educate their children without sending back to the United States The government solved the climate problem by establishing a summer capital at Baguio a cool location in northern Luzon Brent recognized Baguio as an ideal location a school for the education of the children of English speaking parents Here he established two schools Easter School for Igorot boys who show signs of superior intelligence and capacity for leadership was opened in 1906 The cost of the school was raised by Brent That same year he established a school for the children of English speaking parents This school was later called the Brent School 47 The Igorots One of three non Christian groups Brent focused on converting was the pagan head hunting Igorots of the mountains of Luzon In 1903 Brent took a journey through this wild and inaccessible territory He traveled by train by horse and mule by chair and on foot As a result of the journey Brent envisioned a chain of mountain stations to carry the Church s teaching from Manila all the way to the northern coast As a step toward implementing his vision a mission church was established for the Bontoc Tribe of the Igorots in the Bontoc Mountain Province where they lived The Bontoc missionaries wrote the first Igorot grammars which were published by the government 48 The Moros Another of the three non Christian groups Brent focused on converting was the Muslims who lived in the southern Sulu Archipelago 42 Spain had fought the Moros who were Muslims and included a gang of pirates throughout its three hundred years of occupation without a peaceful settlement Brent did not want the United States to continue this futile policy As an effort to effect a peaceful settlement between the United States and the Muslims Brent visited them Government officials warned him that he was risking his life but he made the visit without military escort and succeeded in winning some measure of their confidence 49 The visit that effected Brent s winning a measure of confidence in him was planned by Brent in collaboration with the government William Howard Taft the American governor and friend of Brent also wanted a peaceful settlement A meeting with the pirates was negotiated On the day of the meeting both an armed naval ship and a small unarmed boat from the ship went out to meet the Moro pirates Before the Moro s boats would come closer the ship had to depart the scene and leave the small boat alone to meet the pirates Brent and his co worker Mrs Lorillard Spencer d were in the boat unarmed Some of the pirates jumped into the small boat heavily armed and plotting murder Brent stood up threw his penknife down on the deck He pointed to the knife and said You call yourselves brave men There is the only weapon I have You came aboard my boat in the presence of an unarmed white man and a defenseless white woman as my guests heavily armed Shame faced the pirates put their weapons down on the deck with Brent s penknife 51 Brent felt that the Moro mission was so important that when the Episcopal church s Board of Mission decided not allocate money for the mission he made the Moro mission his personal enterprise and raised money from friends at home 52 With the money he had raised and with the measure of confidence effected by his meeting with the pirates Brent was able to begin his mission to the Moros In 1905 he dedicated the Mission of the Holy Trinity Zamboanga on the island of Mindanao The mission provided the first contact between the Episcopal Church s missionaries of the Moro people 49 Converting the Moro Muslim was so difficult that Brent decided to try an indirect approach By 1914 a hospital had been built The hospital was located at Zamboanga City It was the only hospital for a native population of 80 000 people The next step was establishing a Moro settlement school for women and girls It opened in 1914 In 1916 the Moro Agricultural School opened on Jolo island After that the Willard Straight Agricultural School in Indanan was opened Teaching the Moros how to prosper by farming turned them from piracy 53 Fought opium use edit William Howard Taft arrived in the Philippines as the American Governor on the same ship with Brent 42 One problem Taft faced was what to do about the opium problem Governor Taft supported continuing the policy of the Spaniards that included issuing narcotics addicts licenses and legally supplying them with opium However this policy was opposed on moral grounds by two American clergy one of whom was Brent Their position prevailed so the United States Congress ordered an end to all legal sales of opium by 1908 54 Brent s opposition made him a world figure in the fight against opium traffic 13 In Brent s view opium was the greatest evil in Filipino society so he went all out to stop its use He served on a three man commission to investigate the use of and traffic in opium and the laws regarding such use and traffic in Japan Formosa Shanghai Hong Kong Saigon Singapore Burma Java and the Philippine Islands The commission had its first meeting on August 13 1903 After months of gathering information and deliberation the commission presented its recommendations on March 15 1904 In summary recommendation was for opium to become a government monopoly immediately this to become prohibition except for medical purposes after three years The commission s recommendation was made law by the United States Congress 55 Brent s work against opium continued with the February 1909 International Opium Commission in Shanghai He was chief commissioner of the American delegation and he presided over the meeting and it which was dominated by his leadership and vision 55 Brent s work against opium made him an international figure and statesman 52 In 1912 an international opium conference adopted the International Opium Convention the world s first international drug control treaty was passed in the Hague 56 Brent was the chairman of the American delegation to this conference 55 Back home edit During his time in the Philippines Brent was elected four times by dioceses in the States Beginning in 1908 he was called three times to be Bishop of Washington He was also elected as bishop of New Jersey Brent declined all these elections After his 1908 election to be Bishop of Washington Brent sent a telegram to the chairman of the standing committee Must decline I would have gone but God bids me stay John 3 30 57 Attitude toward Roman Catholic church in the Philippines edit Brent disapproved proselytizing Roman Catholics because of doctrinal reasons He saw considerable value in Roman Catholic theology so he supported cooperation at first However after eighteen months in the Philippines Brent expressed almost complete disillusionment with the Roman Catholic church 58 Ecumenical movement edit In the first part of the twentieth century Christians began to seek the reconciliation of their divided churches Brent believed in Ecumenism and was one of the leaders of this movement 39 Brent s observation of the serious need for church