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California red-legged frog

October 21, 2023

The California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) is a species of frog found in California (USA) and northern Baja California (Mexico). It was formerly considered a subspecies of the northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora).[4] The frog is an IUCN near-threatened species as of 2021,[1] has a NatureServe conservation status of Imperiled as of 2015,[2] and is a federally listed threatened species of the United States that is protected by law.[5][6]

California red-legged frog

Imperiled (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Ranidae
Genus: Rana
Species:
R. draytonii
Binomial name
Rana draytonii
Baird & Girard, 1852
Synonyms[3]
  • Rana aurora draytonii Baird & Girard, 1852
  • Aurorana draytonii (Baird & Girard, 1852)
  • Rana aurora draytoni Baird & Girard, 1852
  • Rana lecontii Baird & Girard, 1853
  • Rana longipes Hallowell, 1859
  • Rana nigricans Hallowell, 1854

Distribution Edit

The California red-legged frog is found in California and extreme northern Baja California, northwestern Mexico.[1] This species now occurs most commonly along the northern and southern Coast Ranges, and in isolated areas in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains.[1] The current southernmost California populations are on the Santa Rosa Plateau in Riverside County, and within the Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve in the Simi Hills in eastern Ventura County, near the community of West Hills.[1][7] In 2015, egg masses from the nearby Simi Hills were introduced to two streams in the Santa Monica Mountains. Juvenile frogs were found living at the locations a year later.[8][9]

Description Edit

 
Tadpoles

R. draytonii is a moderate to large (4.4–14 cm or 1.7–5.5 in) frog. It is the biggest native frog species in the western United States.[10] The back is a brown, grey, olive, or reddish color, with black flecks and dark, irregular, light-centered blotches, and is coarsely granular. A dark mask with a whitish border occurs above the upper jaw, and black and red or yellow mottling is in the groin. The lower abdomen and the undersides of its hind legs are normally red. The male can be recognized by its large fore limbs, thumbs, and webbing. Only a portion of the toes are webbed, and it uses vocal sacs to grunt during breeding season.[10] The juvenile frog has more pronounced dorsal spotting, and may have yellow, instead of red, markings on the undersides of the hind legs. A characteristic feature of the red-legged frog is its dorsolateral fold, visible on both sides of the frog, extending roughly from the eye to the hip. R. draytonii looks very similar to the northern red-legged frog.

Ecology and behavior Edit

This species has disappeared from an estimated 70% of its range, and is now only found in about 256 streams or drainages in 28 counties of California.[11] However, the species is still common along the coast, and most of their population declines are in the Sierra Nevada and Southern California. The California red-legged frog is an important food source for the endangered San Francisco garter snake in San Mateo County. The California newt is often found with this species due to sharing habitat requirements and the newts eating their eggs.[12] The California red-legged frog primarily eats earthworms, beetles, flies, and other winged insects. There have been instances where the species was viewed preying on juvenile snakes, small mammals such as mice, and other frogs and tadpoles.[13]

Breeding occurs from late December to early April.[10] The male frog's advertisement call is a series of a few small grunts, usually given while swimming around under water. Choruses are weak and easily missed. The adult California red-legged frog is nocturnal, while juvenile frogs are both nocturnal and active during the daytime.[10] The species inhabits dense, shrubby, or emergent riparian vegetation and still or slow-moving perennial and ephemeral water bodies that also serve as breeding sites. This species has been noted to utilize upland habitats as adults near aquatic areas (such as creeks). They often use these zones for basking and searching for prey.[14] They prefer tall plants such as cattails for protection and to lay eggs.[10]

The tadpoles (larvae) of this species may metamorphose into frogs within about 7 months of hatching from the egg, or may overwinter, taking up to 13 months.[15] This is a recent discovery, which may have management implications for the species, particularly when aquatic habitat undergoes modification.

The California red-legged frog exhibits several behaviors when approached by predators. They either stay immobile, quickly leap into vegetation in an upland habitat or a water source nearby, or, rarely, give off an alarm call to indicate danger. They have also been seen demonstrating the unken reflex when caught.[16]

Conservation Edit

 
California red-legged frog in habitat
 
Egg mass

This frog is listed as threatened and is protected by federal[5][6] and California law. One cause of the population decline is habitat loss and destruction, but introduced predatory species, such as American bullfrogs, might also be a factor. Their habitats are in close proximity to roads and trails, indicating traffic, runoff, pollution, and other human interference may be a significant threat to the species. The species has also been found thriving in undisturbed and isolated ponds in comparison. Vegetation diversity and surface coverage on smaller ponds indicate a greater likelihood of the species being present.[12]

2006

After years of litigation initiated by land developers' organizations, specifically the Home Builders Association of Northern California, and scientific back-and-forth, the US Fish and Wildlife Service announced in April 2006 the designation of about 450,000 acres (1,800 km2) of critical California habitat for the threatened frog. This protected habitat did not include any land in Calaveras County, the setting of Mark Twain's short story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", which features this species.

