Brownsville, Tennessee
Brownsville is a city in and the county seat of Haywood County, Tennessee, United States.[5] Its population as of the 2020 census was 9,788.[6] The city is named after General Jacob Jennings Brown, an American officer of the War of 1812.[7]
Brownsville, Tennessee | |
|---|---|
| Motto: Heart of the Tennessee Delta | |
Location in Haywood County, Tennessee | |
| Coordinates: 35°35′26″N 89°15′39″W / 35.59056°N 89.26083°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Tennessee |
| County | Haywood |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Bill Rawls |
| Area | |
| • Total | 9.86 sq mi (25.54 km2) |
| • Land | 9.86 sq mi (25.54 km2) |
| • Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 390 ft (119 m) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 9,788 |
| • Density | 992.80/sq mi (383.30/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 38012 |
| Area code | 731 |
| FIPS code | 47-08920[3] |
| GNIS feature ID | 1278634[4] |
| Website | brownsvilletn |
History edit
Brownsville was a trading center that developed in association with cotton plantations and commodity agriculture in the lowlying Delta of the Mississippi River around Memphis, Tennessee and West Tennessee. It is located north of the Hatchie River, a tributary of the Mississippi, which originally served as the main transportation routes to markets for cotton. The land was developed by planters for cotton plantations, and worked by large numbers of enslaved persons of African ancestry who made up a majority of the town and county population.
The town is notable for its many well-preserved homes owned by wealthy planters before the Civil War, and multi-generational family-owned farms.
The Tabernacle Campground was founded in 1826 by the Rev. Howell Taylor, soon after Brownsville was founded. In the 21st century, it serves as the site of an annual "camp-meeting" for descendants of Taylor.
In the mid to late 19th century, German Jewish immigrants also settled in Brownsville. They founded a congregation in the 1860s, and built Temple Adas Israel in 1882. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The building is believed to be the oldest synagogue in Tennessee,[8] and is a rare example of a synagogue built in the Gothic Revival style.[9]
Through the late 19th century, whites worked to re-establish supremacy after Reconstruction and impose Jim Crow and second-class status on African Americans. Tennessee effectively disenfranchised most blacks in the state after the turn of the 20th century, excluding them from the political system and destroying what had been a competitive system. The state's congressional delegation and elected officials became predominantly white Democrats. The exception was East Tennessee, where white Republicans formed the majority. The region of yeomen farmers had been mostly Unionist-leaning during the Civil War.
Among the city's contemporary attractions is the West Tennessee Delta Heritage Center, which interprets the delta region.[10]
Lynchings for control edit
From the late 19th into the early 20th century, whites lynched three African-American men in Brownsville, two in the 20th century.[11]
In the late 1930s, with Haywood County's black majority[12] disenfranchised, in 1939 a number of blacks in Brownsville founded a local NAACP chapter. They worked to assert their right to register and vote in the presidential election of 1940. In June 1940 threats were made against the group, and Elisha Davis was kidnapped by a large white mob. They demanded the names of NAACP members and their plans. He fled town, followed by his family, losing his successful service station and all their property.[13]
On June 20, 1940, Elbert Williams, secretary of the NAACP chapter, and Elisha's brother Thomas Davis were questioned by police. Thomas Davis was released,[13] but Williams was never seen alive again. His body was found in the Hatchie River a few days later, with bullet holes in his chest.[13] He is considered to be the first NAACP member to have been lynched for civil rights activities; he is the last recorded lynching victim in the state.[14] Several other NAACP members were run out of town by police, fearing for their lives.[13][15]
Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP conducted an investigation of Williams' murder and appealed to the Department of Justice to prosecute the case, providing affidavits of witnesses. FBI agents were sent to the town in September to protect blacks wanting to register to vote, but the local people were fearful because there had been no prosecution of Williams' killers. In October 1940, The Crisis, the magazine of the NAACP, reported that no blacks registered to vote.[16] Thomas Davis and his family moved North and resettled in Niles, Michigan.[13] The DOJ closed the Williams case in 1942.[11]
A retired white Tennessee lawyer, Jim Emison, has joined the family and other supporters in working in the 21st century to bring justice to Williams. Since 2012 he has been working on the case, based on contemporary Department of Justice files and his own research. He turned over his materials to DOJ in 2015, asking them to re-open the case.[11]
In 2015, the Tennessee Historical Commission approved an official historical marker honoring Elbert Williams. It was dedicated in Brownsville on June 20, 2015, at a memorial service marking the seventy-fifth anniversary of Williams' murder. The featured speaker was NAACP President Cornell W. Brooks.[15]
Geography edit
Brownsville is located in central Haywood County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.2 square miles (26.4 km2), all land.[17] U.S. Routes 70 and 79 form a bypass around the southern and eastern sides of the city. US 79 leads northeast 25 miles (40 km) to Humboldt, while US 70 leads east 26 miles (42 km) to Jackson. The two highways together leads southwest 57 miles (92 km) to Memphis. Interstate 40 passes south of Brownsville, coming closest at exits 56 and 60, where it is 4 miles (6 km) south of downtown.