unity while in the Philippines resulted in his working for it during his time as missionary bishop of the Philippines and as bishop of Western New York that is for the rest of his life 59 At first Brent worked for interdenominational co operation Later he worked for organic union 13 Brent once wrote that the unity of Christendom is not a luxury but a necessity It is absurd to aim at a united mankind or even a united Christian civilization and to be content with a divided Church 42 While bishop of the Philippines Brent attended the 1910 World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh and came to believe that a reunited church was possible within a century 13 The Edinburgh Conference called for global evangelism and ecumenism Brent was inspired by this call but he was also frustrated by the lack of discussion about the divisive differences between the churches in their doctrines and orders He believed that these faith and order issues had to be dealt with before genuine unity could be achieved Therefore during the conference he proposed a conference on the faith and order of the church which would address these issues After returning to the United States as a follow up he presented his proposal to the Episcopal church s 1910 General Convention Brent s proposal was unanimously adopted and a commission was set up to implement it The banker J P Morgan an active Episcopalian was so taken by the idea of such a conference that he donated 100 000 toward its cost The Episcopal commission worked hard to bring about Brent s desire for a faith and order conference 60 After his participation in the Edinburgh Conference Brent became even more of an international celebrity in religious circles 61 From the Edinburgh Conference through the 1927 Lausanne Conference Brent was considered the animating spirit of the Faith and Order Movement 13 1910 address at Howard University edit nbsp Charles Henry Brent1910 photo in New York Times In November 1910 Brent gave an address at Howard University an historically black school in Washington D C 62 His prior assignments had prepared Brent for such an occasion During his time with the Cowley fathers in Boston Brent was assigned to St Augustine s Mission for Negroes It was an early schooling for Brent in the spiritual care of colored folk as preparation for working with people of other races in the Philippines This ministry also increased his conviction that the Christian Gospel could overcome all the human divisions of race and culture 63 After his assignment at St Augustine s Brent had ministered ten years 1891 1901 as assistant minister at St Stephen s Mission Boston 17 During his ten years at St Stephen s he came to believe in the essential value of every man of whatever race or color or creed In the Philippines this belief was deepened He wrote that it was among the pagan peoples that I learned that equality before God of all men which I count to be the chief treasure I have honestly made my own in my life time 64 Brent s belief in the equality before God of all men was reflected in his address at Howard University He asserted that God s intention for mankind is that it should be a wonderfully diversified family a family at unity with itself Within this diversity Brent said that all of us are seeking manhood This said Brent is the one thing that God gave us the capacity for which will differentiate us from all the rest of creation and from the very angels in heaven God gave mankind the capacity but no man ever gained manhood no woman ever gained womanhood without fighting for it Given the necessity of fighting for it Brent challenged the students to determine above all else to reach the highest goal to reach the goal of manhood and having gained manhood you have gained the best thing that God or the world can bestow upon you 62 Chaplain of the American Expeditionary Forces edit By the beginning of the first World War Brent was a world renowned figure a friend of national leaders in many countries a citizen of the world a foremost leader in the affairs of his Church 65 In 1917 he left the Philippines permanently because of ill health 12 Brent suffered from recurring heart attacks that left him temporarily incapacitated However he refused to reduce his work load As an example Brent resigned as the missionary bishop of the Philippines on October 20 1917 Then he began an even more stressful work in Europe as the Senior Headquarter s Chaplain of the American Expeditionary Forces 61 nbsp Brent 2nd from Right while Chief of Chaplains of the American Expeditionary Forces 1917 1918 General John J Pershing was Commander of the American Expeditionary Forces He knew Brent he had been baptized and confirmed by him in the Philippines 66 Pershing invited Brent to be the Chief of Chaplains of the American Expeditionary Forces Although Brent was a lover of peace he accepted the invitation 67 He served in this capacity from 1917 to 1918 68 During his service Brent was sometimes called the khaki colored bishop He often functioned as a good will ambassador reconciling disagreements between organizations and between nations especially between Great Britain and the United States Brent was chosen in 1918 by Pershing to deliver the General s message to the men on the American and British ships stationed in the North Sea He convinced the French government to take action against the organized vice which threatened the morality of the army 69 Return to United States edit While he was serving as Chief of Chaplains Brent was elected as bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Western New York on October 2 1917 just over a year before the Armistice on November 11 1918 Brent s health was broken he could not return to the unhealthy climate of Manila so he accepted He took up residence and his duties in 1919 70 Evaluation of Brent s mission strategy edit During his fifteen years as Missionary Bishop of the Philippines Brent wrote fourteen books and became the most persuasive spokesman for missions in the Episcopal church 71 On the positive side Brent s leadership effected a strong Episcopal Church in the Philippines During his time as bishop 1901 1918 hospitals churches schools for boys and girls mission stations and a great cathedral center were established 72 On the less positive side there were significant problems 52 There was the difficulty of staffing the programs initiated by Brent There was frequent turnover and he had to turn to army and civil service personnel many of whom were not Episcopalians for replacements Brent s original plan was for a diocese centered on Manila However the size of the diocese plus the cost and dangers of travel made this plan impractical Furthermore if the indigenous Episcopalians did travel to Manila for meetings their differences in language and social customs rendered communication difficult Brent was often away from the Philippines about a fourth of the time His critics called him the bishop from the Philippines Many of his absences were trips were to