2008

On September 17, 2008, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to more than triple the habitat of the California red-legged frog, citing political manipulation by former Deputy Assistant Secretary Julie MacDonald at the United States Department of the Interior. According to the Los Angeles Times, "development and destruction of wetlands have eliminated the frogs from more than 70% of their historic range. MacDonald would have reduced what was left of the frog's range by 82%."[17] San Mateo County and Monterey County seem to have some of the largest healthy populations of these frogs, especially in coastal wetlands.[18][19]

2010

In March 2010, the US Fish and Wildlife Service announced 1,600,000 acres (6,500 km2) of protected land for the species throughout California, which has implications regarding development and use of such land.[1][20][21] The largest population of the frog will be given protection on a 48-acre stretch of land (19 ha) in Placer County.[22]

2015

A new law designates the California red-legged frog the “state amphibian.” Presently, it is subject to protection under both federal and state laws passed in 1996. Although the designation as official state amphibian does not provide legal protection to the frog as a threatened species, it does highlight the importance that California places on the frog's preservation.[23]


See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Rana draytonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T136113A53990036. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b NatureServe (6 January 2023). "Rana draytonii". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  3. ^ "Rana draytonii Baird & Girard, 1852". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  4. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2018). "Rana draytonii Baird and Girard, 1852". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  5. ^ a b "California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii)". Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  6. ^ a b 61 FR 25813
  7. ^ Federal Register: "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Revised Designation of Critical Habitat for California Red-Legged Frog; Final Rule" 2018-11-07 at the Wayback Machine . pg. 3 of pdf . accessed 6.16.2013
  8. ^ Carlson, Cheri (June 15, 2015). "Gone for decades, red-legged frogs surviving in Santa Monica Mountains". Ventura County Star. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  9. ^ DWORETZKY, JOE (2019-07-25). "The threatened frogs of the Santa Monica Mountains always had it hard. The Woolsey fire made things much worse". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
  10. ^ a b c d e Garbus, Julia (2016). U-X-L endangered species: Amphibians, Corals, Fish, Plants, and Reptiles. Noah Berlatsky, Kathleen J. Edgar, Gale (3rd ed.). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale. pp. 572–575. ISBN 978-1-4103-3296-7. OCLC 933889215.
  11. ^ Recovery Plan for the California Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora draytonii) (PDF) (Report). Portland, Oregon: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2002. Retrieved 2013-04-03.
  12. ^ a b Anderson, Rachel B. (2019-03-07). De Marco Júnior, Paulo (ed.). "Human traffic and habitat complexity are strong predictors for the distribution of a declining amphibian". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0213426. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413426A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213426. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6405065. PMID 30845170.
  13. ^ Bishop, Meghan R.; Drewes, Robert C.; Vredenburg, Vance T. (2014). "Food Web Linkages Demonstrate Importance of Terrestrial Prey for the Threatened California Red-Legged Frog". Journal of Herpetology. 48 (1): 137–143. doi:10.1670/12-288. ISSN 0022-1511. S2CID 86398970.
  14. ^ Alvarez, Jeff A.; Wilcox, Jeffery T. (2021). "Observations of Nocturnal Upland Habitat Use by the Rana Draytonii (California Red-Legged Frog), and Implications for Restoration and Other Activities". Ecological Restoration. 39 (3): 155–157. doi:10.3368/er.39.3.155. ISSN 1543-4060. S2CID 236970675.
  15. ^ Fellers GM, Launer AE, Rathbun G, Bobzien S, Alvarez J, Sterner D, Seymour RB, Westphal M (2001). "Overwintering tadpoles in the California red-legged frog (Rana aurora draytonii)". Herpetological Review. 32: 156–157. S2CID 81756914.
  16. ^ Alvarez, Jeff A.; Haire, Jennifer L. (2021-12-27). "Unken Reflex in the California Red-legged Frog Rana draytonii in Western North America". Bulletin, Southern California Academy of Sciences. 120 (3): 132–134. doi:10.3160/0038-3872-120.3.132. ISSN 0038-3872. S2CID 245386391.
  17. ^ Cart, Julie (17 September 2008). Room to stretch a frog's red legs. Los Angeles Times Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  18. ^ . Wild Equity Institute. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
  19. ^ (PDF). California Department of Pesticide Regulation. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
  20. ^ Barnett, Lindsay (16 March 2010). "Endangered California Red-Legged Frog to Receive Large New Protected Habitat Area - Finally". Latimesblogs.latimes.com. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  21. ^ .PDF Maps of Northern and Southern Protected Ranges via FWS May 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Perlman, David (24 November 2010). Red-legged frogs get 48-acre preserve in Sierra. — San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  23. ^ Assembly Bill 2364 codified as Government Code §422.7. Effective January 1, 2015.
    "California red-legged frog named state amphibian". KPCC. Associated Press. 7 July 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
    "New California laws for 2015: Frogs, drones, Confederate flags". Los Angeles Times. 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.

