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Cauliflory

October 22, 2023

Not to be confused with Cauliflower.

Cauliflory is a botanical term referring to plants that flower and fruit from their main stems or woody trunks, rather than from new growth and shoots.[1] It is rare in temperate regions but common in tropical forests.[2]

Flowers growing from the hard and woody horizontal stem of a Syzygium moorei, Australia
Jackfruits growing directly from the trunk

There have been several strategies to distinguish among types of cauliflory historically, including the location or age of branch where inflorescences grow,[3] whether inflorescences attach to stolons or branches,[4] and whether axillary nodes or adventitious nodes develop into reproductive tissues.[5] Cauliflory is a non-homologous phenomenon with several different sources of development and evolutionary value.[5]

The development of buds in axillary cauliflorous species occurs through either the re-use of the same position or old tissue over seasons of growth or release from dormancy.[5] In both cases, vascularization of the bud must occur from pre-existing tissue, such as the pith.[6] In Cercis canadensis, dormant buds break annually in a sympodial pattern.[5] If flowers develop adventitiously, they form similarly to epicormic tissues and may be reactive to immediate environmental conditions. In certain species of Ficus, flowers may be produced from axillary buds in young plants and change to adventitious buds later.[7]

One frequently suggested hypothesis for the evolution of cauliflory is to allow trees to be pollinated or have their seeds dispersed by animals, especially bats, that climb on trunks and sturdy limbs to feed on the nectar and fruits.[8] Some species may instead have fruit which drops from the canopy and ripen only after they reach the ground, an alternative strategy termed nonfunctionally caulicarpic fruits.[8] In Ficus, there is not an association between the evolution of cauliflory as an apomorphy and ecological associations.[4] Alternative hypotheses have focused on competition for sugar and minerals between flowers and young leaves,[9] mechanical support for larger flowers and fruits particularly in Atrocarpus and Durio,[10] and evolutionary theory built on the plant as a metapopulation and differential rates of mutations across large plant bodies.[5]

An extreme version is flagelliflory where long, whip-like branches descend from the main trunk and bear all the inflorescences. The branches grow to and along the ground and even below it. As a result, the plant or tree's flowers can appear to emerge from the soil. Examples are known mostly from the plant families Annonaceae and Moraceae such as a species of Desmopsisterriflora but also include Couroupita guianensis (Lecythidaceae) and the cactus Weberocereus tunilla (Cactaceae). [2]


Families, genera and (some) species Edit

(list incomplete)

