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Boy

May 04, 2023

For other uses, see Boy (disambiguation).
"Boys" redirects here. For other uses, see Boys (disambiguation).

A boy is a young male human. The term is commonly used for a child or an adolescent. When a male human reaches adulthood, he is usually described as a man.

Definition, etymology, and use

According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a boy is "a male child from birth to adulthood".[1]

The word "boy" comes from Middle English boi, boye ("boy, servant"), related to other Germanic words for boy, namely East Frisian boi ("boy, young man") and West Frisian boai ("boy"). Although the exact etymology is obscure, the English and Frisian forms probably derive from an earlier Anglo-Frisian *bō-ja ("little brother"), a diminutive of the Germanic root *bō- ("brother, male relation"), from Proto-Indo-European *bhā-, *bhāt- ("father, brother"). The root is also found in Norwegian dialectal boa ("brother"), and, through a reduplicated variant *bō-bō-, in Old Norse bófi, Dutch boef "(criminal) knave, rogue", German Bube ("knave, rogue, boy"). Furthermore, the word may be related to Bōia, an Anglo-Saxon personal name.[2]

 
Poor Neapolitan children
 
Tanzanian boy transporting fodder

Specific uses

Race

Historically, in the United States and South Africa, "boy" was not only a "neutral" term for domestics but also a disparaging term towards black men; the term implied a subservient status.[3][4][5][6] Thomas Branch, an early African-American Seventh-day Adventist missionary to Nyassaland (Malawi) referred to the native students as "boys":

There is one way by which we judge many of our present boys to be quite different from some of those who were here long ago: those that are married have their wives here with them, and build their own houses, and all are busy making their gardens. I have told all the boys that if they wished to stay here and learn, those that had wives must bring them.[7]

Multiple politicians – including New Jersey Governor Chris Christie and former Kentucky Congressman Geoff Davis – have been criticized publicly for referring to a black man as "boy".[5][6]

During an event promoting the 2017 boxing bout between Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Conor McGregor, the latter told the former to "dance for me, boy."[8] The remarks led several boxers – including Mayweather and Andre Ward – as well as multiple commentators to accuse McGregor of racism.[8][9][10][11]

Biology

Sex determination

Human sex is determined at fertilization when the genetic sex of the zygote has been initialized by a sperm cell containing either an X or Y chromosome. If this sperm cell contains an X chromosome, it will coincide with the X chromosome of the ovum and a girl will develop. A sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome results in an XY combination, and a boy will develop.[12]

In utero development and genitalia

 
Armenian boys at play
 
Bangladeshi boys, sitting in a tree

In male embryos at six to seven weeks' gestation, "the expression of a gene on the Y chromosome induces changes that result in the development of the testes". At approximately nine weeks' gestation, the production of testosterone by a male embryo results in the development of the male reproductive system.[13]

 
Filipino boy

The male reproductive system includes both external and internal organs. The external organs include the penis, the scrotum, and the testicles (or testes). The penis is a cylindrical organ filled with spongy tissue. It is the organ used by boys to expel urine. The foreskin of some boys' penises is removed in a process known as circumcision. The scrotum is a loose sac of skin behind the penis which contains the testicles. Testicles are oval-shaped gonads. A boy generally possesses two testicles. Internal male reproductive organs include the vas deferens, the ejaculatory ducts, the urethra, the seminal vesicles, and the prostate gland.[14][15]

Physical maturation

Puberty is the process by which children's bodies mature into adult bodies that are capable of reproduction. On average, boys begin puberty at ages 11–12 and complete puberty at ages 16–17.[16][17]

In boys, puberty begins with the enlargement of the testicles and scrotum. The penis also increases in size, and a boy develops pubic hair. A boy's testicles also begin making sperm. The release of semen, which contains sperm and other fluids, is called ejaculation.[18] During puberty, a boy's erect penis becomes capable of ejaculating semen and impregnating a female.[14][15] A boy's first ejaculation is an important milestone in his development.[19] On average, a boy's first ejaculation occurs at age 13.[20] Ejaculation sometimes occurs during sleep; this phenomenon is known as a nocturnal emission.[18]