the United States occasioned by death in his family poor health triennial General Conventions and the constant need for fund raising Also because he was a leader in the crusade against the opium trade he attended meetings away from the Philippines 73 Destruction in World War II edit In the fall of 1945 Chaplain W Hubert Bierck visited the area where the Igorot people live to assess the damage done and the repairs that had been done by the United States Army Corps of Engineers since the Japanese surrendered on August 15 1945 He found that in Baguio the Easter School founded by Brent in 1906 was badly damaged In Sagada St Mary s Church the houses where mission people lived and the boys school were all totally destroyed In Bontoc Mountain Province the church was damaged beyond repair On the positive side Bierck noted that in the whole Ingorot area there were Christian adult women and men some of whom had been children when Bishop Brent explored the region and started missions and schools some forty years earlier 74 Return to New York editAfter Brent finished his service as senior chaplain of the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I he did not return to his missionary diocese in the Philippines He was elected the fourth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Western New York on October 2 1917 15 By then Brent s health had so deteriorated that remaining in the Philippines was no longer viable so this time he accepted an election by a diocese in the States 75 After his election Brent was given an acknowledgment service in St Paul s Cathedral Buffalo on February 7 1919 He assumed his duties on February 19 1918 The diocese granted him an assistant the next year when The Rev David Lincoln Ferris D D of Rochester was consecrated his suffragan 76 Before becoming bishop of the Diocese of Western New York Brent had become the most widely influential Episcopal clergyman in the United States 13 Brent s predecessor and successor edit MC Brent s predecessor was William David Walker Walker opposed association with other Christian denominations He controlled his clergy with an iron hand Brent differed from Walker in points of view and methods of administration Brent supported working with other denominations He removed Walker s inhibitions on diocesan clergy Rather than controlling his clergy with an iron hand as Walker did Brent led by precept and example 77 Brent s successor David Lincoln Ferris said that in serving with Brent he was serving with one of the greatest men in the Episcopate 78 Extremely active within his diocese and away from it edit Within his diocese in order to fulfill his duties and diocesan bishop Brent had to keep so many appointments that he was known for driving over the speed limit to make them 61 Although the diocese suffered because Brent was away so often working on the causes to which he committed himself the diocese was proud to have as its bishop a man of such stature Not only was the diocese proud that its bishop was a man of such stature Brent s mistakes absences and limited acquaintance with his diocese were overcome by the greatness and inspiration of his person 79 Away from his diocese he worked for Christian unity and for world peace His away activities included the following 80 Served on the board of overseers of Harvard University Delivered the Duff Lectures at Edinburgh in 1921 President Harding appointed Brent as a member of the Advisory Committee on Narcotics of the League of Nations in Geneva Switzerland in 1923 and 1924 Served as chairman of the Sub Committee on International Affairs at the Universal Christian Conference on Life and Work in Stockholm in 1925 Served as titular Chancellor of Hobart College Geneva New York Served as Bishop in Charge of the American Episcopal Churches in Europe from 1926 to 1928 Elected President of the First World Conference on Faith and Order held at Lausanne in 1927 1925 The Authority of Christ sermon edit In 1925 Brent preached the sermon at the consecration of Ernest M Stires as Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Long Island The subject of the sermon was The Authority of Christ 81 At the time of this sermon Brent was involved in planning for the first World Conference on Faith and Order which he had proposed in 1910 while he was Missionary Bishop of the Philippines In 1925 he met with the planning committee in Stockholm Sweden to make final plans for the Conference that was held in 1927 in Lausanne Switzerland 82 In his sermon Brent summarized the belief that motivated his efforts in the ecumenical movement The unity of Christendom is no longer a beautiful dream It is a pressing necessity for the arousing of that passion for Christ which will be the most flaming thing in the world that certainty of voice and touch which will quell honest doubt and perplexity that fund of wisdom which will open up spiritual vistas such as now we only yearn for 81 Work for Episcopal Church colleges edit By the end of the first World War there were only five Episcopal colleges out of the great many which the Episcopal Church had established Because of their meager enrollments and financial difficulties it seemed that they would probably soon close Brent was determined that this would not be At this time Brent s had two priorities One was church unity which he pursued until his death The other was doing what he could to overcome the separation in America between secular education and the Christian religion by trying to convince the Episcopal Church to give financial support to its five remaining colleges As titular Chancellor of Hobart College Brent led the effort which got off to a good start with the 1922 General Convention budgeting 10 000 for each of the five colleges However the 1925 General Convention reduced the appropriation to 6 000 for each college and the 1928 General Convention appropriated nothing 83 In 1929 just before Brent sailed for that ecumenical journey in 1929 on which he died he gave an interview explaining why he believed church colleges were so important He described a Church college as one in which there is no dodging of facts no coloring of science but also and even more one in which Christ s revelation about the meaning of the universe and about the nature and destiny of man is assumed in all the teaching in the administration in the life of the place The faculty would know and respect the central convictions of Christianity and teach them Brent said that he would like to keep up his effort but that he knew he had not long to live 83 Reflections on the twenty fifth anniversary of his consecration edit In 1926 on the twenty fifth anniversary of his consecration as bishop Brent wrote For three things I am deeply grateful that I am Canadian born and bred that I had a mother who for character and spiritual culture was the peer of the best and that a country rectory where my father served for forty two years sheltered my young days From my Canadian breeding I got that fine just discipline which held