Image gallery Edit

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ "PlantNET - NSW Flora Online - Glossary". Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  2. ^ a b Fernanda Martínez-Velarde, Maria; 6 others, and (2023). "Desmopsisterriflora, an extraordinary new species of Annonaceae with flagelliflory". Phytokeys. 227: 181–198. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.227.102279.
  3. ^ Mildbraed, J (1922). wissenschafliche Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen zentral-Afrika-Expedition 1910-1911underFuhrung Adolph Friedrichs. Herzogs zu Meckleburg.
  4. ^ a b Harrison, Rhett D.; Rønsted, Nina; Xu, Lei; Rasplus, Jean-Yves; Cruaud, Astrid (2012-06-05). "Evolution of Fruit Traits in Ficus Subgenus Sycomorus (Moraceae): To What Extent Do Frugivores Determine Seed Dispersal Mode?". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e38432. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038432. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3367955. PMID 22679505.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ann., Owens, Shirley. Cercis (Fabaceae) : Evolution of cauliflory in the genus. OCLC 1085986861.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Lent, Roy (1966). The origin of the cauliflorous inflorescence of Theobroma cacao. OCLC 175296194.
  7. ^ Pundir, YP (1972). "Cauliflory in Ficus Glomerata Roxb". Turrialba.
  8. ^ a b c van der Pijl, L. (March 1961). "Ecological Aspects of Flower Evolution. II. Zoophilous Flower Classes". Evolution. 15 (1): 44–59. doi:10.2307/2405842. ISSN 0014-3820. JSTOR 2405842.
  9. ^ Richards, P (1952). The tropical rainforest; an ecological study. Cambridge University Press.
  10. ^ CORNER, E. J. H. (October 1949). "The Durian Theory or the Origin of the Modern Tree". Annals of Botany. 13 (4): 367–414. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083225. ISSN 1095-8290.
  11. ^ Govaerts, R. et al. (2018) "Theobroma cacao L.". Royal Botanic Gardens. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  12. ^ a b Govaerts, R. et al. (2018) "Cola Schott & Endl.". Royal Botanic Gardens. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  13. ^ "Crescentia cujete". Tropilab. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  14. ^ Govaerts, R. et al. (2018) "Cercis siliquastrum L.". Royal Botanic Gardens. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  15. ^ "Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm. ". Royal Botanic Gardens. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  16. ^ " Dysoxylum spectabile (G.Forst.) Hook.f." NZflora. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  17. ^ "Pancovia Willd.". Royal Botanic Gardens. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  18. ^ "Pancovia golungensis (Hiern) Exell & Mendonça". Royal Botanic Gardens. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  19. ^ Govaerts, R. et al. (2018) "Drypetes Vahl". Royal Botanic Gardens. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  20. ^ "Halleria lucida L.". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved May 17, 2022. (See images)
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gereau, E. R.; Kenfack, D. (2000). "Le genre Uvariopsis(Annonaceae) en Afriquetropicale, avec la description d'une espèce nouvelle du Cameroun" (PDF). Adansonia (in French). 22 (1): 39–43. Retrieved May 17, 2022..
  22. ^ Cheek, M. (2014) Cheek, M. (2014). "Uvariopsis submontana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T45421A3001680. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T45421A3001680.en. Retrieved May 17, 2022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T45421A3001680.en.(See images)
  23. ^ Ahmed, QamarUddin; Alhassan, AlhassanMuhammad (2016). "Averrhoa bilimbiLinn.: A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology". Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 8 (4): 265–271. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.199342. PMC 5314823. PMID 28216948. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  24. ^ Moody, Michael; Hufford, Larry (2000-08-01). "Floral development and structure of Davidsonia (Cunoniaceae)". Canadian Journal of Botany. 78 (8): 1034–1043. doi:10.1139/b00-073. ISSN 0008-4026.
  25. ^ Fonseca, Luiz Henrique M.; Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2017-09-25). "Adenocalymma cauliflorum (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae), a New Cauliflorous Species from the Atlantic Forest of Eastern Brazil". Systematic Botany. 42 (3): 584–589. doi:10.1600/036364417X696078. ISSN 0363-6445. S2CID 91020529.
  26. ^ Endress, Peter K. (2010-07-12). "Disentangling confusions in inflorescence morphology: Patterns and diversity of reproductive shoot ramification in angiosperms". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 48 (4): 225–239. doi:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00087.x. S2CID 83742105.

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cauliflory.
 
Look up cauliflory in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Cauliflory in Malaysian Rainforest Trees

