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Charles David Keeling

January 06, 2023

Charles David Keeling (April 20, 1928 – June 20, 2005)[1][2] was an American scientist whose recording of carbon dioxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory[3] confirmed Svante Arrhenius's proposition (1896) of the possibility of anthropogenic contribution to the greenhouse effect and global warming, by documenting the steadily rising carbon dioxide levels. The Keeling Curve measures the progressive buildup of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, in the atmosphere.

Charles David Keeling
Keeling receives the Medal of Science in 2001
Born(1928-04-20)April 20, 1928
Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedJune 20, 2005(2005-06-20) (aged 77)
Hamilton, Montana, U.S.
CitizenshipAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Illinois
Northwestern University
Known forKeeling Curve
AwardsSecond Half Century Award, American Meteorological Society (1981)
Maurice Ewing Medal (1991)
Blue Planet Prize (1993)
National Medal of Science (2002)
Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement (2005)
Scientific career
FieldsAtmosphere
InstitutionsScripps Institution of Oceanography
Doctoral advisorMalcolm Dole

Early life and early career

Keeling was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, to Ralph Keeling and Grace L Keeling (née Sherberne). His father, an investment banker, excited interests of astronomy in a 5-year-old Charles, while his mother instilled a lifelong love of music. He graduated with a degree in chemistry from the University of Illinois in 1948. Charles Keeling earned a PhD in chemistry from Northwestern University in 1953 under Malcolm Dole, a polymer chemist. Most of Dole's graduates were going straight into the oil industry; Keeling "had trouble seeing the future this way" and had become interested in geology, for which he had acquired most of the undergraduate coursework during his PhD. Keeling had applied for postdoctoral positions as a chemist almost exclusively to geology departments "west of the continental divide." He received an offer from Harrison Brown who had recently started a geochemistry department at California Institute of Technology. He was a postdoctoral fellow in geochemistry there until he joined Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1956, and was appointed professor of oceanography there in 1968.[4]

At Caltech he developed the first instrument able to measure carbon dioxide in atmospheric samples with consistently reliable accuracy.[5] Keeling camped at Big Sur where he used his new device to measure the level of carbon dioxide and found that it had risen since the 19th century.

Work with Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 1958–2005

 
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations measured at Mauna Loa Observatory: The Keeling Curve.

Keeling worked at the Scripps Institution for 43 years during which time he published many influential papers.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Roger Revelle, the Director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, based at La Jolla, California, persuaded Keeling to continue his work there. Revelle was also one of the founders of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957–58 and Keeling received IGY funding to establish a base on Mauna Loa in Hawaii, two miles (3,000 m) above sea level.

Keeling started collecting carbon dioxide samples at the base in 1958.[3] By 1960, he had established that there are strong seasonal variations in carbon dioxide levels with peak levels reached in the late northern hemisphere winter. A reduction in carbon dioxide followed during spring and early summer each year as plant growth increased in the land-rich northern hemisphere. In 1961, Keeling produced data showing that carbon dioxide levels were rising steadily in what later became known as the "Keeling Curve".

In the early 1960s, the National Science Foundation stopped supporting his research, calling the outcome "routine". Despite this lack of interest, the Foundation used Keeling's research in its warning in 1963 of rapidly increasing amounts of heat-trapping gases. A 1965 report from President Johnson's Science Advisory Committee similarly warned of the dangers of extra heat-trapping gases, which cause the temperature of the Earth to rise.

The data collection started by Keeling and continued at Mauna Loa is the longest continuous record of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the world and is considered a reliable indicator of the global trend in the mid-level troposphere. Keeling's research showed that the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide grew from 315 parts per million (ppm) in 1958 to 380 (ppm) in 2005, with increases correlated to fossil fuel emissions. There has also been an increase in seasonal variation in samples from the late 20th century and early 21st century.

