Callisthenes
Callisthenes of Olynthus (/kəˈlɪsθəˌniːz/; Greek: Καλλισθένης; c. 360 – 327 BCE)[1][2] was a well-connected Greek historian in Macedon, who accompanied Alexander the Great during his Asiatic expedition.[3] The philosopher Aristotle was Callisthenes's great uncle.
Early life
His mother Hero was the niece of Aristotle, and daughter of Proxenus of Atarneus and Arimneste, which made Callisthenes the great-nephew of Aristotle by his sister Arimneste, Callisthenes's grandmother. They first met when Aristotle tutored Alexander the Great.
Career
Through his great-uncle's influence, Callisthenes was later appointed to attend Alexander the Great on his Asiatic expedition as the official historian.[4]
During the first years of Alexander's campaign in Asia, Callisthenes showered praises upon the Macedonian conqueror. As the king and army penetrated further into Asia, however, Callisthenes's tone began to change. He began to sharply criticize Alexander's adoption of Persian customs, with special scorn for Alexander's growing desire that those who presented themselves before him perform the servile ceremony of proskynesis, a physical act of submission. In the end, Alexander did not continue the practice.
Death
Callisthenes was implicated by his former pupil, Hermolaus of Macedon, one of Alexander's pages, in a conspiracy to assassinate Alexander. He was thrown into prison where he died seven months later,[4] from either torture or disease.[3] This event brought Alexander's relationship with Aristotle to a close.[4]
Callisthenes's death was commemorated in a special treatise (Callisthenes or a Treatise on Grief) by his friend Theophrastus, whose acquaintance he made during a visit to Athens. There are nevertheless several different accounts of how he died or was executed. Crucifixion is the method suggested by Ptolemy, but Chares of Mytilene and Aristobulus of Cassandreia both claim that Callisthenes died of natural causes while in prison.[5]
Writings
Callisthenes wrote an account of Alexander's expedition up to the time of his own execution, a history of Greece from the Peace of Antalcidas (387 BCE) to the start of the Phocian war, a history of the Phocian war (356 BCE–346 BCE), and other works, all of which have perished.[2] However, his account of Alexander's expedition was preserved long enough to be mined as a direct or indirect source for other histories that have survived. Polybius scolds Callisthenes for his poor descriptions of the battles of Alexander.[6]
A quantity of the more legendary material coalesced into a text known as the Alexander Romance, the basis of all the Alexander legends of the Middle Ages, originated during the time of the Ptolemies, but in its present form belongs to the 3rd century CE. Its author is usually known as Pseudo-Callisthenes, although in the Latin translation by Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius (early 4th century) it is ascribed to a certain Aesopus; Aristotle, Antisthenes, Onesicritus, and Arrian have also been credited with the authorship.[2]
There are also Syrian, Armenian, and Slavonic versions, in addition to four Greek versions (two in prose and two in verse) in the Middle Ages (see Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur, 1897, p. 849). Valerius's translation was completely superseded by that of Leo, archpriest of Naples in the 10th century, the so-called Historia de Preliis.[2]
References
- ^ "Callisthenes of Olynthus - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
- ^ a b c d Chisholm 1911.
- ^ a b Sanchez, Juan Pablo (September 27, 2018). "How suspicion and intrigue eroded Alexander's empire". History Magazine. National Geographic. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
- ^ a b c Durant, Will (1939). The Life of Greece. The Story of Civilization. Vol. 2. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 550.
- ^ Smith, William, ed. (1870). . Vol. 1. p. 576. Archived from the original on 2012-10-19.
- ^ Polybius, XII.17 "Polybius dedicated to Callisthenes a whole chapter in his 12th book called "On the Inexperience of Callisthenes as to the Provision of Deeds of War"
Sources
Primary sources
- Suda s.v.
- Diog. Laërtius v. 1;
- Arrian, Anab. iv. 10-14;
- Quintus Curtius viii. 5-8;
- Plutarch, Alexander, 52-55;
Secondary sources
- J. Zacher, Pseudo-Callisthenes (1867);
- Wilhelm von Christ, Geschichte der griechischen Litteratur (1898), pp. 363, 819;
- Eduard Meyer, article in Ersch and Gruber's Allgemeine Encyklopädie;
- Adolf Ausfeld, Zur Kritik des griechischen Alexanderromans (Bruchsal, 1894);
- Sabine Müller, "Kallisthenes of Olynthos and the Twofold Image of "Being Alone" at Alexander's Court", in Rafał Matuszewski (ed.), Being Alone in Antiquity. Greco-Roman Ideas and Experiences of Misanthropy, Isolation and Solitude. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2022, pp. 185–200.
- A. Westermann, De Callisthene Olynthio et Pseudo-Callisthene Commentatio (1838–1842);
- Scriptores rerum Alexandri Magni, Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller (ed.), Parisiis, editore Ambrosio Firmin Didot, 1846.
Attribution
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Callisthenes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 57.
External links
- Livius.org: Callisthenes of Olynthus
- Livius.org: Alexander the Great: the 'good' sources – Official propaganda: Callisthenes