Lachi language
The Lachi language (Chinese: 拉基; pinyin: lājī, Vietnamese: La Chí; autonym in China: li35 pu44 ljo44; autonym in Vietnam: qu32 te453, where qu32 means "person"[2]) is a Kra language spoken in Yunnan, China and in northern Vietnam. There were 9,500 Lachi speakers in Vietnam in 1990. Edmondson (2008) reports another 2,500 in Maguan County, Yunnan, China for 1995, but Li Yunbing (2000) reports 60 speakers in Maguan out of an ethnic population of 1,600.
Subdivisions
Weera Ostapirat[3] proposed three major subdivisions for the Lachi language.
- Northern (Chinese or Flowery Lachi)
- Central (White Lachi)
- Southern (Long Haired and Black Lachi)
Jerold A. Edmondson notes that Vietnamese researchers recently have not been able to locate White (Central) Lachi speakers. It is also the least studied variety of Lachi.
The Maguan County Gazetteer 马关县志 (1996) lists the following Lachi ethnic subdivisions.
- Flowery Lachi 花拉基
- White Lachi 白拉基
- Black Lachi 黑拉基
- Chinese Lachi 汉拉基
- Manyou Lachi 曼忧拉基
- Manpeng Lachi 曼棚拉基
The Maguan County Gazetteer 马关县志 (1996) also lists the following autonyms for the Lachi.
- She 舍
- Laguo 拉果
- Heitu 黑土
- Gudai 古逮
- Yibi 依比
- Yimei 依梅
- Yiduo 依多
- Yibeng 依崩
The Republic of China-era Maguan County Gazetteer 马关县志 gives the names Labo 剌僰 (with a dog radical 犭for La 剌) and Laji 拉鸡 (Li 2000: 5).
Geographic distribution
Kosaka (2000) reports 6,000–8,000 Lachi speakers in Vietnam, and 2,000 in China. The Lachi of Maguan County, China are currently classified as Zhuang (Li 2000), while the Lachi of Malipo County, China, along with the Qabiao, are classified as Yi. The Lachi of Vietnam have official status as a separate ethnic group.
China
The Lachi of China live in various locations in Maguan County (马关县), Yunnan, which is located in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (文山壮族苗族自治州) near the border with Hà Giang Province, Vietnam. According to American linguist Jerold A. Edmondson, the Lachi of China are thought to have moved to their present location during the Qing Dynasty from places in Vietnam called Maibu 麥布, Maidu 麥督, and Maiha 麥哈.[4] Other Lachis are also found scattered in Yanshan, Qiubei, Xichou, and Malipo counties.
The subdivisions, with their respective locations, are as follows:
Flowery Lachi (autonym: li35 pu44 ljo44 n̩44 tɕo55)
Chinese Lachi (autonym: li35 pu44 tɕo44)
- Jiahanqing Township 夹寒箐乡
- Renhe Township 仁和镇
Pocket Lachi (autonym: li35 pu44 te35)
Red Lachi (autonym: li33 pu44 ke55)
Vietnam
The Lachi live mostly in Xín Mần District and Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, Vietnam. There are also many Lachi living in Bắc Quang District in southern Hà Giang Province, which is outside their home district of Hoàng Su Phì. Since the Lachi dialects of Vietnam have many Chinese loanwords, the Lachi of Vietnam must have migrated from areas to the north in China (Kosaka 2000). Similarly, the Lachi of Maguan County, Yunnan, China just across the border believed that their ancestors had migrated from Ami Prefecture 阿迷州, which is now Kaiyuan, Yunnan.[2] In Vietnam, Jerold Edmondson notes that the most common autonym used by his Lachi informants is qu3˩ te34˩, with qu3˩ meaning 'people' (from Proto-Kra *khraC1 'people').[2]
The Lachi people are an officially recognized ethnic group in Vietnam, and are divided as such (Kosaka 2000, Edmondson 2008):
Long Haired Lachi (autonym: li35 pu44 tjoŋ44)
- Bản Phùng, Hoàng Su Phì District — largest village; regarded as cradle site
Black Lachi (autonym: li35 pu44 pi55)
- Bản Díu, Xín Mần — speakers have shifted to the Nùng language[18]
White Lachi (autonym: li35 pu44 pu55; language possibly extinct)
- Bản Pắng, Hoàng Su Phì District — speakers have shifted to the Nùng language, the regional lingua franca
- Bản Máy, Hoàng Su Phì District — speakers have shifted to the Nùng language, the regional lingua franca
Lachi is also spoken in (Kosaka 2000):
- Tân Lợi hamlet (Thôn Tân Lợi), Bắc Quang District, Hà Giang Province — formed through a secondary migration from Tân Lập village (Xã Tân Lập), which is now called Xã Tân Thành.
- Chí Cà, Xín Mần District, Hà Giang Province
- Bắc Hà District, Lào Cai Province — descended from Bản Phùng migrants; can no longer speak Lachi (e.g., in Thôn Núng Choáng, Xã Nàm Sán)
- Mường Khương District, Lào Cai Province — descended from Bản Phùng migrants; can no longer speak Lachi
Kosaka (2000) describes the following migratory route that took the Lachi of Bản Phùng, Hoàng Su Phì District to other locations, all in Bắc Quang District, Hà Giang Province.