Personal life

Keeling was an enthusiastic outdoorsman who made many hiking and camping trips to the Western mountains, particularly the Cascade Mountains of Washington state. He was an active member of the Wilderness Society for much of his life.[15]

Keeling married Louise Barthold in 1954. They had five children, one of whom (Ralph Keeling) followed in his father's footsteps and was a climate scientist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Another one of his children, Eric Keeling, currently teaches biology at SUNY New Paltz.[16] Charles Keeling was also an accomplished classical pianist who almost chose a career in music. Keeling was a founding director of the University of California San Diego Madrigal Singers. He was also general chairman of the citizens committee which drafted the Del Mar General Plan (or "Community Plan") in 1975.[17]

Keeling died in 2005, aged 77, of a heart attack.

Legacy

  • At a White House ceremony held in July 1997, Keeling was presented with a "special achievement award" from Vice President Al Gore. Keeling was honored "for 40 years of outstanding scientific research associated with monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide in connection with Mauna Loa Observatory".
  • The Keeling Curve is "engraved in bronze on a building at Mauna Loa and carved into a wall at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington." It was also a chart on the wall in a classroom at Harvard University where Dr. Revelle had moved to teach in the 1960s and where among others, student Al Gore would see and "marvel" at it. In 2006, Gore featured the graph in the book and movie An Inconvenient Truth.[5]
  • Charles David Keeling Memorial Lecture Series, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, since 2010.
  • Keeling Lecture, University of Illinois, since 2010.
  • The Charles David Keeling apartments at Revelle College of the University of California San Diego, opened in 2011, were designed to emphasize environmental awareness and minimize ecological impact.
  • Dr Keeling's Curve (2014), one-man play written by George Shea and performed by Mike Farrell.[18]
  • The Keeling Curve Prize. Multiple awards presented annually by the Global Warming Mitigation Project since 2018.[19]

Memberships/fellowships

Keeling was a Guggenheim fellow at the Meteorological Institute, University of Stockholm (1961–62); a guest professor at the Second Physical Institute of the University of Heidelberg (1969–70) and the Physical Institute of the University of Bern (1979–80).

He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Geophysical Union, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

He was a member of the commission on global pollution of the International Association of Meteorology, and scientific director of the Central CO2 Calibration Laboratory of the World Meteorological Organization.

Selected publications

  • Keeling, Charles D. (1958). "The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide in Rural Areas". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 13: 322–334. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(61)90023-0.
  • Pales, Jack C.; Keeling, Charles David (1965). "The Concentration of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in Hawaii". Journal of Geophysical Research. 70 (24): 6053–6076. Bibcode:1965JGR....70.6053P. doi:10.1029/JZ070i024p06053.
  • Keeling, Charles D. (1970). "Is Carbon Dioxide from Fossil Fuel Changing Man's Environment?". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 114 (1): 10–17. JSTOR 985720.