within bounds a nature that could easily have gone on the rocks to my mother s wise and loving influence I owe all the good that is in me and it was my father s long rectorate in the little village where I was born that burned into my soul the high value of stability 84 Work for Church unity edit During his tenure as bishop of Western New York working for church unity often took him away from his diocese as it had when he was in the Philippines The unity of Christendom he declared is not a luxury but a necessity and the world will go limping until Christ s prayer that all may be one is answered During his years as a missionary bishop in the Philippines he had recognized that only a united Church could succeed in converting great nations He had seen for himself the waste of energy money personnel and the confusion and weakness of competing Christian bodies 85 From August 3 12 1927 the First World Conference on Faith and Order met in Lausanne Switzerland Preparation for the Conference had taken seventeen years Brent worked during that time as one of the organizers The Conference was attended by 406 delegates from 108 Christian denominations Brent was elected as presiding officer by a unanimous vote He opened the Conference by reminding the delegates that neither total agreement nor a federation of the denominations was their purpose Their purpose was he stated to learn to fellowship with one another to listen sympathetically and to open themselves to the guidance of the Holy Spirit This Brent asserted would be an important first step in a long pilgrimage to restore the true catholic church 86 Poor health The success of the conference was in large part the result of Brent s leadership His sense of humor his diplomatic skill and his patience kept the conference from breaking up on several occasions For Brent the conference was his finest hour but it was bittersweet His health was poor and he died less than two years after the conference on March 27 1929 61 Semi centennial commemoration A four day commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the 1927 first World Conference on Faith and Order was held in the summer of 1977 in Lausanne Brent was often mentioned 87 Critics Brent also had his critics It seemed to many that Brent s commitment to church unity resulted in his minimizing fundamentals of Christian doctrine His broad definition of the Catholic Church and his latitudinarianism with regard to Holy Orders were denounced 85 In 1928 Brent represented the Episcopal Church at Cosmo Gordon Lang s enthronement as archbishop of Canterbury on December 4 1928 88 He died in Europe without ever returning to his diocese Death and legacy editBrent preached his last sermon in Canterbury Cathedral in November 1928 Its subject was The Way to Peace 89 The last public appearance by Brent was as representative of the Episcopal Church at the enthronement of Cosmo Gordon Lang as archbishop of Canterbury on December 4 1928 88 After the enthronement following his physician Sir Thomas Barlow s advice Brent did not return to the United States Rather he stayed the next three months in the American Embassy in London as the guest of Ambassador Alanson B Houghton It was hoped that the rest would facilitate recovery 89 Sir Thomas told Brent that by living a restricted life he might live for years but that his heart might fail him at any time without warning 90 Somewhat improved edit Brent s rest in American Embassy seemed to have improved his health During this period in a letter to his diocese he said I am happy to think that by the time this greets your eyes I shall have once more taken up active work with you again The letter also contained in detail his plans for the next eight months 91 To further his health improvement in March 1929 Brent set out on a trip to the Mediterranean for a cruise with Sir Thomas Arriving in Paris on March 21 Brent called on General Pershing and attended service at Holy Trinity Church on Palm Sunday March 24 the last service he ever attended The next day Brent began his trip He stopped at Lausanne Switzerland where he died on March 27 1929 And so Lausanne became the final resting place for this gallant daring and consecrated soldier and servant of Christ 92 Brent was buried in the Bois de Vaux Cemetery Lausanne Switzerland 93 Lausanne had become the enduring symbol of Brent s greatest contribution to Christendom There Brent presided over the first World Conference on Faith and Order which met in Lausanne Switzerland August 3 12 1927 94 During his life Brent had become one of the most intrepid and gallant ambassadors of Christ the world has known for many years After his death the Christian world mourned the passing of a tall somewhat austere often deeply lonesome man who had grown during his lifetime into one of modern Christendom s foremost leaders prophets and seers 10 Brent was buried in the Bois de Vaux Cemetery Lausanne Switzerland 68 In a section of the Bois de Vaux cemetery that is reserved for distinguished foreigners there is a 7 3 granite grave marker The following epitaph is carved into the granite under a large Celtic Cross Charles Henry Brent 1862 1929 A soldier of Christ A servant of Humanity An Apostle of Christian Unity Bishop of the Philippine Islands 1901 1918 Bishop of Western New York 1918 1929 Chief of Chaplains American Expeditionary Force 1917 1918 President First World Conference on Faith and Order 1927 Th epitaph indicates that Brent was a unique energetic multitalented leader of the modern church 21 By the time of his death Brent was probably the best known Episcopal clergyman since Phillips Brooks He left a lasting mark on the church Although Brent attended just one Faith and Order Conference before he died the Conferences on Faith and Order continued under a Continuation Committee led by Archbishop William Temple Bishop Yngve T Brilioth and until 1948 At that time Faith and Order became the Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches 95 Things that Matter edit On January 2 1929 Brent wrote in his diary that the title of his next book would be Things that Matter He did not have time to write the book but in the few weeks before he died in March he wrote an article addressed to the laity and clergy of his diocese and called Things that Matter The article deals with things that matter in this world and the next Brent said that he was writing from the edge of the grave 96 Two realities In the article Brent wrote that there are but two great realities in the whole universe the heart of God and the heart of man and each is ever seeking the other It is this that makes the adventure for God not an experiment but a certainty The appeal issuing from man s abysmal need is met by the amplitude of the divine supply 97 Prayer Regarding prayer Brent wrote 97 The thought of God keeping tryst with us is a winsome thought When we go to pray God has already come to the meeting place We are never there first The great thing to remember is that God being Who He is is more ready