When a boy reaches puberty, testosterone triggers the development of secondary sex characteristics. A boy's muscles increase in size and mass, his voice deepens, his bones lengthen, and the shape of his face and body changes.[21] The increased secretion of testosterone from the testicles during puberty causes the male secondary sexual characteristics to be manifested.[22] Male secondary sex characteristics include:

 
Adolescent boys in Uruguay

Gender norms

Boys who defy gender norms may face a higher risk of abuse, and may experience more depression than gender-conforming peers, as well as social stigma from parents[26] and peers.[27][28] The gender policing towards them can increase the risk of alcoholism, anxiety, and depression in adulthood.[29]

In some cultures, the birth of a male child (boy) is considered prosperous.[30]

Boys and child labor

Boys perform the majority of child labor around the world compared to girls, 88 million are boys and 64 million are girls. Boys are also the primary victims of hazardous child labor. They are mainly employed in agriculture, construction and mining sectors. Boy workers also account for about 87 percent of those who died on the job between 2003 and 2016 in the US.[31]

 
Boys working in the Textile Mills. Massachusetts, 1912

Boys are given a basic reading, writing and mathematics skill and then forced to pursue their father's profession in order to alleviate financial burden of the family. This is one of the main reasons why boys are preferred over girl by the rural communities in poor countries. In India, by contrast, the majority of adopted children are girls even though boys are preferred in general compared to girls.[32][33][34]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Definition of BOY".
  2. ^ See:
    • Etymology Online - entry for "boy"
    • H. H. Malincrodt, Latijn-Nederlands woordenboek (Latin-Dutch dictionary)
    • Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary
    • Buck, Carl Darling (1988) [1949]. A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-07937-0.
  3. ^ Corriher, Billy (2011-12-21). "Court finally says 'boy' comments are racist". Harvard Law and Policy Review. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  4. ^ Ifill, Sherrilyn A. (24 August 2010). "When 'Boy' Is Not a Racist Remark". The Root. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  5. ^ a b Martin, Roland S. (15 April 2008). "Understanding why you don't call a black man a boy". CNN.com. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  6. ^ a b "Racist Or Not? Gov. Chris Christie Calls Black Man 'Boy' In Town Hall [VIDEO]". News One. 2013-03-16. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  7. ^ Branch, Thomas H. (January 3, 1907). "British Central Africa" (PDF). Review and Herald. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association. 84 (1): 18. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  8. ^ a b "Floyd Mayweather accuses Conor McGregor of racism and uses homophobic slur". The Guardian. 2017-07-15. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  9. ^ Chiari, Mike (13 July 2017). "Andre Ward Doesn't Like Conor McGregor Calling Floyd Mayweather 'Boy'". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  10. ^ Callahan, Yesha (13 June 2017). "Yes, Conor McGregor Is a Racist". The Root. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  11. ^ Bell, Gabriel (14 July 2017). "Conor McGregor denies being a racist with racist statement". Salon. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  12. ^ Fauci et al. 2008, pp. 2339–2346.
  13. ^ Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences (November 28, 2001). Wizemann, Theresa M.; Pardue, Mary-Lou (eds.). Sex Begins in the Womb. National Academies Press (US) – via www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  14. ^ a b "Male Reproductive System Information". Cleveland Clinic.
  15. ^ a b "The Male Reproductive System". WebMD.
  16. ^ Kail, RV; Cavanaugh JC (2010). Human Development: A Lifespan View (5th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-495-60037-4.
  17. ^ D. C. Phillips (2014). Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy. SAGE Publications. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-4833-6475-9. On average, the onset of puberty is about 18 months earlier for girls (usually starting around the age of 10 or 11 and lasting until they are 15 to 17) than for boys (who usually begin puberty at about the age of 11 to 12 and complete it by the age of 16 to 17, on average).
  18. ^ a b "Puberty: Adolescent Male | Johns Hopkins Medicine". Hopkinsmedicine.org. Retrieved 2020-02-27.
  19. ^ "Male puberty milestones". Health24. Retrieved 2020-02-27.
  20. ^ (Jorgensen & Keiding 1991).
  21. ^ a b c d e f g Bjorklund DF, Blasi CH (2011). Child and Adolescent Development: An Integrated Approach. Cengage Learning. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-1133168379.
  22. ^ Van de Graaff & Fox 1989, p. 933-4.
  23. ^ Pack PE (2016). CliffsNotes AP Biology, 5th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 219. ISBN 978-0544784178.
  24. ^ a b . hartnell.edu. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009.
  25. ^ . hu-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27.
  26. ^ Bridges, Dori (24 April 2019). "Parents more uncomfortable with gender-nonconforming behaviors in boys, study finds". PsyPost. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  27. ^ "Gender Nonconforming Children, Particularly Boys, Are Less Popular With Peers". The Good Men Project. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  28. ^ Roberts, Andrea; Rosario, Margaret; Slopen, Natalie; Calzo, Jeren (2012). "Childhood Gender Nonconformity, Bullying Victimization, and Depressive Symptoms Across Adolescence and Early Adulthood: An 11-Year Longitudinal Study". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 52 (2): 143–152. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.11.006. PMC 3635805. PMID 23357441. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  29. ^ Bauermeister, José A.; Connochie, Daniel; Jadwin-Cakmak, Laura; Meanley, Steven (May 2017). "Gender Policing During Childhood and the Psychological Well-Being of Young Adult Sexual Minority Men in the United States". American Journal of Men's Health. 11 (3): 693–701. doi:10.1177/1557988316680938. ISSN 1557-9883. PMC 5393921. PMID 27903954.
  30. ^ Brink, Susan (26 August 2015). "Selecting Boys Over Girls Is A Trend In More And More Countries". NPR.org. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
  31. ^ "Child Labor Facts and Statistics about Child Labor Around The World - Compassion International". www.compassion.com. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  32. ^ "10 Basic Facts about Child Labor Globally – stopchildlabor". stopchildlabor.org. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  33. ^ "World Day Against Child Labour: 152 million children are forced to work for a living". India Today. June 12, 2018. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  34. ^ "The number of Children available for adoption is less than 1/4th the demand despite the simplification in adoption process". FACTLY. 2016-07-11. Retrieved 2021-05-26.