See also

References

  1. ^ Harris, DC (2010). "Charles David Keeling and the story of atmospheric CO2 measurements". Analytical Chemistry. 82 (19): 7865–70. doi:10.1021/ac1001492. PMID 20536268.
  2. ^ Heimann, M (2005). "Obituary: Charles David Keeling 1928–2005". Nature. 437 (7057): 331. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..331H. doi:10.1038/437331a. PMID 16163339.
  3. ^ a b Rose Kahele. "Behind the Inconvenient Truth". Hana Hou! vol. 10, No. 5, October/November 2007.
  4. ^ Keeling, Charles D. (1998). "Rewards and Penalties of Monitoring the Earth". Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 23: 25–82. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.173.2051. doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.23.1.25.
  5. ^ a b Justin Gillis (December 21, 2010). "A Scientist, His Work and a Climate Reckoning". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
  6. ^ Keeling, Charles D. (1960). "The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere". Tellus. 12 (2): 200–203. Bibcode:1960Tell...12..200K. doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1960.tb01300.x. ISSN 2153-3490.
  7. ^ Nemani, RR; Keeling, CD; Myneni (2003). "Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999". Science. 300 (5625): 1560–3. Bibcode:2003Sci...300.1560N. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.630.1407. doi:10.1126/science.1082750. PMID 12791990. S2CID 9420050.
  8. ^ Clark, DA; Piper, SC; Keeling, CD; Clark, DB (2003). "Tropical rain forest tree growth and atmospheric carbon dynamics linked to interannual temperature variation during 1984–2000". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (10): 5852–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0935903100. PMC 156290. PMID 12719545.
  9. ^ Gruber, N; Keeling, CD; Bates, NR (2002). "Interannual variability in the North Atlantic Ocean carbon sink". Science. 298 (5602): 2374–8. Bibcode:2002Sci...298.2374G. doi:10.1126/science.1077077. PMID 12493911. S2CID 6469504.
  10. ^ Keeling, CD; Whorf, TP (2000). "The 1,800-year oceanic tidal cycle: A possible cause of rapid climate change". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (8): 3814–9. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.3814K. doi:10.1073/pnas.070047197. PMC 18099. PMID 10725399.
  11. ^ Keeling, CD; Whorf, TP (1997). "Possible forcing of global temperature by the oceanic tides". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (16): 8321–8. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.8321K. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8321. PMC 33744. PMID 11607740.
  12. ^ Keeling, CD (1997). "Climate change and carbon dioxide: An introduction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (16): 8273–4. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.8273K. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8273. PMC 33714. PMID 11607732.
  13. ^ Bacastow, RB; Adams, JA; Keeling, CD; Moss, DJ; Whorf, TP; Wong, CS (1980). "Atmospheric carbon dioxide, the southern oscillation, and the weak 1975 el nino". Science. 210 (4465): 66–8. Bibcode:1980Sci...210...66B. doi:10.1126/science.210.4465.66. PMID 17751153. S2CID 42802861.
  14. ^ Keeling, CD (1978). "Atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 19th century". Science. 202 (4372): 1109. Bibcode:1978Sci...202.1109K. doi:10.1126/science.202.4372.1109. PMID 17777967.
  15. ^ Paul M. Keeling, "The Path to Mauna Loa", Wilderness (2008): 12-14
  16. ^ "SUNY New Paltz | Eric Keeling". www3.newpaltz.edu. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  17. ^ Peter Kaye, San Diego Union-Tribune, "Plaque honors Del Mar planners" (June 24, 2007, retrieved May 25, 2015)
  18. ^ "'M*A*S*H' star takes on global warming in one-man show in Long Beach". Press-Telegram. November 4, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  19. ^ “The Keeling Curve Prize rewards a diverse selection of projects reducing greenhouse gas emissions or increasing carbon uptake.” Retrieved October 5, 2019.

Further reading

  • Weiner, Jonathan. The Next One Hundred Years: Shaping the Fate of Our Living Earth. New York: Bantam, 1990.
  • Matthews, Samuel W. “Under the Sun: Is Our World Warming?,” National Geographic 178(4) (October 1990), pp. 66–99.
  • Weart, Spencer R. The Discovery of Global Warming. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
  • Kolbert, Elizabeth. “The Climate of Man,” The New Yorker [three part series], April/May 2005.
  • Bowen, Mark. Thin Ice: Unlocking the Secrets of Climate Change in the World’s Highest Mountains. New York: Henry Holt, 2005.
  • Harris, Daniel C. “Charles David Keeling and the Story of Atmospheric CO2 Measurements?,” Analytical Chemistry 82(19) (2010), pp. 7865–70.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles David Keeling.
  • Scripps Institution of Oceanography: Obituary Notice
  • NPR Climate Connections: Climate change is clear atop Mauna Loa
  • Guardian obituary
  • "History of funding of Keeling's work". aip.org. American Institute of Physics. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
  • BBC, 50 years on: The Keeling Curve legacy
  • 50th Anniversary of Global CO2 Record, Symposium and Celebration, Kona HI
  • "Enter the Anthropocene: Climate Science in the Early 20th Century," Initial Conditions podcast, episode 2