to hear than we to pray more eager to give than we to receive more active to find us than we to find Him God is ever seeking man His ear is more sensitive to the words His heart to the desires of men then the aspen leaf on a summer breeze than the compass needle to the call of the poles The essence of prayer is desire forming itself into hope and aspiration and mounting up into effort in the direction of the unattained Prayer is the address made by human personality to that which it is desired to establish affiliations It is a movement of the whole being which reaches after the heart s desire One may say that the real end of prayer is not so much to get this or that single desire granted so much as to put human life in full and joyful conformity with the will of God Conclusion Brent concluded the article with these words 96 My solemn conviction born of years of pain and struggle confirmed as I skirt eternity is that what I have said in the foregoing pages must form the main background for the truly Christian life It is the kernel of the matter All else however important is of a subordinate nature If you have in a sincere soul as your permanent ideal the great principles on which I have touched and if you pursue them with terrible meekness you will accomplish a work greater than that of empire builders or world statesmen Memorial services edit Two memorial services for Brent were held in the Diocese of Western New York One was held in St Paul s Cathedral Buffalo New York on April 24 1929 The preacher was the Rt Rev A C A Hall D D the Bishop of the Diocese of Vermont The other service was in the eastern part of the diocese on May 10 It was held in Christ Church Rochester The preacher was the Rt Rev James E Freeman D D the Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington 98 At the St Paul s Cathedral service the Rt Rev James Sweeny D D bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Toronto delivered two messages from the Church of England in Canada The message from the Missionary Society expressed their admiration of the greatness and power of Brent s life as one of the foremost Missionary Leaders and Christian Statesmen of this age The message from Diocese of Toronto s Clergy and Laity said in part by his international work on behalf of World Peace of Christian Unity Faith and Order and of the restriction of the Opium traffic Dr Brent made his influence felt as widely as that of any living Churchman 99 At Brent s memorial service on April 24 1929 he was recognized as one of the foremost Missionary Leaders and Christian Statesmen of his age 100 Commemorated in two liturgical calendars edit Brent is commemorated in the Episcopal Church s Liturgical Calendar on March 27 15 The collect for his commemoration is as follows Heavenly Father whose Son prayed that we all might be one deliver us from arrogance and prejudice and give us wisdom and forbearance that following your servant Charles Henry Brent we may be united in one family with all who confess the Name of your Son Jesus Christ who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit one God now and for ever 101 dd dd dd In addition to being commemorated a prayer for mission in Morning Prayer in the Book of Common Prayer Rite 1 on page 58 Rite 2 on page 101 was written by Brent 102 The Rite 2 version of Brent s prayer is as follows 103 Lord Jesus Christ you stretched out your arms of love on the hard wood of the cross that everyone might come within the reach of your saving embrace So clothe us in your Spirit that we reaching forth our hands in love may bring those who do not know you to the knowledge and love of you for the honor of your Name Amen dd dd dd The Anglican Church of Canada also commemorates Brent on March 27 as Charles Henry Brent Bishop of the Philippines and of Western New York 1929 104 The historian James Thayer Addison characterized Brent as a a saint of disciplined mental vigor one whom soldiers were proud to salute and whom children were happy to play with who could dominate a parliament and minister to an invalid a priest and bishop who gloried in the heritage of his Church yet who stood among all Christian brothers as one who served He was everywhere an ambassador for Christ 102 Degrees and decorations edit Brent was awarded degrees and decorations as follow 105 Doctor of Divinity Toronto 1901 King s College 1907 Harvard 1913 Yale 1919 Glasgow 1920 Trinity College Hartford 1921 Doctor of Sacred Theology Columbia 1920 Doctor of Laws Rochester 1922 Union College 1924 Toronto 1924 New York University 1925 Companion of the Order of Leopold Belgium Officer of the Legion of Honor France nbsp Brent School in Baguio Shows plagues about Brent s founding the school in both English and Tagalog Distinguished Service Medal United States conferred by General Pershing Brent International School edit Brent went to the Philippines as missionary bishop with a three pronged mission one of which was education In fulfillment of this mission in 1909 Brent founded the Brent International School at first named Baguio School in Baguio The school was patterned on schools in the United States such as the Groton School Girls were admitted in 1925 which made Brent the first co educational day and boarding school in East Asia Today there are two other campuses one in Manila and one in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone 106 For 2016 information about the school and its history click on Brent School nbsp Saints portalNotes edit Trinity College School had been founded in 1865 by The Reverend William A Johnson as an attempt to recreate a classical Anglican public school James J Halsema describes life at Trinity College School as Brent probably it Masters and boys followed a strenuous program that began at 6 30 a m and ended with an evening study hall from 7 30 to 9 00 p m Study of the classics the Bible and theology was emphasized Sports were cricket and rugby rather than baseball the candy store was called a tuck shop and the student military drill association members swore red coats for this was very much a part of the British Empire 8 The Rev Henry Martyn Torbert rector of St Stephen s church Boston Mass died on Sunday Sept 29 1901 at Toronto Ontario where he was spending his vacation He was born in Newtown Penn and was fifty six years of age at the time of his death He was graduated from Princeton University and subsequently from the General Theological Seminary in the class of 1873 25 Brent edited any mention of Mary out of his diaries with ink and a blue crayon and none of their correspondence survives Fortunately for the historian the original writing has bled through over the years and much of it can be read with the aid of a magnifying glass 37 After the death of her husband Mrs Lorillard Spencer volunteered as an Episcopal Church missionary in the Philippines Her work was on the island of Jolo and its goal was to convert the Muslim population to Christianity 50 Works editBrent was a widely published author 15 He was a