Further reading

  • Allen, Edward A. (1982). "Public School Elites in Early-Victorian England: The Boys at Harrow and Merchant Taylors' Schools from 1825 to 1850". Journal of British Studies. 21 (2): 87–117. doi:10.1086/385791. S2CID 144610133.
  • Baggerman, Arianne; Dekker, Rudolf (2009). Child of the Enlightenment: Revolutionary Europe Reflected in a Boyhood Diary. ISBN 9789004273641.
  • Clement, Priscilla Ferguson; Reinier, Jacqueline S., eds. (2001). Boyhood in America: an encyclopedia. 2 vol. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-215-8.
  • Fauci, Anthony S.; Braunwald, Eugene; Kasper, Dennis L.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Longo, Dan L.; Jameson, J. Larry; Loscalzo, Joseph (2008). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (17th ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 2339–2346. ISBN 9780071466332.
  • Giese, Rachel (2018). Boys: What it Means to Become a Man. Seal Press. ISBN 9781443442916.
  • Hunt, Peter (2004). International companion encyclopedia of children's literature. Routledge. ISBN 9780415290531.
  • Illick, Joseph E. (2005). American childhoods. ISBN 9780812236590.
  • Killian, Caitlin (2007). "Covered girls and savage boys: Representations of Muslim youth in France". Journal of Social and Ecological Boundaries. 3 (1): 69–90.
  • Kugler, Adriana D.; Kumar, Santosh (2017). "Preference for boys, family size, and educational attainment in India". Demography. 54 (3): 835–859. doi:10.1007/s13524-017-0575-1. PMC 5486858. PMID 28484996.
  • Liu, Fengshu (2006). "Boys as only‐children and girls as only‐children—parental gendered expectations of the only‐child in the nuclear Chinese family in present‐day China". Gender and Education. 18 (5): 491–505. doi:10.1080/09540250600881626. S2CID 144525986.
  • Macleod, David I. (1982). "Act Your Age: Boyhood, Adolescence and the Rise of the Boy Scouts of America". Journal of Social History. 16 (2): 3–20. doi:10.1353/jsh/16.2.3.
  • Mintz, Steven (2004). Huck's raft: A history of American childhood. Harvard UP. ISBN 9780674015081.
  • Naka, Kansuke (2015). The Silver Spoon: Memoir of a Boyhood in Japan. Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 9781611720198.
  • Plafker, Ted (2002). "Sex selection in China sees 117 boys born for every 100 girls". The BMJ. 324 (7348): 1233. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7348.1233/a. PMC 1123206. PMID 12028966.
  • Powell, Sacha; Smith, Kate, eds. (2017). An introduction to early childhood studies. Sage. ISBN 9781526417480.
  • Rose, Clare (2016). Making, selling and wearing boys' clothes in late-Victorian England. Routledge. ISBN 9781138261860.
  • Theriault, Daniel (2018). "A Socio-Historical Overview of Black Youth Development in the United States for Leisure Studies". International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure. 1 (2): 197–213. doi:10.1007/s41978-018-0013-y. S2CID 158309254.
  • Van de Graaff, Kent M.; Fox, Stuart Ira (1989). Concepts of Human Anatomy and Physiology. Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown Publishers. ISBN 0697056759.
  • Wainman, Ruth (2017). "'Engineering for Boys': Meccano and the Shaping of a Technical Vision of Boyhood in Twentieth-Century Britain". Cultural and Social History. 14 (3): 381–396. doi:10.1080/14780038.2017.1314581. S2CID 164528642.
  • Wolff, Larry (1996). "The Boys Are Pickpockets, and the Girl Is a Prostitute": Gender and Juvenile Criminality in Early Victorian England from Oliver Twist to London Labour". New Literary History. 27 (2): 227–249. doi:10.1353/nlh.1996.0029. JSTOR 20057349. S2CID 162188050.