Further reading Edit

  • Hillis, D.M.; Wilcox, T.P. (2005). "Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana)" (PDF). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 34 (2): 299–314. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007. PMID 15619443.
  • Shaffer, Bradley H.; Fellers, Gary M.; Voss, S. Randal; Oliver, Jeff; Pauly, Greg (2004). "Species boundaries, phylogeography, and conservation genetics of the red-legged frog (Rana aurora/draytonii) complex". Molecular Ecology. 13 (9): 2667–2677. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02285.x. PMID 15315679. S2CID 30926564.
  • "A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Coastal Southern California" — by Robert N. Fisher and Ted J. Case, USGS.
  • Barry, Sean J.; Fellers, Gary M. (2013). "History and Status of the California Red-Legged Frog (Rana draytonii) in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA" (PDF). Herp. Conser. Biol. 8 (2): 456–502.

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rana draytonii (California red-legged frog).
  • "A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Coastal Southern California" — Rana draytonii — article + images.
  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: California red-legged frog
  • SF-NPS: Rana draytonii (California Red-Legged Frog) 2018-11-07 at the Wayback Machine — detailed description and habitats.
  • Washington Post: "Calif. Frog at Center of Protection Debate"

October 21, 2023
california, legged, frog, rana, draytonii, species, frog, found, california, northern, baja, california, mexico, formerly, considered, subspecies, northern, legged, frog, rana, aurora, frog, iucn, near, threatened, species, 2021, natureserve, conservation, sta. The California red legged frog Rana draytonii is a species of frog found in California USA and northern Baja California Mexico It was formerly considered a subspecies of the northern red legged frog Rana aurora 4 The frog is an IUCN near threatened species as of 2021 1 has a NatureServe conservation status of Imperiled as of 2015 2 and is a federally listed threatened species of the United States that is protected by law 5 6 California red legged frogConservation statusNear Threatened IUCN 3 1 1 Imperiled NatureServe 2 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AmphibiaOrder AnuraFamily RanidaeGenus RanaSpecies R draytoniiBinomial nameRana draytoniiBaird amp Girard 1852Synonyms 3 Rana aurora draytonii Baird amp Girard 1852 Aurorana draytonii Baird amp Girard 1852 Rana aurora draytoni Baird amp Girard 1852 Rana lecontii Baird amp Girard 1853 Rana longipes Hallowell 1859 Rana nigricans Hallowell 1854 Contents 1 Distribution 2 Description 3 Ecology and behavior 4 Conservation 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksDistribution EditThe California red legged frog is found in California and extreme northern Baja California northwestern Mexico 1 This species now occurs most commonly along the northern and southern Coast Ranges and in isolated areas in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains 1 The current southernmost California populations are on the Santa Rosa Plateau in Riverside County and within the Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve in the Simi Hills in eastern Ventura County near the community of West Hills 1 7 In 2015 egg masses from the nearby Simi Hills were introduced to two streams in the Santa Monica Mountains Juvenile frogs were found living at the locations a year later 8 9 Description Edit nbsp TadpolesR draytonii is a moderate to large 4 4 14 cm or 1 7 5 5 in frog It is the biggest native frog species in the western United States 10 The back is a brown grey olive or reddish color with black flecks and dark irregular light centered blotches and is coarsely granular A dark mask with a whitish border occurs above the upper jaw and black and red or yellow mottling is in the groin The lower abdomen and the undersides of its hind legs are normally red The male can be recognized by its large fore limbs thumbs and webbing Only a portion of the toes are webbed and it uses vocal sacs to grunt during breeding season 10 The juvenile frog has more pronounced dorsal spotting and may have yellow instead of red markings on the undersides of the hind legs A characteristic feature of the red legged frog is its dorsolateral fold visible on both sides of the frog extending roughly from the eye to the hip R draytonii looks very similar to the northern red legged frog Ecology and behavior EditThis species has disappeared from an estimated 70 of its range and is now only found in about 256 streams or drainages in 28 counties of California 11 However the species is still common along the coast and most of their population declines are in the Sierra Nevada and Southern California The California red legged frog is an important food source for the endangered San Francisco garter snake in San Mateo County The California newt is