The boukólos rule is a phonological rule of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE). It states that a labiovelar stop (*kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ) dissimilates to an ordinary velar stop (*k, *g, *gʰ) next to the vowel *u or its corresponding glide *w.
The rule is named after an example, the Ancient Greek word βουκόλος (bou-kólos; from Mycenaean Greekqo-u-ko-ro /gʷou̯kolos/[1]) "cowherd", ultimately from PIE *gʷou-kolos, dissimilated from *gʷou-kʷolos. If the labiovelar had not undergone dissimilation, the word should have turned out as *bou-pólos, as in the analogously constructed αἰπόλος (ai-pólos) "goatherd" < *ai(ǵ)-kʷolos.[2] The same dissimilated form *gʷou-kolos is the ancestor of Proto-Celtic*bou-koli-, the source of Welshbugail (which would have had -b- rather than -g- if it had come from a form with *-kʷ-) and Irishbuachaill, which is the common word for "boy" in the modern language.[3]
Another example could be the Greek negation οὐκ[ί] (ouk[í]), which Warren Cowgill has interpreted as coming from pre-Greek *ojukid < *(ne) h₂oju kʷid, meaning approximately "not on your life". Without the boukólos rule, the result would have been *οὐτ[ί] (out[í]).[4]
The rule is also found in Germanic, mainly in verbs, where labiovelars are delabialised by the epenthetic -u- inserted before syllabic resonants:[5]
Old High German queman ("to come"), past participle cuman ("come"), from Proto-Germanic *kwemaną and *kumanaz
Gothic saiƕan, Old High German sehan ("to see"), past plural OHG sāgun ("saw"), from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną and *sēgun (-g- results from earlier -k- through Verner's law)
See alsoedit
Weise's law, a similar Proto-Indo-European sound law affecting the palatovelar consonants
Referencesedit
^Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul (2011). Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN978-90-272-1185-9. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
^Fortson, Benjamin W. IV (2004). Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell Publishing. p. 64. ISBN1-4051-0316-7.
^Matasović, Ranko (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Leiden: Brill. p. 72. ISBN978-90-04-17336-1.
^Ringe, Donald A. (2017). From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Linguistic history of English, v. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 111-112. ISBN0-19-955229-0.
boukólos, rule, this, article, contains, characters, used, write, reconstructed, proto, indo, european, words, explanation, notation, proto, indo, european, phonology, without, proper, rendering, support, question, marks, boxes, other, symbols, instead, unicod. This article contains characters used to write reconstructed Proto Indo European words for an explanation of the notation see Proto Indo European phonology Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode combining characters and Latin characters The boukolos rule is a phonological rule of the Proto Indo European language PIE It states that a labiovelar stop kʷ gʷ gʷʰ dissimilates to an ordinary velar stop k g gʰ next to the vowel u or its corresponding glide w The rule is named after an example the Ancient Greek word boykolos bou kolos from Mycenaean Greek qo u ko ro gʷou kolos 1 cowherd ultimately from PIE gʷou kolos dissimilated from gʷou kʷolos If the labiovelar had not undergone dissimilation the word should have turned out as bou polos as in the analogously constructed aἰpolos ai polos goatherd lt ai ǵ kʷolos 2 The same dissimilated form gʷou kolos is the ancestor of Proto Celtic bou koli the source of Welsh bugail which would have had b rather than g if it had come from a form with kʷ and Irish buachaill which is the common word for boy in the modern language 3 Another example could be the Greek negation oὐk i ouk i which Warren Cowgill has interpreted as coming from pre Greek ojukid lt ne h oju kʷid meaning approximately not on your life Without the boukolos rule the result would have been oὐt i out i 4 The rule is also found in Germanic mainly in verbs where labiovelars are delabialised by the epenthetic u inserted before syllabic resonants 5 Old High German queman to come past participle cuman come from Proto Germanic kwemana and kumanaz Gothic saiƕan Old High German sehan to see past plural OHG sagun saw from Proto Germanic sehwana and segun g results from earlier k through Verner s law See also editWeise s law a similar Proto Indo European sound law affecting the palatovelar consonantsReferences edit Beekes Robert Stephen Paul 2011 Comparative Indo European Linguistics An Introduction John Benjamins Publishing ISBN 978 90 272 1185 9 Retrieved 12 August 2017 Fortson Benjamin W IV 2004 Indo European Language and Culture Blackwell Publishing p 64 ISBN 1 4051 0316 7 Matasovic Ranko 2009 Etymological Dictionary of Proto Celtic Leiden Brill p 72 ISBN 978 90 04 17336 1 Fortson 2004 133 Ringe Donald A 2017 From Proto Indo European to Proto Germanic Linguistic history of English v 1 2nd ed Oxford Oxford University Press p 111 112 ISBN 0 19 955229 0 nbsp This article about historical linguistics is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Boukolos rule amp oldid 1209270749, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
