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Harrier (bird)

January 01, 1970

A harrier is any of the several species of diurnal hawks sometimes placed in the subfamily Circinae of the bird of prey family Accipitridae. Harriers characteristically hunt by flying low over open ground, feeding on small mammals, reptiles, or birds. The young of the species are sometimes referred to as ring-tail harriers. They are distinctive with long wings, a long narrow tail, the slow and low flight over grasslands and skull peculiarities. The harriers are thought to have diversified with the expansion of grasslands and the emergence of C4 grasses about 6 to 8 million years ago during the Late Miocene and Pliocene.[1]

Circus
Western marsh harrier
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Subfamily: Circinae
Bonaparte, 1838
Genus: Circus
Lacépède, 1799
Type species
Falco aeruginosus
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

See text

Taxonomy edit

 
Northern harrier, adult male

The genus Circus was introduced by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799.[2] The type species was subsequently designated as the western marsh harrier.[3][4] Most harriers are placed in this genus. The word Circus is derived from the Ancient Greek kirkos, referring to a bird of prey named for its circling flight (kirkos, "circle"), probably the hen harrier.[5] The name harrier is thought to have been derived either from Harrier (dog), or by a corruption of harrower, or directly from harry.[6]

Ring-tails edit

Ring-tail is an informal term used by birders for the juveniles and females of several harrier species when seen in the field and not identifiable to an exact species.[7] Ring-tail harriers include the juveniles and females of Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus), hen harrier (Circus cyaneus), and pallid harrier (Circus macrourus).

 
A male Montagu's harrier displays the signature upswept wings and grassland habitat.

Species edit

The genus contains 16 species:[8]

Fossils edit

The subfamily Circinae has traditionally included the genera Polyboroides and Geranospiza which include three species: the Madagascar harrier-hawk, (Polyboroides radiatus), the African harrier-hawk, (Polyboroides typus) and the crane hawk, (Geranospiza caerulescens). This may however not be a valid subfamily as the monophyletic genus Circus is nested within the Accipiter groups while the other two genera are paraphyletic and are part of the larger Buteonine clade. Many species in the genus Circus show very low diversity in their mitochondrial DNA due perhaps due to extreme drops in their populations, which are prone to fluctuations with varying prey densities.[10][11]

References edit

  1. ^ Oatley, Graeme; Simmons, Robert E.; Fuchs, Jérôme (2015). "A molecular phylogeny of the harriers (Circus, Accipitridae) indicate the role of long distance dispersal and migration in diversification". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 85: 150–60. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.01.013. PMID 25701771.
  2. ^ Lacépède, Bernard Germain de (1799). "Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux". Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle (in French). Paris: Plassan. p. 4. Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.
  3. ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 316.
  4. ^ Lesson, René P. (1828). Manuel d'ornithologie, ou Description des genres et des principales espèces d'oiseaux (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Roret. p. 105.
  5. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. ^ Hogg, John (1845). "A catalogue of birds observed in South-eastern Durham and in North-western Cleveland". The Zoologist. 3: 1049–1063.
  7. ^ "Harriers in India: A Field Guide" (PDF). wwt.org.uk. Wetland Link International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  8. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  9. ^ Etherington, Graham J.; Mobley, Jason A. (2016). "Molecular phylogeny, morphology and life-history comparisons within Circus cyaneus reveal the presence of two distinct evolutionary lineages". Avian Research. 7. doi:10.1186/s40657-016-0052-3.
  10. ^ Griffiths, Carole S.; Barrowclough, George F.; Groth, Jeff G.; Mertz, Lisa A. (2007). "Phylogeny, diversity, and classification of the Accipitridae based on DNA sequences of the RAG-1 exon". Journal of Avian Biology. 38 (5): 587–602. doi:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.03971.x.
  11. ^ Fuchs, Jérôme; Simmons, Robert E.; Mindell, David P.; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Oatley, Graeme (2014). "Lack of mtDNA genetic diversity in the Black Harrier Circus maurus, a Southern African endemic". Ibis. 156: 227–230. doi:10.1111/ibi.12103.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Circus (genus).