January 06, 2023
charles, david, keeling, april, 1928, june, 2005, american, scientist, whose, recording, carbon, dioxide, mauna, observatory, confirmed, svante, arrhenius, proposition, 1896, possibility, anthropogenic, contribution, greenhouse, effect, global, warming, docume. Charles David Keeling April 20 1928 June 20 2005 1 2 was an American scientist whose recording of carbon dioxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory 3 confirmed Svante Arrhenius s proposition 1896 of the possibility of anthropogenic contribution to the greenhouse effect and global warming by documenting the steadily rising carbon dioxide levels The Keeling Curve measures the progressive buildup of carbon dioxide a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere Charles David KeelingKeeling receives the Medal of Science in 2001Born 1928 04 20 April 20 1928Scranton Pennsylvania U S DiedJune 20 2005 2005 06 20 aged 77 Hamilton Montana U S CitizenshipAmericanAlma materUniversity of IllinoisNorthwestern UniversityKnown forKeeling CurveAwardsSecond Half Century Award American Meteorological Society 1981 Maurice Ewing Medal 1991 Blue Planet Prize 1993 National Medal of Science 2002 Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement 2005 Scientific careerFieldsAtmosphereInstitutionsScripps Institution of OceanographyDoctoral advisorMalcolm Dole Contents 1 Early life and early career 2 Work with Scripps Institution of Oceanography 1958 2005 3 Personal life 4 Legacy 5 Memberships fellowships 6 Selected publications 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksEarly life and early career EditKeeling was born in Scranton Pennsylvania to Ralph Keeling and Grace L Keeling nee Sherberne His father an investment banker excited interests of astronomy in a 5 year old Charles while his mother instilled a lifelong love of music He graduated with a degree in chemistry from the University of Illinois in 1948 Charles Keeling earned a PhD in chemistry from Northwestern University in 1953 under Malcolm Dole a polymer chemist Most of Dole s graduates were going straight into the oil industry Keeling had trouble seeing the future this way and had become interested in geology for which he had acquired most of the undergraduate coursework during his PhD Keeling had applied for postdoctoral positions as a chemist almost exclusively to geology departments west of the continental divide He received an offer from Harrison Brown who had recently started a geochemistry department at California Institute of Technology He was a postdoctoral fellow in geochemistry there until he joined Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1956 and was appointed professor of oceanography there in 1968 4 At Caltech he developed the first instrument able to measure carbon dioxide in atmospheric samples with consistently reliable accuracy 5 Keeling camped at Big Sur where he used his new device to measure the level of carbon dioxide and found that it had risen since the 19th century Work with Scripps Institution of Oceanography 1958 2005 Edit Atmospheric CO2 concentrations measured at Mauna Loa Observatory The Keeling Curve Keeling worked at the Scripps Institution for 43 years during which time he published many influential papers 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Roger Revelle the Director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography based at La Jolla California persuaded Keeling to continue his work there Revelle was also one of the founders of the International Geophysical Year IGY in 1957 58 and Keeling received IGY funding to establish a base on Mauna Loa in Hawaii two miles 3 000 m above sea level Keeling started collecting carbon dioxide samples at the base in 1958 3 By 1960 he had established that there are strong seasonal variations in carbon dioxide levels with peak levels reached in the late northern hemisphere winter A reduction in carbon dioxide followed during spring and early summer each year as plant growth increased in the land rich northern hemisphere In 1961 Keeling produced data showing that carbon dioxide levels were rising steadily in what later became known as the Keeling Curve In the early 1960s the National Science Foundation stopped supporting his research calling the outcome routine Despite this lack of interest the Foundation used Keeling s research in its warning in 1963 of rapidly increasing amounts of heat trapping gases A 1965 report from President Johnson s Science Advisory Committee similarly warned