External links

  •   Media related to Boys at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Quotations related to Boy at Wikiquote
  •   The dictionary definition of boy at Wiktionary
  • , website and journal for the study of boys
  • Historical Boys' Clothing

May 04, 2023
other, uses, disambiguation, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, missing, information, about, b. For other uses see Boy disambiguation Boys redirects here For other uses see Boys disambiguation This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article is missing information about boys physical mental social characteristics Please expand the article to include this information Further details may exist on the talk page April 2019 This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia s quality standards You can help The talk page may contain suggestions August 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message A boy is a young male human The term is commonly used for a child or an adolescent When a male human reaches adulthood he is usually described as a man Tigray boy in Ethiopia Contents 1 Definition etymology and use 1 1 Specific uses 1 1 1 Race 2 Biology 2 1 Sex determination 2 2 In utero development and genitalia 2 3 Physical maturation 3 Gender norms 4 Boys and child labor 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksDefinition etymology and useAccording to the Merriam Webster Dictionary a boy is a male child from birth to adulthood 1 The word boy comes from Middle English boi boye boy servant related to other Germanic words for boy namely East Frisian boi boy young man and West Frisian boai boy Although the exact etymology is obscure the English and Frisian forms probably derive from an earlier Anglo Frisian bō ja little brother a diminutive of the Germanic root bō brother male relation from Proto Indo European bha bhat father brother The root is also found in Norwegian dialectal boa brother and through a reduplicated variant bō bō in Old Norse bofi Dutch boef criminal knave rogue German Bube knave rogue boy Furthermore the word may be related to Bōia an Anglo Saxon personal name 2 Poor Neapolitan children Tanzanian boy transporting fodder Specific uses RaceHistorically in the United States and South Africa boy was not only a neutral term for domestics but also a disparaging term towards black men the term implied a subservient status 3 4 5 6 Thomas Branch an early African American Seventh day Adventist missionary to Nyassaland Malawi referred to the native students as boys There is one way by which we judge many of our present boys to be quite different from some of those who were here long ago those that are married have their wives here with them and build their own houses and all are busy making their gardens I have told all the boys that if they wished to stay here and learn those that had wives must bring them 7 Multiple politicians including New Jersey Governor Chris Christie and former Kentucky Congressman Geoff Davis have been criticized publicly for referring to a black man as boy 5 6 During an event promoting the 2017 boxing bout between Floyd Mayweather Jr and Conor McGregor the latter told the former to dance for me boy 8 The remarks led several boxers including Mayweather and Andre Ward as well as multiple commentators to accuse McGregor of racism 8 9 10 11 BiologySex determination Human sex is determined at fertilization when the genetic sex of the zygote has been initialized by a sperm cell containing either an X or Y chromosome If this sperm cell contains an X chromosome it will coincide with the X chromosome of the ovum and a girl will develop A sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome results in an XY combination and a boy will develop 12 In utero development and genitalia Armenian boys at play Bangladeshi boys sitting in a tree In male embryos at six to seven weeks gestation the expression of a gene on the Y chromosome