For the genus of moth formerly known by this name, see Dichomeris.
The carbatina (pl.carbatinae) was a kind of shoe common among the rural poor of ancient Greece and Rome from remote antiquity to around the 3rd century, consisting of a piece of rawhide pulled around the foot and then tied down to hold it in place. Having no upper or separate sole, the carbatina is among the simplest forms of footwear in the world and is sometimes used as a general name for similar footwear in other cultures.
Ernest Hebert's 1855 The Girls of Alvito in the Papal States, wearing carbatinae with footwrapsA Casertan woman circa 1860 wearing carbatina and traditional Campanian clothing
Latincarbatina was a transcription of Greekkarbatínē (καρβατίνη), probably cognate with kárphō (κἁρφω) and originally meaning something like "made of dried skin" or "hide".[2] Rather than referring to all leather shoes, however, use seems to be entirely restricted to simple forms of shoes worn by the rural poor or to footwear hastily assembled from limited materials.[2][3] It is used in Aristotle for a similarly basic covering used to protect the feet of camels[4] and in Philo for a thick leather tarp used as protection by attackers during sieges.[5][6]
The usual Greek carbatina was a single piece of rawhide[2] with the outer edge cut into thongs or having holes for thongs to be inserted. It was worn by stepping onto the open hide, pulling the sides up over the foot, and tying the thongs together to secure it.[7] Carbatinae are sometimes mistakenly said to resemble modern ballet shoes or moccasins,[8][9] although this is only true in the sense of using having a simple and most unpadded sole. Because of the simple sole, by the medieval period, carbatina-style shoes were typically worn with some form of footwrap, sock, or other padding. Simple, cheap, and requiring frequent replacement, carbatinae were seldom decorated, although one studded with openwork was recovered at Praetorium Agrippinae in the modern Netherlands[10] and the thongs themselves could sometimes be created and interlaced in intricate ways similar to openwork.
Some authors include with the carbatinae proper leather forms or slightly more complex designs where the rawhide was raised and stitched together along one side to create a heel and provide a better fit[10] or where the hide over the toes was stitched to strengthen it for longer use.[8]
Carbatinae were worn in antiquity by the people of the Middle East, Greece, and Roman Italy. Easily made without special tools or training, they were the emergency footwear used by the Ten Thousandmercenaries during their retreat back to Greece after the execution of their leaders by the satrapTissaphernes.[2] By the time of the Roman Empire, use was generally restricted to the rural poor[1] although they remained a step up from going barefoot, which by then was a mark of extreme poverty or slavery.[9] Carbatinae were seldom used even by poor Romans by the 3rd century,[11] by then having been replaced by shoes, slippers, boots, and other footwear. However, equivalent shoes continued to be worn by the ancient Germans, by the subjects of their successor states, and by the rural poor generally into the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period.
DeMello, Margo (2009), Feet and Footwear: A Cultural Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, ISBN978-0-313-35715-2.
Dierendonck, R. M. van; et al. (1993), The Valkenburg Excavations 1985–1988: Introduction and Detail Studies, ROB, ISBN978-90-73104-14-3.
Grafton, Anthony (1994), Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450–1800, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN978-0-674-19545-5.
Howell, Isca (2005), Prehistoric Landscape to Roman Villa: Excavations at Beddington, Surrey, 1981–7, Museum of London Archaeology Service, ISBN978-1-901992-56-4.
Peck, Harry Thurston (1897), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers, p. 277.
Rich, Anthony (1884), A Dictionary of Roman and Greek Antiquities with Nearly 200 Engravings on Wood, London: Longmans.
Robertson, Anne S.; et al. (1975), Bar Hill: A Roman Fort and Its Finds, British Archaeological Reports, ISBN978-0-904531-18-3.