often found with this species due to sharing habitat requirements and the newts eating their eggs 12 The California red legged frog primarily eats earthworms beetles flies and other winged insects There have been instances where the species was viewed preying on juvenile snakes small mammals such as mice and other frogs and tadpoles 13 Breeding occurs from late December to early April 10 The male frog s advertisement call is a series of a few small grunts usually given while swimming around under water Choruses are weak and easily missed The adult California red legged frog is nocturnal while juvenile frogs are both nocturnal and active during the daytime 10 The species inhabits dense shrubby or emergent riparian vegetation and still or slow moving perennial and ephemeral water bodies that also serve as breeding sites This species has been noted to utilize upland habitats as adults near aquatic areas such as creeks They often use these zones for basking and searching for prey 14 They prefer tall plants such as cattails for protection and to lay eggs 10 The tadpoles larvae of this species may metamorphose into frogs within about 7 months of hatching from the egg or may overwinter taking up to 13 months 15 This is a recent discovery which may have management implications for the species particularly when aquatic habitat undergoes modification The California red legged frog exhibits several behaviors when approached by predators They either stay immobile quickly leap into vegetation in an upland habitat or a water source nearby or rarely give off an alarm call to indicate danger They have also been seen demonstrating the unken reflex when caught 16 Conservation Edit nbsp California red legged frog in habitat nbsp Egg massThis frog is listed as threatened and is protected by federal 5 6 and California law One cause of the population decline is habitat loss and destruction but introduced predatory species such as American bullfrogs might also be a factor Their habitats are in close proximity to roads and trails indicating traffic runoff pollution and other human interference may be a significant threat to the species The species has also been found thriving in undisturbed and isolated ponds in comparison Vegetation diversity and surface coverage on smaller ponds indicate a greater likelihood of the species being present 12 2006After years of litigation initiated by land developers organizations specifically the Home Builders Association of Northern California and scientific back and forth the US Fish and Wildlife Service announced in April 2006 the designation of about 450 000 acres 1 800 km2 of critical California habitat for the threatened frog This protected habitat did not include any land in Calaveras County the setting of Mark Twain s short story The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County which features this species 2008On September 17 2008 the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to more than triple the habitat of the California red legged frog citing political manipulation by former Deputy Assistant Secretary Julie MacDonald at the United States Department of the Interior According to the Los Angeles Times development and destruction of wetlands have eliminated the frogs from more than 70 of their historic range MacDonald would have reduced what was left of the frog s range by 82 17 San Mateo County and Monterey County seem to have some of the largest healthy populations of these frogs especially in coastal wetlands 18 19 2010In March 2010 the US Fish and Wildlife Service announced 1 600 000 acres 6 500 km2 of protected land for the species throughout California which has implications regarding development and use of such land 1 20 21 The largest population of the frog will be given protection on a 48 acre stretch of land 19 ha in Placer County 22 2015A new law designates the California red legged frog the state amphibian Presently it is subject to protection under both federal and state laws passed in 1996 Although the designation as official state amphibian does not provide legal protection to the frog as a threatened species it does highlight the importance that California places on the frog s preservation 23 See also EditRed legged frog Estivation Ledson Marsh Annadel State Park Sonoma County Potentilla hickmanii Hickman s potentillaReferences Edit a b c d e f IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2022 Rana draytonii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022 e T136113A53990036 Retrieved 25 December 2022 a b NatureServe 6 January 2023 Rana draytonii NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer Arlington Virginia NatureServe Retrieved 8 January 2023 Rana draytonii Baird amp Girard 1852 Global Biodiversity Information Facility Retrieved 20 February 2023 Frost Darrel R 2018 Rana draytonii Baird and Girard 1852 Amphibian Species of the World an Online Reference Version 6 0 American Museum of Natural History