October 22, 2023
cauliflory, confused, with, cauliflower, botanical, term, referring, plants, that, flower, fruit, from, their, main, stems, woody, trunks, rather, than, from, growth, shoots, rare, temperate, regions, common, tropical, forests, flowers, growing, from, hard, wo. Not to be confused with Cauliflower Cauliflory is a botanical term referring to plants that flower and fruit from their main stems or woody trunks rather than from new growth and shoots 1 It is rare in temperate regions but common in tropical forests 2 Flowers growing from the hard and woody horizontal stem of a Syzygium moorei AustraliaJackfruits growing directly from the trunkThere have been several strategies to distinguish among types of cauliflory historically including the location or age of branch where inflorescences grow 3 whether inflorescences attach to stolons or branches 4 and whether axillary nodes or adventitious nodes develop into reproductive tissues 5 Cauliflory is a non homologous phenomenon with several different sources of development and evolutionary value 5 The development of buds in axillary cauliflorous species occurs through either the re use of the same position or old tissue over seasons of growth or release from dormancy 5 In both cases vascularization of the bud must occur from pre existing tissue such as the pith 6 In Cercis canadensis dormant buds break annually in a sympodial pattern 5 If flowers develop adventitiously they form similarly to epicormic tissues and may be reactive to immediate environmental conditions In certain species of Ficus flowers may be produced from axillary buds in young plants and change to adventitious buds later 7 One frequently suggested hypothesis for the evolution of cauliflory is to allow trees to be pollinated or have their seeds dispersed by animals especially bats that climb on trunks and sturdy limbs to feed on the nectar and fruits 8 Some species may instead have fruit which drops from the canopy and ripen only after they reach the ground an alternative strategy termed nonfunctionally caulicarpic fruits 8 In Ficus there is not an association between the evolution of cauliflory as an apomorphy and ecological associations 4 Alternative hypotheses have focused on competition for sugar and minerals between flowers and young leaves 9 mechanical support for larger flowers and fruits particularly in Atrocarpus and Durio 10 and evolutionary theory built on the plant as a metapopulation and differential rates of mutations across large plant bodies 5 An extreme version is flagelliflory where long whip like branches descend from the main trunk and bear all the inflorescences The branches grow to and along the ground and even below it As a result the plant or tree s flowers can appear to emerge from the soil Examples are known mostly from the plant families Annonaceae and Moraceae such as a species of Desmopsisterriflora but also include Couroupita guianensis Lecythidaceae and the cactus Weberocereus tunilla Cactaceae 2 Contents 1 Families genera and some species 2 Image gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksFamilies genera and some species Edit list incomplete Moraceae Ficus F racemosa cluster fig F sansibarica knobby fig F sur Cape fig F sycomorus sycamore fig Artocarpus A heterophyllus jackfruit A integer chempedak A altilis breadfruit Myrtaceae Syzygium S moorei S cormiflorum Plinia P cauliflora 8 Malvaceae Theobroma T cacao cacao T grandiflorum cupuacu 11 and possibly others Cola 12 C mossambicensis and possibly others 12 Crescentia C cujete calabash tree 13 Pavonia P strictiflora Durio 5 Fabaceae Cercis C siliquastrum 14 Castanospermum C australe Angylocalyx 5 Cynometra cauliflora Macrolobium 5 Clitoria Surianaceae Recchia simplicifolia 5 Meliaceae Dysoxylum spp including D parasiticum ramiflorous 15 and D spectabile 16 Sapindaceae Pancovia 17 P golungensis false soap berry 18 Chytranthus 5 Caricaceae Carica papaya papaya Putranjivaceae Drypetes natalensis Natal ironplum and possibly others 19 Sapotaceae Englerophytum magalismontanum stamvrug Omphalocarpum 5 Stilbaceae Halleria lucida 20 tree fuchsia Annonaceae Uvariopsis all species are ramiflorous cauliflorous or both 21 Cauliflorous species are U submontana 22 U sessiflora 21 U congolana 21 U guineensis 21 U vanderystii 21 U noldeae 21 U doica 21 U letestui 21 U bakeriana 21 U solheidii 21 Polyalthia cauliflora Piptostigma 5 Annonidium mannii 5 Oxalidaceae Averrhoa bilimbi bilimbi 23 Cunoniaceae 24 Davidsonia Lecythidaceae Couroupita guianensis cannonball tree Gustavia Grias Couroupita 5 Thymelaeaceae Phaleria clerodendron scented daphne Bignoniaceae 25 Adenocalymma Amphitecna Parmentiera Crescentia Rhodocolea Ophiocolea Colea Ebenaceae 5 