January 01, 1970
harrier, bird, harrier, several, species, diurnal, hawks, sometimes, placed, subfamily, circinae, bird, prey, family, accipitridae, harriers, characteristically, hunt, flying, over, open, ground, feeding, small, mammals, reptiles, birds, young, species, someti. A harrier is any of the several species of diurnal hawks sometimes placed in the subfamily Circinae of the bird of prey family Accipitridae Harriers characteristically hunt by flying low over open ground feeding on small mammals reptiles or birds The young of the species are sometimes referred to as ring tail harriers They are distinctive with long wings a long narrow tail the slow and low flight over grasslands and skull peculiarities The harriers are thought to have diversified with the expansion of grasslands and the emergence of C4 grasses about 6 to 8 million years ago during the Late Miocene and Pliocene 1 Circus Western marsh harrier Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Accipitriformes Family Accipitridae Subfamily CircinaeBonaparte 1838 Genus CircusLacepede 1799 Type species Falco aeruginosusLinnaeus 1758 Species See text Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Ring tails 2 Species 2 1 Fossils 3 References 4 External linksTaxonomy edit nbsp Northern harrier adult male The genus Circus was introduced by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacepede in 1799 2 The type species was subsequently designated as the western marsh harrier 3 4 Most harriers are placed in this genus The word Circus is derived from the Ancient Greek kirkos referring to a bird of prey named for its circling flight kirkos circle probably the hen harrier 5 The name harrier is thought to have been derived either from Harrier dog or by a corruption of harrower or directly from harry 6 Ring tails edit Ring tail is an informal term used by birders for the juveniles and females of several harrier species when seen in the field and not identifiable to an exact species 7 Ring tail harriers include the juveniles and females of Montagu s harrier Circus pygargus hen harrier Circus cyaneus and pallid harrier Circus macrourus nbsp A male Montagu s harrier displays the signature upswept wings and grassland habitat Species editThe genus contains 16 species 8 Montagu s harrier Circus pygargus Eurasia winters in Africa and India Hen harrier Circus cyaneus Eurasia Northern harrier Circus hudsonius North America 9 Western marsh harrier Circus aeruginosus Europe western Asia winter range includes Africa and India Eastern marsh harrier Circus spilonotus Asia migratory African marsh harrier Circus ranivorus southern and central Africa Swamp harrier Circus approximans New Zealand Australia Pacific islands Papuan harrier Circus spilothorax New Guinea formerly treated as a subspecies of C spilonotus then C approximans but now considered distinct Malagasy harrier Circus macrosceles formerly in C maillardi Indian Ocean Madagascar and the Comoro Islands Reunion harrier Circus maillardi Indian Ocean Reunion Island Long winged harrier Circus buffoni South America Spotted harrier Circus assimilis Australia Indonesia Black harrier Circus maurus southern Africa Cinereous harrier Circus cinereus South America Pallid harrier Circus macrourus migratory eastern Europe Asia Africa winter Pied harrier Circus melanoleucos Asia Fossils edit Eyles s harrier Circus eylesi prehistoric Wood harrier Circus dossenus prehistoric The subfamily Circinae has traditionally included the genera Polyboroides and Geranospiza which include three species the Madagascar harrier hawk Polyboroides radiatus the African harrier hawk Polyboroides typus and the crane hawk Geranospiza caerulescens This may however not be a valid subfamily as the monophyletic genus Circus is nested within the Accipiter groups while the other two genera are paraphyletic and are part of the larger Buteonine clade Many species in the genus Circus show very low diversity in their mitochondrial DNA due perhaps due to extreme drops in their populations which are prone to fluctuations with varying prey densities 10 11 References edit Oatley Graeme Simmons Robert E Fuchs Jerome 2015 A molecular phylogeny of the harriers Circus Accipitridae indicate the role of long distance dispersal and migration in diversification Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 85 150 60 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2015 01 013 PMID 25701771 Lacepede Bernard Germain de 1799 Tableau des sous classes divisions sous division ordres et genres des oiseux Discours d ouverture et de cloture du cours d histoire naturelle in French Paris Plassan p 4 Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections Mayr Ernst Cottrell G William eds 1979 Check list of Birds of the World Volume 1 2nd ed Cambridge Massachusetts Museum of Comparative Zoology p 316 Lesson Rene P 1828 Manuel d ornithologie ou Description des genres et des principales especes d oiseaux in French Vol 1 Paris Roret p 105 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 109 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Hogg John 1845 A catalogue of birds observed in South eastern Durham and in North western Cleveland The Zoologist 3 1049 1063 Harriers in India A Field Guide PDF wwt org uk Wetland Link International Archived PDF from the original on 2022 10 09 Retrieved 27 January 2021 Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds August 2022 Hoatzin New World vultures Secretarybird raptors IOC World Bird List Version 12 2 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 6 December 2022 Etherington Graham J Mobley Jason A 2016 Molecular phylogeny morphology and life history comparisons within Circus cyaneus reveal the presence of two distinct evolutionary lineages Avian Research 7 doi 10 1186 s40657 016 0052 3 Griffiths Carole S Barrowclough George F Groth Jeff G Mertz Lisa A 2007 Phylogeny diversity and classification of the Accipitridae based on DNA sequences of the RAG 1 exon Journal of Avian Biology 38 5 587 602 doi 10 1111 j 2007 0908 8857 03971 x Fuchs Jerome Simmons Robert E Mindell David P Bowie Rauri C K Oatley Graeme 2014 Lack of mtDNA genetic diversity in the Black Harrier Circus maurus a Southern African endemic Ibis 156 227 230 doi 10 1111 ibi 12103 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Circus genus Harrier videos on the Internet Bird Collection Harrier videos on the Internet Bird Collection Newton Alfred 1911 Harrier Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 13 11th ed p 17 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Harrier bird amp oldid 1193113227, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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