January 01, 1970
carbatina, genus, moth, formerly, known, this, name, dichomeris, carbatina, carbatinae, kind, shoe, common, among, rural, poor, ancient, greece, rome, from, remote, antiquity, around, century, consisting, piece, rawhide, pulled, around, foot, then, tied, down,. For the genus of moth formerly known by this name see Dichomeris The carbatina pl carbatinae was a kind of shoe common among the rural poor of ancient Greece and Rome from remote antiquity to around the 3rd century consisting of a piece of rawhide pulled around the foot and then tied down to hold it in place Having no upper or separate sole the carbatina is among the simplest forms of footwear in the world and is sometimes used as a general name for similar footwear in other cultures Ernest Hebert s 1855 The Girls of Alvito in the Papal States wearing carbatinae with footwraps A Casertan woman circa 1860 wearing carbatina and traditional Campanian clothing Contents 1 Name 2 Design 3 History 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Citations 5 2 BibliographyName edit nbsp An 1884 depiction of carbatinae 1 Latin carbatina was a transcription of Greek karbatine karbatinh probably cognate with karphō kἁrfw and originally meaning something like made of dried skin or hide 2 Rather than referring to all leather shoes however use seems to be entirely restricted to simple forms of shoes worn by the rural poor or to footwear hastily assembled from limited materials 2 3 It is used in Aristotle for a similarly basic covering used to protect the feet of camels 4 and in Philo for a thick leather tarp used as protection by attackers during sieges 5 6 Design edit nbsp The carbatinae recovered from the bog body now known as Damendorf Man c 300 BC The usual Greek carbatina was a single piece of rawhide 2 with the outer edge cut into thongs or having holes for thongs to be inserted It was worn by stepping onto the open hide pulling the sides up over the foot and tying the thongs together to secure it 7 Carbatinae are sometimes mistakenly said to resemble modern ballet shoes or moccasins 8 9 although this is only true in the sense of using having a simple and most unpadded sole Because of the simple sole by the medieval period carbatina style shoes were typically worn with some form of footwrap sock or other padding Simple cheap and requiring frequent replacement carbatinae were seldom decorated although one studded with openwork was recovered at Praetorium Agrippinae in the modern Netherlands 10 and the thongs themselves could sometimes be created and interlaced in intricate ways similar to openwork Some authors include with the carbatinae proper leather forms or slightly more complex designs where the rawhide was raised and stitched together along one side to create a heel and provide a better fit 10 or where the hide over the toes was stitched to strengthen it for longer use 8 History edit nbsp Adrien Guignet s c 1843 Scene from the Retreat of the Ten Thousand showing the 401 BC Battle of Cunaxa Carbatinae were worn in antiquity by the people of the Middle East Greece and Roman Italy Easily made without special tools or training they were the emergency footwear used by the Ten Thousand mercenaries during their retreat back to Greece after the execution of their leaders by the satrap Tissaphernes 2 By the time of the Roman Empire use was generally restricted to the rural poor 1 although they remained a step up from going barefoot which by then was a mark of extreme poverty or slavery 9 Carbatinae were seldom used even by poor Romans by the 3rd century 11 by then having been replaced by shoes slippers boots and other footwear However equivalent shoes continued to be worn by the ancient Germans by the subjects of their successor states and by the rural poor generally into the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period See also editClothing in ancient Greece and Rome History of footwear and shoes Calceus Caliga and Soccus Ciocie PampootieReferences editCitations edit a b Rich 1884 p 118 a b c d Purser 1890 p 361 Grafton 1994 p 65 Aristotle Inquiries Concerning Animals Book II Part i 27 Philo Syntaxis On Siegecraft Purser 1890 p 362 Peck 1897 p 227 a b Robertson amp al 1975 p 59 a b DeMello 2009 p 70 a b Dierendonck amp al 1993 p 238 Howell 2005 p 45 Bibliography edit DeMello Margo 2009 Feet and Footwear A Cultural Encyclopedia ABC CLIO ISBN 978 0 313 35715 2 Dierendonck R M van et al 1993 The Valkenburg Excavations 1985 1988 Introduction and Detail Studies ROB ISBN 978 90 73104 14 3 Grafton Anthony 1994 Defenders of the Text The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science 1450 1800 Cambridge Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 19545 5 Howell Isca 2005 Prehistoric Landscape to Roman Villa Excavations at Beddington Surrey 1981 7 Museum of London Archaeology Service ISBN 978 1 901992 56 4 Peck Harry Thurston 1897 Harper s Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities New York Harper amp Brothers p 277 Purser Louis Claude 1890 Carbatina A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities London John Murray pp 361 362 Rich Anthony 1884 A Dictionary of Roman and Greek Antiquities with Nearly 200 Engravings on Wood London Longmans Robertson Anne S et al 1975 Bar Hill A Roman Fort and Its Finds British Archaeological Reports ISBN 978 0 904531 18 3 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