Diospyros Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia arborea 26 Image gallery Edit nbsp Syzygium moorei fruit nbsp Ficus fig nbsp Coffee Plant Coffea nbsp Cercis siliquastrum nbsp Pavonia strictiflora nbsp Castanospermum australe nbsp Hippophae rhamnoides nbsp Theobroma cacao nbsp Jabuticaba Plinia cauliflora nbsp Englerophytum magalismontanum nbsp Halleria lucida nbsp Acnistus arborescens nbsp Latua pubiflora nbsp Kohekohe Dysoxylum spectabile nbsp Scented daphne Phaleria clerodendronSee also EditRamiflory Spur Adventitious budsReferences Edit PlantNET NSW Flora Online Glossary Retrieved May 17 2022 a b Fernanda Martinez Velarde Maria 6 others and 2023 Desmopsisterriflora an extraordinary new species of Annonaceae with flagelliflory Phytokeys 227 181 198 doi 10 3897 phytokeys 227 102279 Mildbraed J 1922 wissenschafliche Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen zentral Afrika Expedition 1910 1911underFuhrung Adolph Friedrichs Herzogs zu Meckleburg a b Harrison Rhett D Ronsted Nina Xu Lei Rasplus Jean Yves Cruaud Astrid 2012 06 05 Evolution of Fruit Traits in Ficus Subgenus Sycomorus Moraceae To What Extent Do Frugivores Determine Seed Dispersal Mode PLOS ONE 7 6 e38432 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0038432 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3367955 PMID 22679505 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ann Owens Shirley Cercis Fabaceae Evolution of cauliflory in the genus OCLC 1085986861 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Lent Roy 1966 The origin of the cauliflorous inflorescence of Theobroma cacao OCLC 175296194 Pundir YP 1972 Cauliflory in Ficus Glomerata Roxb Turrialba a b c van der Pijl L March 1961 Ecological Aspects of Flower Evolution II Zoophilous Flower Classes Evolution 15 1 44 59 doi 10 2307 2405842 ISSN 0014 3820 JSTOR 2405842 Richards P 1952 The tropical rainforest an ecological study Cambridge University Press CORNER E J H October 1949 The Durian Theory or the Origin of the Modern Tree Annals of Botany 13 4 367 414 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals aob a083225 ISSN 1095 8290 Govaerts R et al 2018 Theobroma cacao L Royal Botanic Gardens Retrieved May 17 2022 a b Govaerts R et al 2018 Cola Schott amp Endl Royal Botanic Gardens Retrieved May 17 2022 Crescentia cujete Tropilab Retrieved May 17 2022 Govaerts R et al 2018 Cercis siliquastrum L Royal Botanic Gardens Retrieved May 17 2022 Dysoxylum parasiticum Osbeck Kosterm Royal Botanic Gardens Retrieved May 17 2022 Dysoxylum spectabile G Forst Hook f NZflora Retrieved May 17 2022 Pancovia Willd Royal Botanic Gardens Retrieved May 17 2022 Pancovia golungensis Hiern Exell amp Mendonca Royal Botanic Gardens Retrieved May 17 2022 Govaerts R et al 2018 Drypetes Vahl Royal Botanic Gardens Retrieved May 17 2022 Halleria lucida L Global Biodiversity Information Facility Retrieved May 17 2022 See images a b c d e f g h i j Gereau E R Kenfack D 2000 Le genre Uvariopsis Annonaceae en Afriquetropicale avec la description d une espece nouvelle du Cameroun PDF Adansonia in French 22 1 39 43 Retrieved May 17 2022 Cheek M 2014 Cheek M 2014 Uvariopsis submontana IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014 e T45421A3001680 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2014 3 RLTS T45421A3001680 en Retrieved May 17 2022 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2014 3 RLTS T45421A3001680 en See images Ahmed QamarUddin Alhassan AlhassanMuhammad 2016 Averrhoa bilimbiLinn A review of its ethnomedicinal uses phytochemistry and pharmacology Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 8 4 265 271 doi 10 4103 0975 7406 199342 PMC 5314823 PMID 28216948 Retrieved May 17 2022 Moody Michael Hufford Larry 2000 08 01 Floral development and structure of Davidsonia Cunoniaceae Canadian Journal of Botany 78 8 1034 1043 doi 10 1139 b00 073 ISSN 0008 4026 Fonseca Luiz Henrique M Lohmann Lucia G 2017 09 25 Adenocalymma cauliflorum Bignonieae Bignoniaceae a New Cauliflorous Species from the Atlantic Forest of Eastern Brazil Systematic Botany 42 3 584 589 doi 10 1600 036364417X696078 ISSN 0363 6445 S2CID 91020529 Endress Peter K 2010 07 12 Disentangling confusions in inflorescence morphology Patterns and diversity of reproductive shoot ramification in angiosperms Journal of Systematics and Evolution 48 4 225 239 doi 10 1111 j 1759 6831 2010 00087 x S2CID 83742105 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cauliflory nbsp Look up cauliflory in Wiktionary the free dictionary Cauliflory in Malaysian Rainforest Trees Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cauliflory amp oldid 1179331013, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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