Brownsville is situated on the southeastern edge of the New Madrid Seismic Zone, an area with a high earthquake risk.
The Hatchie River passes south of Brownsville. It is the longest free-flowing tributary of the lower Mississippi, and contains the largest forested floodplain in Tennessee. The river is home to hundreds of species of fish, including 11 species of catfish, and the alligator snapping turtle. The Hatchie River was named by the Nature Conservancy as one of the "great places" to save. The Hatchie is designated as a "scenic river" under the Tennessee Wild and Scenic Rivers Act.[18]
Climate edit
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Brownsville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.[19]
| Climate data for Brownsville, Tennessee (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1895–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 79 (26) | 83 (28) | 92 (33) | 92 (33) | 98 (37) | 108 (42) | 109 (43) | 108 (42) | 108 (42) | 97 (36) | 88 (31) | 80 (27) | 109 (43) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 68.9 (20.5) | 72.6 (22.6) | 79.8 (26.6) | 85.4 (29.7) | 89.8 (32.1) | 94.9 (34.9) | 97.2 (36.2) | 97.3 (36.3) | 93.7 (34.3) | 87.0 (30.6) | 78.2 (25.7) | 70.2 (21.2) | 98.9 (37.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 48.1 (8.9) | 52.9 (11.6) | 61.8 (16.6) | 72.0 (22.2) | 80.3 (26.8) | 87.6 (30.9) | 90.7 (32.6) | 90.1 (32.3) | 84.6 (29.2) | 73.8 (23.2) | 61.2 (16.2) | 51.4 (10.8) | 71.2 (21.8) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 39.0 (3.9) | 43.1 (6.2) | 51.4 (10.8) | 61.0 (16.1) | 70.2 (21.2) | 77.8 (25.4) | 81.0 (27.2) | 79.9 (26.6) | 73.4 (23.0) | 61.9 (16.6) | 50.5 (10.3) | 42.3 (5.7) | 61.0 (16.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 29.9 (−1.2) | 33.3 (0.7) | 41.0 (5.0) | 50.0 (10.0) | 60.1 (15.6) | 68.1 (20.1) | 71.3 (21.8) | 69.6 (20.9) | 62.2 (16.8) | 50.0 (10.0) | 39.7 (4.3) | 33.1 (0.6) | 50.7 (10.4) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 12.9 (−10.6) | 17.5 (−8.1) | 23.5 (−4.7) | 33.5 (0.8) | 45.1 (7.3) | 57.2 (14.0) | 63.2 (17.3) | 60.1 (15.6) | 47.0 (8.3) | 34.5 (1.4) | 24.4 (−4.2) | 18.5 (−7.5) | 11.0 (−11.7) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −13 (−25) | −9 (−23) | 5 (−15) | 25 (−4) | 31 (−1) | 45 (7) | 49 (9) | 46 (8) | 33 (1) | 26 (−3) | 4 (−16) | −8 (−22) | −13 (−25) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.19 (106) | 4.95 (126) | 5.56 (141) | 5.15 (131) | 6.00 (152) | 4.68 (119) | 4.13 (105) | 3.32 (84) | 3.85 (98) | 3.80 (97) | 4.71 (120) | 5.78 (147) | 56.12 (1,425) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.8 (2.0) | 0.8 (2.0) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.1 (0.25) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.25) | 2.2 (5.6) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.4 | 9.7 | 10.7 | 9.7 | 10.3 | 8.7 | 8.0 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 7.3 | 9.0 | 10.7 | 107.6 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.9 |
| Source: NOAA[20][21] | |||||||||||||
Demographics edit
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1850 | 971 | — | |
| 1860 | 1,137 | 17.1% | |
| 1870 | 2,457 | 116.1% | |
| 1890 | 2,516 | — | |
| 1900 | 2,645 | 5.1% | |
| 1910 | 2,882 | 9.0% | |
| 1920 | 3,062 | 6.2% | |
| 1930 | 3,204 | 4.6% | |
| 1940 | 4,012 | 25.2% | |
| 1950 | 4,711 | 17.4% | |
| 1960 | 5,424 | 15.1% | |
| 1970 | 7,011 | 29.3% | |
| 1980 | 9,307 | 32.7% | |
| 1990 | 10,019 | 7.7% | |
| 2000 | 10,748 | 7.3% | |
| 2010 | 10,292 | −4.2% | |
| 2020 | 9,788 | −4.9% | |
| Sources:[22][2] | |||
2020 census edit