gifted writer and commanding preacher During the time that Brent served in the Philippine Islands 1902 1918 he made frequent trips back to the United States He used these long sea voyages for reading meditation and writing 107 The list of his works below shows some twenty writings published during his time in the Philippines Books pamphlets and reports by Brent edit Brent published more than twenty books 108 His books reveal a man equally absorbed in the problems and mysteries of the inner life 109 1896 The Spirit and Work of the Early Christian Socialists Publications of the Church Social Union 1896 1899 With God in the World A Series of Papers Longmans Green and Co 1899 1904 The Consolations of the Cross Addresses on the Seven Words of the Dying Lord Longmans Green and Co 1904 1904 The Splendor of the Human Body A Reparation and an Appeal Longmans Green and Co 1904 1905 Adventure for God The Paddock Lectures Longmans Green and Co 1905 1905 Report of the committee appointed by the Philippine Commission to investigate the use of opium and the traffic therein and the rules ordinances and laws regulating such use and traffic in Japan Formosa Shanghai Hongkong Saigon Singapore Burmah Java and the Philippine Islands Others on the Commission were co authors United States Government Printing Office 1905 1906 Liberty and Other Sermons Longmans Green and Co 1907 With God in Prayer G W Jacobs 1907 1908 Leadership The William Belden Noble Lectures delivered at Sanders theater Harvard University December 1907 Longmans Green and Co 1908 1908 The Mind of Christ Jesus in the Church of the Living God Longmans Green and Co 1908 1910 Addresses by the Right Reverend Charles H Brent bishop of the Philippines Mr Dwight O W Holmes A M Dr Elmer E Brown United States commissioner of education President Taft on University Training Howard University Press 1910 1914 Presence Longmans Green and Co 1914 1915 Adventure for God Longmans Green and Co 1915 1915 The Revelation of Discovery Longmans Green and Co 1915 1915 The Inspiration of Responsibility and Other Papers Longmans Green and Co 1915 These papers and addresses with a few exceptions have been printed separately or else in current journals 1915 Prisoners of Hope and Other Sermons Longmans Green and Co 1915 1916 A Master Builder Being the Life and Letters of Henry Yates Satterlee First Bishop of Washington Longmans Green and Co 1916 1916 The Conquest of Trouble and the Peace of God Musings by the Right Rev C H Brent H Rees 1916 1918 The Mount of Vision Being a Study of Life in Terms of the Whole Longmans Green and Co 1918 1919 The Sixth Sense Its Cultivation and Use edited by Edward Howard Griggs B W Huebsch 1911 Book contains five articles by Brent 1924 In Memoriam Robert Hallowell Gardiner September 9 1855 June 15 1924 Boston s n 1924 1925 Making the World Safe for Peace Commencement Address June tenth nineteen hundred twenty five New York 1925 1925 Understanding Being an Interpretation of the Universal Christian Conference on Life and Work Held in Stockholm August 15 30 1925 Longmans Green and Co 1925 1925 World conference on faith and order Announcement of meeting in Washington D C May 1925 Typewritten 1925 1925 The Christian Way Toward Unity The Secretariat 1925 1930 The Commonwealth Its Foundations and Pillars D Appleton 1930 1930 A Victor Nathaniel Bowditch Potter Marshall Jones Co 1930 1943 A Day book Chosen From the Writings of Charles Henry Brent 1862 1929 Forward Movement 1943 1949 Things that Matter The Best Writings of Bishop Brent edited by Frederick Ward Kates Contents include Things That Matter That They all May be One Man s Meeting with God The Last Great Adventure and a biographical sketch of Bishop Brent Harper amp Brothers 1949 1952 Prayers of Bishop Brent Servant of the Universal Church Apostle of Christian Unity Friend of Humanity Forward Movement Publications 1952 1956 Walking with God A Devotional Miscellany from the Unpublished Personal Papers of Bishop Charles Henry Brent Church Historical Society Publications 1956 1965 No Other Wealth The Prayers of a Modern Day Saint Bishop Charles Henry Brent 1862 1929 edited by Frederick Ward Kates The Upper Room 1965 2003 What is Dying Ben Ecclestone Illustrator Souvenir Press Ltd 2003 Individual sermons by Brent edit 1901 In Whom Was No Guile a Sermon Preached in Memory of Henry Martyn Torbert Minister of Saint Stephen s Church Boston Massachusetts on Sunday October 6 1901 Merrymount Press 1901 1917 The Commonwealth of Mankind a Sermon Preached in St Paul s Cathedral April 20 1917 at a Solemn Service to Almighty God on the Occasion of the Entry of the United States of America into the Great War for Freedom Attended by their Majesties the King and Queen and the American Ambassador London A R Mowbray 1917 1921 The Peace of Christ from a Sermon Preached in Trinity Church Buffalo New York Palm Sunday s n 1921 1926 The Authority of Christ a sermon by Charles Henry Brent Bishop of Western New York in 1926 1927 The Call to Unity A Sermon to be Preached in the Cathedral Lausanne Switzerland on August 3 1927 The Secretariat 1927 Works about Brent edit Books and Pamphlets William Thomas Manning Address of William T Manning at the memorial service for the Right Reverend Charles Henry Brent at the Cathedral of St John the Divine Sunday April 28th 1929 n p 1929 James J Halsema Bishop Brent s Baguio School The first 75 Years Brent School Inc 1988 Eleanor Slater Charles Henry Brent Everybody s Bishop Morehouse Publishing 1932 Alexander C Zabriskie Bishop Brent Crusader for Christian Unity Westminster Press 1948 Frederick W Kates Charles Henry Brent Ambassador of Christ SCM Press Ltd 1948 Frederick Ward Kates Lo I come to do thy will O God An appreciation of Bishop Charles Henry Brent 1862 1929 Church Historical Society Publications 1959 Leopold Damrosch Charles Henry Brent in the Philippines Pioneer Builders for Christ 1956 Kenton J Clymer Protestant Missionaries in the Philippines 1898 1916 An Inquiry into the American Colonial Mentality Urbana Univ of Illinois Press 1986 Book includes important material on Brent Handbooks on the Missions of the Episcopal Church No III Philippine Islands National Council of the Protestant Episcopal Church Department of Missions 1923 Library of Congress Manuscript Division Bishop Charles Henry Brent a register of his papers in the Library of Congress University of Michigan Library 1959 Articles Mark D Norbeck The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 168 Kenton J Clymer The Episcopalian Missionary Encounter with Roman Catholicism in the Philippines 1901 1916 in Philippine Studies Vol 28 No 1 First Quarter 1980 Eugene C Bianchi The Ecumenical Thought of Bishop Charles Brent in Church History 33 December 1964 448 61 Michael C Reilly Charles Henry Brent Philippine Missionary and Ecumenist in Philippine Studies 24 1976 303 25 Mark D Norbeck The Protestant Episcopal Church in the City of Manila Philippine Islands from 1898 to 1918 An Institutional History M A thesis University of Texas