Retrieved 31 December 2018 a b California red legged frog Rana draytonii Environmental Conservation Online System U S Fish amp Wildlife Service Retrieved 28 April 2023 a b 61 FR 25813 Federal Register Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants Revised Designation of Critical Habitat for California Red Legged Frog Final Rule Archived 2018 11 07 at the Wayback Machine pg 3 of pdf accessed 6 16 2013 Carlson Cheri June 15 2015 Gone for decades red legged frogs surviving in Santa Monica Mountains Ventura County Star Retrieved 5 March 2016 DWORETZKY JOE 2019 07 25 The threatened frogs of the Santa Monica Mountains always had it hard The Woolsey fire made things much worse Los Angeles Times Retrieved 2019 07 25 a b c d e Garbus Julia 2016 U X L endangered species Amphibians Corals Fish Plants and Reptiles Noah Berlatsky Kathleen J Edgar Gale 3rd ed Farmington Hills Mich Gale pp 572 575 ISBN 978 1 4103 3296 7 OCLC 933889215 Recovery Plan for the California Red legged Frog Rana aurora draytonii PDF Report Portland Oregon U S Fish and Wildlife Service 2002 Retrieved 2013 04 03 a b Anderson Rachel B 2019 03 07 De Marco Junior Paulo ed Human traffic and habitat complexity are strong predictors for the distribution of a declining amphibian PLOS ONE 14 3 e0213426 Bibcode 2019PLoSO 1413426A doi 10 1371 journal pone 0213426 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 6405065 PMID 30845170 Bishop Meghan R Drewes Robert C Vredenburg Vance T 2014 Food Web Linkages Demonstrate Importance of Terrestrial Prey for the Threatened California Red Legged Frog Journal of Herpetology 48 1 137 143 doi 10 1670 12 288 ISSN 0022 1511 S2CID 86398970 Alvarez Jeff A Wilcox Jeffery T 2021 Observations of Nocturnal Upland Habitat Use by the Rana Draytonii California Red Legged Frog and Implications for Restoration and Other Activities Ecological Restoration 39 3 155 157 doi 10 3368 er 39 3 155 ISSN 1543 4060 S2CID 236970675 Fellers GM Launer AE Rathbun G Bobzien S Alvarez J Sterner D Seymour RB Westphal M 2001 Overwintering tadpoles in the California red legged frog Rana aurora draytonii Herpetological Review 32 156 157 S2CID 81756914 Alvarez Jeff A Haire Jennifer L 2021 12 27 Unken Reflex in the California Red legged Frog Rana draytonii in Western North America Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences 120 3 132 134 doi 10 3160 0038 3872 120 3 132 ISSN 0038 3872 S2CID 245386391 Cart Julie 17 September 2008 Room to stretch a frog s red legs Los Angeles Times Retrieved 28 April 2023 California Red Legged Frog Wild Equity Institute Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Retrieved August 29 2011 California Red Legged Frog PDF California Department of Pesticide Regulation 2002 Archived from the original PDF on May 25 2017 Retrieved August 29 2011 Barnett Lindsay 16 March 2010 Endangered California Red Legged Frog to Receive Large New Protected Habitat Area Finally Latimesblogs latimes com Retrieved 28 April 2023 PDF Maps of Northern and Southern Protected Ranges via FWS Archived May 13 2008 at the Wayback Machine Perlman David 24 November 2010 Red legged frogs get 48 acre preserve in Sierra San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 28 April 2023 Assembly Bill 2364 codified as Government Code 422 7 Effective January 1 2015 California red legged frog named state amphibian KPCC Associated Press 7 July 2014 Retrieved 1 January 2015 New California laws for 2015 Frogs drones Confederate flags Los Angeles Times 1 January 2015 Retrieved 1 January 2015 Further reading EditHillis D M Wilcox T P 2005 Phylogeny of the New World true frogs Rana PDF Mol Phylogenet Evol 34 2 299 314 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2004 10 007 PMID 15619443 Shaffer Bradley H Fellers Gary M Voss S Randal Oliver Jeff Pauly Greg 2004 Species boundaries phylogeography and conservation genetics of the red legged frog Rana aurora draytonii complex Molecular Ecology 13 9 2667 2677 doi 10 1111 j 1365 294x 2004 02285 x PMID 15315679 S2CID 30926564 A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Coastal Southern California by Robert N Fisher and Ted J Case USGS Barry Sean J Fellers Gary M 2013 History and Status of the California Red Legged Frog Rana draytonii in the Sierra Nevada California USA PDF Herp Conser Biol 8 2 456 502 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rana draytonii California red legged frog A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Coastal Southern California Rana draytonii article images U S Fish and Wildlife Service California red legged frog SF NPS Rana draytonii California Red Legged Frog Archived 2018 11 07 at the Wayback Machine detailed description and habitats Washington Post Calif Frog at Center of Protection Debate Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title California red legged frog amp oldid 1154999714, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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