| Race | Num. | Perc. |
|---|---|---|
| White (non-Hispanic) | 2,427 | 24.8% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 6,507 | 66.48% |
| Native American | 18 | 0.18% |
| Asian | 16 | 0.16% |
| Pacific Islander | 4 | 0.04% |
| Other/Mixed | 235 | 2.4% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 581 | 5.94% |
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 9,788 people, 4,001 households, and 2,428 families residing in the city.
2000 census edit
As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 10,748 people, 4,105 households, and 2,865 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,178.1 inhabitants per square mile (454.9/km2). There were 4,372 housing units at an average density of 479.2 per square mile (185.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 60.72% African American, 36.52% White, 0.14% Native American, 0.10% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.83% from other races, and 0.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.61% of the population.
There were 4,105 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% were married couples living together, 27.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.11.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.5% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 73.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $27,276, and the median income for a family was $33,782. Males had a median income of $30,313 versus $22,030 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,217. About 18.0% of families and 21.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.3% of those under age 18 and 27.0% of those age 65 or over.
Arts edit
Pioneer musicians edit
Blues singer and guitarist Sleepy John Estes was born in Ripley (Nutbush) and later moved to Brownsville in 1915.[24][25]
Yank Rachell, blues artist and mandolin player, was born in Brownsville in the early 1900s. He recorded, and toured in Europe and Japan. Shortly before his death in 1997, he returned to Brownsville to perform Jug Band recordings with John Sebastian and the J-Band.[26]
Contemporary music edit
In the song "Delta Dawn" (recorded by Helen Reddy, Tanya Tucker, and others), the lyric "All the folks around Brownsville say she's crazy," is a reference to Brownsville, Tennessee. Songwriter Alex Harvey and former child rockabilly star Larry Collins are credited with the song, which hit #1 for Helen Reddy in 1973.
Singer and actress Tina Turner was born at Brownsville's Haywood Memorial Hospital on November 26, 1939.[27][28] Her father was a farm overseer in Nutbush. As a child, she lived in the Knoxville area, Nutbush, Ripley, and Brownsville.[26][29]
Notable people edit
- Son Bonds (1909–1947), musician
- Paul Burlison (1929–2003), rockabilly pioneer, guitarist, member of The Rock and Roll Trio
- Tony Delk (born 1974), basketball player and coach, graduated from Haywood High School
- Clay Evans (1925–2019), gospel singer, pastor and founder of Fellowship Missionary Baptist Church in Chicago, Illinois
- Rockey Felker (born 1953), football player and coach[30]
- Joseph Folk (1869–1923), Circuit Attorney of the city of St. Louis, later 31st governor of Missouri
- Alfred A. Freeman (1838–1926), politician and judge, candidate for governor in 1872
- Richard Halliburton (1900–1939), adventurer and author
- Brett Scallions (born 1971), frontman of the band Fuel
- Jim Thaxton (born 1949), football player
- Billy Tripp (born 1955), author and artist
- Tina Turner (1939–2023), singer and actress,[27] who lived in nearby Nutbush as a child.