- Bản Phùng, Hoàng Su Phì District
- Xã Tân Lập (now called Xã Tân Thành)
- Xã Yên Bình
- Xã Vĩ Thượng
- Xã Xuân Giang (later divided into two parts, including Nà Khương, which has the higher concentration of Lachi people)
The Maguan County Gazetteer 马关县志 (1996) lists the following locations in Vietnam with ethnic Lachi.
- Manyou 曼忧
- Manpeng 曼棚
- Manban 曼班
- Manmei 曼美
- Jiga 鸡嘎
- Hualong 花隆
- Mengkang 猛康
Grammar
Like other Kra languages such as Gelao and Buyang, Lachi displays clause-final negation (Li 2000).
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | lab. | |||||
| Stop/ Affricate | voiceless | p | pʲ | t | tʲ | tɕ | k | kʷ | q | ʔ |
| aspirated | pʰ | pʲʰ | tʰ | tʲʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | qʰ | |||
| voiced | b | bʲ | (d) | |||||||
| Fricative | f | (s) | ɕ | h | ||||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | mʲ | n | nʲ | ɲ | ŋʷ | ||||
| Lateral | l | lʲ | ||||||||
| Syllabic | voiced | m̩ | ŋ̍ʷ | |||||||
| glottalized | ˀm̩ | ˀŋ̍ʷ | ||||||||
- /d/ appears in loanwords of Vietnamese origin.
- Approximant sounds /j w/ when occurring before /i/, maybe also be realized as [ʑ ʊ̯]. Both sounds also can be realized as a voiced glottal sound [ɦ].
Vowels
- Standard vowel sounds [i] and [ɛ], only occur after palatal, velar, palatalized and labialized initials. After other initials elsewhere, they become velarized as [-ˠi], [-ˠɛ].
References
- ^ Lachi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
White Lachi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ a b c Edmondson, Jerold A. and Shaoni Li. 2003. "Review of Lajiyu Yanjiu by Li Yunbing 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine." In Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 26 , no. 1: 163-181.
- ^ Ostapirat, Weera (2000). "Proto-Kra 2018-10-06 at the Wayback Machine". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23 (1): 1-251
- ^ Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Yongxian Luo ed. The Tai–Kadai Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. Psychology Press, 2008.
- ^ "马关县金厂镇中寨村民委员会中寨自然村". from the original on 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
- ^ "马关县金厂镇中寨村民委员会三家街自然村". from the original on 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
- ^ "马关县夹寒箐镇老寨村委会牛龙山". from the original on 2020-07-02. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
- ^ "马关县夹寒箐镇老寨村委会独脚寨". from the original on 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
- ^ "马关县夹寒箐镇水碓房村委会十二道河". from the original on 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
- ^ "马关县夹寒箐镇老寨村委会老寨". from the original on 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
- ^ "马关县仁和镇小格木村委会小白石岩自然村". from the original on 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
- ^ "马关县仁和镇老岭坝村委会石桥自然村". from the original on 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
- ^ "马关县仁和镇岩脚村委会火木箐自然村". from the original on 2020-07-05. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
- ^ "马关县南捞乡南捞村委会布苏一队". from the original on 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
- ^ "马关县南捞乡南捞村委会布苏二队". from the original on 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
- ^ "马关县小坝子镇小坝子村委会田棚". from the original on 2020-07-12. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
- ^ "马关县小坝子镇金竹棚村委会拉气". from the original on 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
- ^ Duong, Thu Hang; Nguyen, Thu Quynh; Nguyen, Van Loi (2020). "The Language of the La Chí People in Bản Díu Commune, Xín Mần District, Hà Giang Province, Vietnam". Studies in the Anthropology of Language in Mainland Southeast Asia. JSEALS Special Publication. University of Hawai’i Press. 6: 124–138. hdl:10524/52466. ISSN 1836-6821.
- Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Yongxian Luo ed. The Tai–Kadai Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. Psychology Press, 2008.
- Hoàng Thanh Lịch. 2012. Người La Chí ở Việt Nam / The La Chi in Vietnam. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản thông tấn.
- 李云兵 / Li Yunbing. 2000. 拉基语硏究 / Laji yu yan jiu (A Study of Lachi). Beijing: 中央民族大学出版社 / Zhong yang min zu da xue chu ban she.
Further reading
- Duong, Thu Hang. 2019. Language of La Chi People in Ban Diu, Ha Giang, Vietnam. Presentation at the Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology, the CALA 2019, Paññāsāstra University of Cambodia.
- Kosaka, Ryuichi [小坂, 隆一]. 2000. A descriptive study of the Lachi language: syntactic description, historical reconstruction and genetic relation. Ph.D. dissertation. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (TUFS). http://hdl.handle.net/10108/35586
- Nguyễn Văn Huy (1975). "Vài nét về người La Chí". In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam, 389–414. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.