at El Paso 1992 Emma J Portuondo The Impact of Bishop Charles Henry Brent upon American Colonial and Foreign Policy 1901 1917 Ph D dissertation Catholic University of America 1969 Leon G Rosenthal Christian Statesmanship in the First Missionary Ecumenical Generation Ph D dissertation University of Chicago 1989 Upbuilding the Wards of the Nation the Work of Charles H Brent of the Philippine Islands New York City Harmony Club of America 1913 References edit Episcopal Church Glossary Charles Henry Brent For All the Saints Prayers and Readings for Saints Days According to the Calendar of the Book of Alternative Services of the Anglican Church of Canada Charles Henry Brent Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 4 10 Retrieved October 17 2016 Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 163 and Episcopal Church Glossary Charles Henry Brent Retrieved October 22 2016 A H Humble The School on the Hill Trinity College School 1865 1965 Trinity College School 1965 48 a b For All the Saints Prayers and Readings for Saints Days According to the Calendar of the Book of Alternative Services of the Anglican Church of Canada ABC Publishing Anglican Book Centre 2007 126 James J Halsema Bishop Brent s Baguio School The First 75 Years Brent School Special Edition 1988 4 Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 4 5 Retrieved October 17 2016 and Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 163 and David Hein and Gardiner H Shattuck Jr The Episcopalians Praeger 2003 174 a b Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 4 Retrieved October 17 2016 Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 163 and Episcopal Church Glossary Charles Henry Brent Retrieved October 22 2016 a b David Shavit The United States in Asia A Historical Dictionary Greenwood Publishing Group 1990 57 a b c d e f James Hastings Nichols Review of Alexander C Zabriskie Bishop Brent Crusader for Christian Unity in The Journal of Religion Volume 29 Number 1 Jan 1949 Eleanor Slater Charles Henry Brent Everybody s Bishop Morehouse Publishing 1932 123 124 a b c d Episcopal Church Glossary Charles Henry Brent Retrieved October 22 2016 Eleanor Slater Charles Henry Brent Everybody s Bishop Morehouse Publishing 1932 114 115 a b David Hein and Gardiner H Shattuck Jr The Episcopalians Praeger 2003 174 Episcopal Church Glossary Charles Henry Brent Retrieved October 22 2016 and Brent to Buffalo 1887 Retrieved October 24 2016 Eleanor Slater Charles Henry Brent Everybody s Bishop Morehouse Publishing 1932 9 and Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 5 Retrieved October 17 2016 and Alexander C Zabriskie Bishop Brent Crusader for Christian Unity Westminster Press 1948 24 Alexander C Zabriskie Bishop Brent Crusader for Christian Unity Westminster Press 1948 14 a b c d e f Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 163 Episcopal Church Glossary Charles Henry Brent Retrieved October 22 2016 Alexander C Zabriskie Bishop Brent Crusader for Christian Unity Westminster Press 1948 29 31 Alexander C Zabriskie Bishop Brent Crusader for Christian Unity Westminster Press 1948 31 The Churchman Volume 84 Oct 5 1901 issue Churchman Company 1901 458 Episcopal Church Glossary Charles Henry Brent Retrieved October 22 2016 and Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 163 and Alexander C Zabriskie Bishop Brent Crusader for Christian Unity Westminster Press 1948 32 37 and Eleanor Slater Charles Henry Brent Everybody s Bishop Morehouse Publishing 1932 13 14 and Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 5 Retrieved October 17 2016 Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 5 Retrieved October 17 2016 a b Hans J Hillerbrand Encyclopedia of Protestantism Volume One Routledge 2004 489 a b c d e Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 164 Eleanor Slater Charles Henry Brent Everybody s Bishop Morehouse Publishing 1932 16 Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 164 and Episcopal Church Glossary Charles Henry Brent Retrieved October 22 2016 Spanish American War Retrieved November 2 2016 George E DeMille The Episcopal Church Since 1900 a Brief History Morehouse Gorham Company 1955 1 2 George E DeMille The Episcopal Church Since 1900 a Brief History Morehouse Gorham Company 1955 2 3 George E DeMille The Episcopal Church Since 1900 a Brief History Morehouse Gorham Company 1955 3 George E DeMille The Episcopal Church Since 1900 a Brief History Morehouse Gorham Company 1955 5 Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 168 note 8 David Hein and Gardiner H Shattuck Jr The Episcopalians Praeger 2003 104 105 a b For All the Saints Prayers and Readings for Saints Days According to the Calendar of the Book of Alternative Services of the Anglican Church of Canada ABC Publishing Anglican Book Centre 2007 126 Retrieved October 24 2016 a b George E DeMille The Episcopal Church Since 1900 a Brief History Morehouse Gorham Company 1955 4 George E DeMille The Episcopal Church Since 1900 a Brief History Morehouse Gorham Company 1955 4 and Kenton J Clymer The Episcopalian Missionary Encounter with Roman Catholicism in the Philippines 1901 1916 in Philippine Studies Vol 28 No 1 First Quarter 1980 95 a b c d e James Kiefer Biographical Sketch of Brent Retrieved October 24 2016 Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 164 and George E DeMille The Episcopal Church Since 1900 a Brief History Morehouse Gorham Company 1955 4 5 and David Shavit The United States in Asia A Historical Dictionary Greenwood Publishing Group 1990 57 Bishop Brent Retrieved October 17 2016 George E DeMille The Episcopal Church Since 1900 a Brief History Morehouse Gorham Company 1955 5 6 Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 164 and George E DeMille The Episcopal Church Since 1900 a Brief History Morehouse Gorham Company 1955 5 George E DeMille The Episcopal Church Since 1900 a Brief History Morehouse Gorham Company 1955 8 George E DeMille The Episcopal Church Since 1900 a Brief History Morehouse Gorham Company 1955 6 7 and Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 166 and James Kiefer Biographical Sketch of Brent Retrieved October 24 2016 a b George E DeMille The Episcopal Church Since 1900 a Brief History Morehouse Gorham Company 1955 9 The Telegraph Herald December 5 1913 Mrs Lorillard Spencer to Philippines as Missionary Retrieved November 6 2016 Eleanor Slater Charles Henry Brent Everybody s Bishop Morehouse Publishing 1932 23 a b c Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 166 George E DeMille The Episcopal Church Since 1900 a Brief History Morehouse Gorham Company 1955 10 and Annual Report of the Board of Missions for the Fiscal Year September 1 1913 to September 1 1914 The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Episcopal Church 15 King County Bar Association Drug Policy Project Drugs and the Drug Laws Historical and Cultural Contexts January 19 2005 16 17 PDF Archived from the original PDF on January 10 2017 Retrieved November 10 2016 a b c Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 7 Retrieved October 17 2016 100 years of drug control Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 7 Retrieved October 17 2016 and Charles Henry Brent vs Julia Chester Emery March 7 2014 Retrieved October 24 2016 Kenton J Clymer The Episcopalian Missionary Encounter with Roman Catholicism in the Philippines 1901 1916 in Philippine Studies Vol 28 No 1 First Quarter 1980 91 Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 6 7 Retrieved October 17 2016 Heather A Warren Religion in America Theologians of a New World Order Reinhold Niebuhr and the Christian Realists 1920 1948 Oxford University Press 1997 16 and World Conference on Faith and Order Lausanne 1927 and Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 167 a b c d Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 167 a b Address of the Right Reverend Charles H Brent 1910 3 4 6 Alexander C Zabriskie Bishop Brent Crusader for Christian Unity Westminster Press 1948 28 29 Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 5 6 Retrieved October 17 2016 Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 7 George E DeMille The Episcopal Church Since 1900 a Brief History Morehouse Gorham Company 1955 10 Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 7 8 a b Charles Henry Brent Bishop Retrieved October 24 2016 Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 8 Retrieved October 17 2016 Eleanor Slater Charles Henry Brent Everybody s Bishop Morehouse Publishing 1932 35 and Charles Henry Brent vs Julia Chester Emery March 7 2014 Retrieved October 24 2016 James Hastings Nichols Review of Alexander C Zabriskie Bishop Brent Crusader for Christian Unity in The Journal of Religion Volume 29 Number 1 Jan 1949 Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 6 Retrieved October 17 2016 Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 166 and The Living Church Volume 117 Morehouse Gorham September 19 1948 24 and Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 7 Retrieved October 17 2016 W Hubert Bierck Philippines The Mountain Missions in Living Church Vol 111 November 11 1945 9 11 Eleanor Slater Charles Henry Brent Everybody s Bishop Morehouse Publishing 1932 35 Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 8 Retrieved October 17 2016 and Charles Henry Brent vs Julia Chester Emery March 7 2014 and Episcopal Church Glossary Charles Henry Brent Retrieved October 22 2016 Review of G Sherman Burrows The Diocese of Western New York 1897 1931 by E Clowes Chorley in the Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church Vol 5 No 1 March 1936 71 72 George Sherman Burrows The Diocese of Western New York 1897 1931 Diocese of Western New York 1935 238 Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 8 Retrieved October 17 2016 and The Living Church Volume 117 Morehouse Gorham September 19 1948 24 Eleanor Slater Charles Henry Brent Everybody s Bishop Morehouse Publishing 1932 37 38 and Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 167 and Bernard Iddings Bell The Battle for the Church s Colleges in The Living Church Volume 126 June 28 1953 Morehouse Gorham Company 1953 9 10 and Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 8 9 Retrieved October 17 2016 and Federal Council Bulletin Volumes 4 6 June July 1923 Religious Publicity Service of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America 1921 6 and David Hein and Gardiner H Shattuck Jr The Episcopalians Praeger 2003 174 a b Joseph Fort Newton Best Sermons 1926 Harcourt Brace 1926 World Conference on Faith and Order Lausanne 1927 a b Bernard Iddings Bell The Battle for the Church s Colleges in The Living Church Volume 126 June 28 1953 Morehouse Gorham Company 1953 9 10 Alexander C Zabriskie Bishop Brent Crusader for Christian Unity Westminster Press 1948 15 16 a b Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 9 Retrieved October 17 2016 Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 167 and G Scott Cady and Christopher L Webber Year with American Saints Church Publishing 2006 488 and James Kiefer Biographical Sketch of Brent Retrieved October 24 2016 and Charles Henry Brent vs Julia Chester Emery March 7 2014 J Robert Nelson After 50 Years We remember this summer the achievement of Bishop Brent one of the men credited with the rise of the modern ecumenical movement in The Living Church Volume 175 August 21 1977 11 a b David Hein and Gardiner H Shattuck Jr The Episcopalians Praeger 2003 175 a b Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 9 10 Retrieved October 17 2016 Alexander C Zabriskie Bishop Brent Crusader for Christian Unity Westminster Press 1948 183 Eleanor Slater Charles Henry Brent Everybody s Bishop Morehouse Publishing 1932 45 Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 10 Retrieved October 17 2016 Charles Henry Brent Bishop Retrieved October 24 2016 and Eleanor Slater Charles Henry Brent Everybody s Bishop Morehouse Publishing 1932 45 Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 10 Retrieved October 17 2016 and James Kiefer Biographical Sketch of Brent Retrieved October 24 2016 Mar k D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 167 168 a b The Living Church Volume 118 February 20 1949 Morehouse Gorham Company 1949 20 a b G Scott Cady and Christopher L Webber A Year with American Saints Church Publishing 2006 448 449 Tribute of the Church of England in Canada at Memorial Service for Bishop Brent April 24 1929 Tribute of the Church of England in Canada at Memorial Service for Bishop Brent April 24 1929 Tribute of the Church of England in Canada at Memorial Service for Bishop Brent April 24 1929 Holy Women Holy Men Celebrating the Saints Church Publishing Inc 2010 293 a b Holy Women Holy Men Celebrating the Saints Church Publishing Inc 2010 292 The Online Book of Common Prayer or http www episcopalchurch org sites default files downloads book of common prayer pdf For All the Saints Prayers and Readings for Saints Days According to the Calendar of the Book of Alternative Services of the Anglican Church of Canada ABC Publishing Anglican Book Centre 2007 126 Alexander C Zabriskie Bishop Brent Crusader for Christian Unity Westminster Press 1948 8 Brent International School Retrieved October 30 2016 Trinity College School Record October 1946 August 1947 Trinity College School 1946 4 7 Retrieved October 17 2016 Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 168 Sermon by Brent 1926 Retrieved October 24 2016 External links editWorks by Charles Brent at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Charles Brent at Internet Archive Documents by and about Brent from Project Canterbury Charles Henry Brent profile Career of the Rev C H Brent in the New York Times Filipinos Do Not Like Americans says Bishop Brent in the New York Times Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Charles Brent amp oldid 1186870702, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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