- Leroy Tyus (1916–1998) politician, real estate developer[31]
- Jarvis Varnado (born 1988), basketball player for Hapoel Gilboa Galil
- Elbert Williams, African-American civil rights activist, lived in Brownsville and was lynched here in 1940
- William Ridley Wills, American poet, novelist, newspaperman
- William Ridley Wills (Insurance executive), Founder of National Life and Accident Insurance Company
- T. I. Webb Jr. (golfer)
Politics edit
The current mayor is Bill Rawls.[32]
References edit
- ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
- ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
- ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ . National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development, Certified Population of Tennessee Incorporated Municipalities and Counties 2014-06-30 at the Wayback Machine, State of Tennessee official website, 14 July 2011. Retrieved: 6 December 2013.
- ^ "Brownsville, Tennessee City Information". ePodunk.com. US-TN. October 20, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
- ^ Carroll Van West, "Temple Adas Israel", Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2009. Retrieved: 15 February 2013.
- ^ Marilyn Joyce Segal Chiat, America's Religious Architecture: Sacred Places for Every Community, John Wiley and Sons, 1997, p 296
- ^ "West Tennessee Delta Heritage Center", official website
- ^ a b c Associated Press, "Tennessee lawyer seeks justice in 1940 slaying of NAACP member", CBS News, 22 June 2015; accessed 04 June 2018
- ^ "Elbert Williams", Letter M. Mitchell to Walter White, NAACP, 1 July 1940, Letter from Mitchell to NAACP headquarters-tab, Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Clinic, Northeastern University School of Law, 2017
- ^ a b c d e "Elbert Williams" 2017-02-04 at the Wayback Machine, Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Clinic, Northeastern University School of Law, 2017.
- ^ Kathy Bennett, "Lynching", Tennessee Encyclopedia, 2017/updated 2018
- ^ a b Jim Emison, "Williams, Elbert (1908–1940)", Black Past website
- ^ "FBI Says It Protected Brownsville Citizens"], The Crisis, October 1940, p. 324
- ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Brownsville city, Tennessee". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
- ^ "West Tennessee Delta Heritage Center – An Authentic Southern Experience in the Tennessee Delta :: Visitor Information Center:: Brownsville, Tennessee :: Interstate 40 @ Exit 56". Westtnheritage.com. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
- ^ "Brownsville, Tennessee Köppen Climate Classification". Weatherbase.com. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
- ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
- ^ "Station: Brownsville, TN". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
- ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
- ^ The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, Rutledge Press
- ^ A History of Tennessee Arts, University of Tennessee Press
- ^ a b Norris, Sharon. Black America Series: Haywood County Tennessee, Arcadia Publishing
- ^ a b Turner, Tina; Loder, Kurt (1986). I, Tina. New York : Morrow. p. 4. ISBN 9780688059491.
- ^ Fong-Torres, Ben (October 14, 1971). "Tales of Ike and Tina Turner". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
- ^ . Archived from the original on August 3, 2006. Retrieved August 5, 2006.
- ^ "Rockey & Susan Felker: It's All Been Good". Retrieved November 20, 2017.
- ^ Official Manual of the State of Missouri. Secretary of State. 1957. pp. 164, 167.
- ^ "Mayor's Office – Brownsville, Tennessee". Retrieved January 15, 2024.
Further reading edit
- Richard A. Couto, Lifting the Veil, A Political History of Struggles for Emancipation (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1993)
- Norris, Sharon (2000). Black America Series: Haywood County Tennessee. Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-0605-2.
- Raye Springfield, The Legacy of Tamar, Courage and Faith in an African American Family (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2000)
- Patricia Sullivan, Lift Every Voice, The NAACP and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: The New Press, 2009)
- West, Carroll Van & Duncan Binnicker, Margaret (2004). A History of Tennessee Arts. Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 1-57233-239-5.
External links edit
- City of Brownsville official website
- City charter
- Things to do and see in Brownsville and Haywood County, Tennessee
- West Tennessee Delta Heritage Museum