of the dangers of extra heat trapping gases which cause the temperature of the Earth to rise The data collection started by Keeling and continued at Mauna Loa is the longest continuous record of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the world and is considered a reliable indicator of the global trend in the mid level troposphere Keeling s research showed that the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide grew from 315 parts per million ppm in 1958 to 380 ppm in 2005 with increases correlated to fossil fuel emissions There has also been an increase in seasonal variation in samples from the late 20th century and early 21st century Personal life EditKeeling was an enthusiastic outdoorsman who made many hiking and camping trips to the Western mountains particularly the Cascade Mountains of Washington state He was an active member of the Wilderness Society for much of his life 15 Keeling married Louise Barthold in 1954 They had five children one of whom Ralph Keeling followed in his father s footsteps and was a climate scientist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography Another one of his children Eric Keeling currently teaches biology at SUNY New Paltz 16 Charles Keeling was also an accomplished classical pianist who almost chose a career in music Keeling was a founding director of the University of California San Diego Madrigal Singers He was also general chairman of the citizens committee which drafted the Del Mar General Plan or Community Plan in 1975 17 Keeling died in 2005 aged 77 of a heart attack Legacy EditAt a White House ceremony held in July 1997 Keeling was presented with a special achievement award from Vice President Al Gore Keeling was honored for 40 years of outstanding scientific research associated with monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide in connection with Mauna Loa Observatory The Keeling Curve is engraved in bronze on a building at Mauna Loa and carved into a wall at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington It was also a chart on the wall in a classroom at Harvard University where Dr Revelle had moved to teach in the 1960s and where among others student Al Gore would see and marvel at it In 2006 Gore featured the graph in the book and movie An Inconvenient Truth 5 Charles David Keeling Memorial Lecture Series Scripps Institution of Oceanography since 2010 Keeling Lecture University of Illinois since 2010 The Charles David Keeling apartments at Revelle College of the University of California San Diego opened in 2011 were designed to emphasize environmental awareness and minimize ecological impact Dr Keeling s Curve 2014 one man play written by George Shea and performed by Mike Farrell 18 The Keeling Curve Prize Multiple awards presented annually by the Global Warming Mitigation Project since 2018 19 Memberships fellowships EditKeeling was a Guggenheim fellow at the Meteorological Institute University of Stockholm 1961 62 a guest professor at the Second Physical Institute of the University of Heidelberg 1969 70 and the Physical Institute of the University of Bern 1979 80 He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences the American Geophysical Union and the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a member of the National Academy of Sciences He was a member of the commission on global pollution of the International Association of Meteorology and scientific director of the Central CO2 Calibration Laboratory of the World Meteorological Organization Selected publications EditKeeling Charles D 1958 The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide in Rural Areas Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 13 322 334 doi 10 1016 0016 7037 61 90023 0 Pales Jack C Keeling Charles David 1965 The Concentration of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in Hawaii Journal of Geophysical Research 70 24 6053 6076 Bibcode 1965JGR 70 6053P doi 10 1029 JZ070i024p06053 Keeling Charles D 1970 Is Carbon Dioxide from Fossil Fuel Changing Man s Environment Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 114 1 10 17 JSTOR 985720 See also EditCarbon dioxide in Earth s atmosphere List of climate scientistsReferences Edit Harris DC 2010 Charles David Keeling and the story of atmospheric CO2 measurements Analytical Chemistry 82 19 7865 70 doi 10 1021 ac1001492 PMID 20536268 Heimann M 2005 Obituary Charles David Keeling 1928 2005 Nature 437 7057 331 Bibcode 2005Natur 437 331H doi 10 1038 437331a PMID 