induces changes that result in the development of the testes At approximately nine weeks gestation the production of testosterone by a male embryo results in the development of the male reproductive system 13 Filipino boy The male reproductive system includes both external and internal organs The external organs include the penis the scrotum and the testicles or testes The penis is a cylindrical organ filled with spongy tissue It is the organ used by boys to expel urine The foreskin of some boys penises is removed in a process known as circumcision The scrotum is a loose sac of skin behind the penis which contains the testicles Testicles are oval shaped gonads A boy generally possesses two testicles Internal male reproductive organs include the vas deferens the ejaculatory ducts the urethra the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland 14 15 Physical maturation Puberty is the process by which children s bodies mature into adult bodies that are capable of reproduction On average boys begin puberty at ages 11 12 and complete puberty at ages 16 17 16 17 In boys puberty begins with the enlargement of the testicles and scrotum The penis also increases in size and a boy develops pubic hair A boy s testicles also begin making sperm The release of semen which contains sperm and other fluids is called ejaculation 18 During puberty a boy s erect penis becomes capable of ejaculating semen and impregnating a female 14 15 A boy s first ejaculation is an important milestone in his development 19 On average a boy s first ejaculation occurs at age 13 20 Ejaculation sometimes occurs during sleep this phenomenon is known as a nocturnal emission 18 When a boy reaches puberty testosterone triggers the development of secondary sex characteristics A boy s muscles increase in size and mass his voice deepens his bones lengthen and the shape of his face and body changes 21 The increased secretion of testosterone from the testicles during puberty causes the male secondary sexual characteristics to be manifested 22 Male secondary sex characteristics include Adolescent boys in Uruguay Growth of body hair including underarm abdominal chest and pubic hair 23 21 Growth of facial hair 21 Enlargement of larynx Adam s apple and deepening of voice 21 24 Increased stature adult males are taller than adult females on average 21 Heavier skull and bone structure 21 Increased muscle mass and strength 21 Broadening of shoulders and chest shoulders wider than hips 25 Increased secretions of oil and sweat glands 24 Gender normsBoys who defy gender norms may face a higher risk of abuse and may experience more depression than gender conforming peers as well as social stigma from parents 26 and peers 27 28 The gender policing towards them can increase the risk of alcoholism anxiety and depression in adulthood 29 In some cultures the birth of a male child boy is considered prosperous 30 Boys and child laborBoys perform the majority of child labor around the world compared to girls 88 million are boys and 64 million are girls Boys are also the primary victims of hazardous child labor They are mainly employed in agriculture construction and mining sectors Boy workers also account for about 87 percent of those who died on the job between 2003 and 2016 in the US 31 Boys working in the Textile Mills Massachusetts 1912 Boys are given a basic reading writing and mathematics skill and then forced to pursue their father s profession in order to alleviate financial burden of the family This is one of the main reasons why boys are preferred over girl by the rural communities in poor countries In India by contrast the majority of adopted children are girls even though boys are preferred in general compared to girls 32 33 34 See alsoBoy band Man Shōnen mangaReferences Definition of BOY See Etymology Online entry for boy H H Malincrodt Latijn Nederlands woordenboek Latin Dutch dictionary Webster s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary Buck Carl Darling 1988 1949 A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo European Languages Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 07937 0 Corriher Billy 2011 12 21 Court finally says boy comments are racist Harvard Law and Policy Review Retrieved 2017 07 18 Ifill Sherrilyn A 24 August 2010 When Boy Is Not a Racist Remark The Root Retrieved 2017 07 18 a b Martin Roland S 15 April 2008 Understanding why you don t call a black man a boy CNN com Retrieved 2017 07 18 a b Racist Or Not Gov Chris Christie Calls Black Man Boy In Town Hall VIDEO News One 2013 03 16 Retrieved 2017 07 18 Branch Thomas H January 3 1907 British Central Africa PDF Review and Herald Washington D C Review and Herald Publishing Association 84 1 18 Retrieved May 5 2015 a b Floyd Mayweather accuses Conor McGregor of racism and uses homophobic slur The Guardian 2017 07 15 ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 2017 07 18 Chiari Mike 13 July 2017 Andre Ward Doesn t Like Conor McGregor Calling Floyd Mayweather Boy Bleacher Report Retrieved 2017 07 18 Callahan Yesha 13 June 2017 Yes Conor McGregor Is a Racist The Root Retrieved 2017 07 18 Bell Gabriel 14 July 2017 Conor McGregor denies being a racist with racist statement Salon Retrieved 2017 07 18 Fauci et al 2008 pp 2339 2346 Institute of Medicine US Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences November 28 2001 Wizemann Theresa M Pardue Mary Lou eds Sex Begins in the Womb National Academies Press US via www ncbi nlm nih gov a b Male Reproductive System Information Cleveland Clinic a b The Male Reproductive System WebMD Kail RV Cavanaugh JC 2010 Human Development A Lifespan View 5th ed Cengage Learning p 296 ISBN 978 0 495 60037 4 D C Phillips 2014 Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy SAGE Publications pp 18 19 ISBN 978 1 4833 6475 9 On average the onset of puberty is about 18 months earlier for girls usually starting around the age of 10 or 11 and lasting until they are 15 to 17 than for boys who usually begin puberty at about the age of 11 to 12 and complete it by the age of 16 to 17 on average a b Puberty Adolescent Male Johns Hopkins Medicine Hopkinsmedicine org Retrieved 2020 02 27 Male puberty milestones Health24 Retrieved 2020 02 27 Jorgensen amp Keiding 1991 a b c d e f g Bjorklund DF Blasi CH 2011 Child and Adolescent Development An Integrated Approach Cengage Learning pp 152 153 ISBN 978 1133168379 Van de Graaff amp Fox 1989 p 933 4 Pack PE 2016 CliffsNotes AP Biology 5th Edition Houghton Mifflin Harcourt p 219 ISBN 978 0544784178 a b Help is here hartnell edu Archived from the original on February 8 2009 Secondary Characteristics hu berlin de Archived from the original on 2011 09 27 Bridges Dori 24 April 2019 Parents more uncomfortable with gender nonconforming behaviors in boys study finds PsyPost Retrieved 19 August 2020 Gender Nonconforming Children Particularly Boys Are Less Popular With Peers The Good Men Project 20 January 2020 Retrieved 19 August 2020 Roberts Andrea Rosario Margaret Slopen Natalie Calzo Jeren 2012 Childhood Gender Nonconformity Bullying Victimization and Depressive Symptoms Across Adolescence and Early Adulthood An 11 Year Longitudinal Study Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 52 2 143 152 doi 10 1016 j jaac 2012 11 006 PMC 3635805 PMID 23357441 Retrieved 19 August 2020 Bauermeister Jose A Connochie Daniel Jadwin Cakmak Laura Meanley Steven May 2017 Gender Policing During Childhood and the Psychological Well Being of Young Adult Sexual Minority Men in the United States American Journal of Men s Health 11 3 693 701 doi 10 1177 1557988316680938 ISSN 1557 9883 PMC 5393921 PMID 27903954 Brink Susan 26 August 2015 Selecting Boys Over Girls Is A Trend In More And More Countries NPR org Retrieved 2021 05 14 Child Labor Facts and Statistics about Child Labor Around The World Compassion International www compassion com Retrieved 2021 