16163339 a b Rose Kahele Behind the Inconvenient Truth Hana Hou vol 10 No 5 October November 2007 Keeling Charles D 1998 Rewards and Penalties of Monitoring the Earth Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 23 25 82 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 173 2051 doi 10 1146 annurev energy 23 1 25 a b Justin Gillis December 21 2010 A Scientist His Work and a Climate Reckoning The New York Times Retrieved December 22 2010 Keeling Charles D 1960 The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere Tellus 12 2 200 203 Bibcode 1960Tell 12 200K doi 10 1111 j 2153 3490 1960 tb01300 x ISSN 2153 3490 Nemani RR Keeling CD Myneni 2003 Climate driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999 Science 300 5625 1560 3 Bibcode 2003Sci 300 1560N CiteSeerX 10 1 1 630 1407 doi 10 1126 science 1082750 PMID 12791990 S2CID 9420050 Clark DA Piper SC Keeling CD Clark DB 2003 Tropical rain forest tree growth and atmospheric carbon dynamics linked to interannual temperature variation during 1984 2000 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 10 5852 7 doi 10 1073 pnas 0935903100 PMC 156290 PMID 12719545 Gruber N Keeling CD Bates NR 2002 Interannual variability in the North Atlantic Ocean carbon sink Science 298 5602 2374 8 Bibcode 2002Sci 298 2374G doi 10 1126 science 1077077 PMID 12493911 S2CID 6469504 Keeling CD Whorf TP 2000 The 1 800 year oceanic tidal cycle A possible cause of rapid climate change Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 8 3814 9 Bibcode 2000PNAS 97 3814K doi 10 1073 pnas 070047197 PMC 18099 PMID 10725399 Keeling CD Whorf TP 1997 Possible forcing of global temperature by the oceanic tides Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 16 8321 8 Bibcode 1997PNAS 94 8321K doi 10 1073 pnas 94 16 8321 PMC 33744 PMID 11607740 Keeling CD 1997 Climate change and carbon dioxide An introduction Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 16 8273 4 Bibcode 1997PNAS 94 8273K doi 10 1073 pnas 94 16 8273 PMC 33714 PMID 11607732 Bacastow RB Adams JA Keeling CD Moss DJ Whorf TP Wong CS 1980 Atmospheric carbon dioxide the southern oscillation and the weak 1975 el nino Science 210 4465 66 8 Bibcode 1980Sci 210 66B doi 10 1126 science 210 4465 66 PMID 17751153 S2CID 42802861 Keeling CD 1978 Atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 19th century Science 202 4372 1109 Bibcode 1978Sci 202 1109K doi 10 1126 science 202 4372 1109 PMID 17777967 Paul M Keeling The Path to Mauna Loa Wilderness 2008 12 14 SUNY New Paltz Eric Keeling www3 newpaltz edu Retrieved December 17 2022 Peter Kaye San Diego Union Tribune Plaque honors Del Mar planners June 24 2007 retrieved May 25 2015 M A S H star takes on global warming in one man show in Long Beach Press Telegram November 4 2014 Retrieved December 26 2014 The Keeling Curve Prize rewards a diverse selection of projects reducing greenhouse gas emissions or increasing carbon uptake Retrieved October 5 2019 Further reading EditWeiner Jonathan The Next One Hundred Years Shaping the Fate of Our Living Earth New York Bantam 1990 Matthews Samuel W Under the Sun Is Our World Warming National Geographic 178 4 October 1990 pp 66 99 Weart Spencer R The Discovery of Global Warming Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 2003 Kolbert Elizabeth The Climate of Man The New Yorker three part series April May 2005 Bowen Mark Thin Ice Unlocking the Secrets of Climate Change in the World s Highest Mountains New York Henry Holt 2005 Harris Daniel C Charles David Keeling and the Story of Atmospheric CO2 Measurements Analytical Chemistry 82 19 2010 pp 7865 70 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles David Keeling Scripps Institution of Oceanography s CO2 Program Home of the Keeling Curve Scripps Institution of Oceanography Obituary Notice NPR Climate Connections Climate change is clear atop Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Guardian obituary History of funding of Keeling s work aip org American Institute of Physics Retrieved October 5 2019 The Keeling Curve Turns 50 Scripps Institution of Oceanography BBC 50 years on The Keeling Curve legacy 50th Anniversary of Global CO2 Record Symposium and Celebration Kona HI Enter the Anthropocene Climate Science in the Early 20th Century Initial Conditions podcast episode 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Charles David Keeling amp oldid 1131804887, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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