05 26 10 Basic Facts about Child Labor Globally stopchildlabor stopchildlabor org Retrieved 2021 05 26 World Day Against Child Labour 152 million children are forced to work for a living India Today June 12 2018 Retrieved 2021 05 26 The number of Children available for adoption is less than 1 4th the demand despite the simplification in adoption process FACTLY 2016 07 11 Retrieved 2021 05 26 Further readingAllen Edward A 1982 Public School Elites in Early Victorian England The Boys at Harrow and Merchant Taylors Schools from 1825 to 1850 Journal of British Studies 21 2 87 117 doi 10 1086 385791 S2CID 144610133 Baggerman Arianne Dekker Rudolf 2009 Child of the Enlightenment Revolutionary Europe Reflected in a Boyhood Diary ISBN 9789004273641 Clement Priscilla Ferguson Reinier Jacqueline S eds 2001 Boyhood in America an encyclopedia 2 vol ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 57607 215 8 Fauci Anthony S Braunwald Eugene Kasper Dennis L Hauser Stephen L Longo Dan L Jameson J Larry Loscalzo Joseph 2008 Harrison s Principles of Internal Medicine 17th ed McGraw Hill Medical pp 2339 2346 ISBN 9780071466332 Giese Rachel 2018 Boys What it Means to Become a Man Seal Press ISBN 9781443442916 Hunt Peter 2004 International companion encyclopedia of children s literature Routledge ISBN 9780415290531 Illick Joseph E 2005 American childhoods ISBN 9780812236590 Killian Caitlin 2007 Covered girls and savage boys Representations of Muslim youth in France Journal of Social and Ecological Boundaries 3 1 69 90 Kugler Adriana D Kumar Santosh 2017 Preference for boys family size and educational attainment in India Demography 54 3 835 859 doi 10 1007 s13524 017 0575 1 PMC 5486858 PMID 28484996 Liu Fengshu 2006 Boys as only children and girls as only children parental gendered expectations of the only child in the nuclear Chinese family in present day China Gender and Education 18 5 491 505 doi 10 1080 09540250600881626 S2CID 144525986 Macleod David I 1982 Act Your Age Boyhood Adolescence and the Rise of the Boy Scouts of America Journal of Social History 16 2 3 20 doi 10 1353 jsh 16 2 3 Mintz Steven 2004 Huck s raft A history of American childhood Harvard UP ISBN 9780674015081 Naka Kansuke 2015 The Silver Spoon Memoir of a Boyhood in Japan Stone Bridge Press ISBN 9781611720198 Plafker Ted 2002 Sex selection in China sees 117 boys born for every 100 girls The BMJ 324 7348 1233 doi 10 1136 bmj 324 7348 1233 a PMC 1123206 PMID 12028966 Powell Sacha Smith Kate eds 2017 An introduction to early childhood studies Sage ISBN 9781526417480 Rose Clare 2016 Making selling and wearing boys clothes in late Victorian England Routledge ISBN 9781138261860 Theriault Daniel 2018 A Socio Historical Overview of Black Youth Development in the United States for Leisure Studies International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure 1 2 197 213 doi 10 1007 s41978 018 0013 y S2CID 158309254 Van de Graaff Kent M Fox Stuart Ira 1989 Concepts of Human Anatomy and Physiology Dubuque Iowa William C Brown Publishers ISBN 0697056759 Wainman Ruth 2017 Engineering for Boys Meccano and the Shaping of a Technical Vision of Boyhood in Twentieth Century Britain Cultural and Social History 14 3 381 396 doi 10 1080 14780038 2017 1314581 S2CID 164528642 Wolff Larry 1996 The Boys Are Pickpockets and the Girl Is a Prostitute Gender and Juvenile Criminality in Early Victorian England from Oliver Twist to London Labour New Literary History 27 2 227 249 doi 10 1353 nlh 1996 0029 JSTOR 20057349 S2CID 162188050 External links Media related to Boys at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Boy at Wikiquote The dictionary definition of boy at Wiktionary Boyhood Studies website and journal for the study of boys Historical Boys Clothing Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Boy amp oldid 1148700030, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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