fbpx
Wikipedia

Boeing 720

January 01, 1970

The Boeing 720 was an American narrow-body airliner produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Announced in July 1957 as a 707 derivative for shorter flights from shorter runways, the 720 first flew on November 23, 1959. Its type certificate was issued on June 30, 1960, and it entered service with United Airlines on July 5, 1960. A total of 154 Boeing 720s and 720Bs were built until 1967.[5] As a derivative, the 720 had low development costs, allowing profitability despite few sales.

Boeing 720
The 720 is similar to the Boeing 707 with a slightly shorter fuselage. Here, a 720 in Cyprus Airways livery is landing at London Heathrow Airport
Role Narrow-body jet airliner
National origin United States
Manufacturer Boeing Commercial Airplanes
First flight November 23, 1959
Introduction July 5, 1960, with United Airlines
Retired September 29, 2010[1]
Status Retired
Primary users United Airlines
Western Airlines
Eastern Air Lines
Northwest Airlines
Produced 1959–1967[2][3]
Number built 154[4]
Developed from Boeing 707

Compared to the 707-120, it has a length reduced by 8.33 feet (2.54 m), a modified wing and a lightened airframe for a lower maximum takeoff weight. Originally designed to be powered by four Pratt & Whitney JT3C turbojets, the initial 720 could cover a 2,800 nautical miles [nmi] (5,200 km; 3,200 mi) range with 131 passengers in two classes. The reconfigured 720B, powered by JT3D turbofans, first flew on October 6, 1960, and entered service in March 1961. It could seat 156 passengers in one class over a 3,200 nautical miles [nmi] (5,900 km; 3,700 mi) range. Some 720s were later converted to 720Bs specification. It was succeeded by the Boeing 727 trijet.

Development edit

Shorter range 707 edit

 
The Boeing 720 made its maiden flight on November 23, 1959.

Boeing announced its plans to develop a new version of the 707 in July 1957.[4] It was developed from the 707-120 to provide for short- to medium-range flights from shorter runways. The model was originally designated 707-020 before being changed to 720 at the input of United Airlines.[6] Compared to the 707-120, it has four fewer frames in front of the wing and one fewer aft: a total length reduction of 8 feet 4 inches (2.54 m).[7]

The new model was designed to a lower maximum takeoff weight with a modified wing and a lightened airframe. The wing modifications included Krueger flaps outboard of the outboard engines, lowering take-off and landing speeds—thus shortening runway length requirements—and a thickened inboard leading edge section, with a slightly greater sweep. This modification increased the top speed over the 707-120.[7] It had four Pratt & Whitney JT3C-7 turbojet engines producing 12,500 lbf (55.6 kN) each.[8]

At one point in the development phase, it was known as the 707-020, then 717-020,[6] although this was the Boeing model designation of the KC-135 and remained unused for a commercial airliner until it was applied to the MD-95, following Boeing's merger with McDonnell Douglas in 1997.[9]

Because the aircraft systems were similar to the Boeing 707, no prototype Boeing 720 was built; any different systems were tested on the Boeing 367-80.[10] The first 720 took its maiden flight on November 23, 1959.[7] The type certificate for the 720 was issued on June 30, 1960. It first entered service with United Airlines on July 5, 1960;[7] 65 of the original version were built.[11]

Further developments edit

The 720B version of the 720 had JT3D turbofan engines,[7] producing 17,000 lbf (75.6 kN) each.[8] The JT3D engines had lower fuel consumption and higher thrust.[12] The maximum takeoff weight for the 720B was increased to 234,000 lb (106,000 kg). The 720B first took to the skies on October 6, 1960, and received certification and entered service with American Airlines in March 1961;[8] 89 720Bs were built,[11] in addition to conversions of American's 10 existing 720s.[13]

As a modification of an existing model, the 720 had minimal research and development costs, which allowed it to be successful despite few sales.[14] The company built 154 Boeing 720s and 720Bs from 1959 to 1967.[2] The 720's wing modification was later added on the 707-120B and on 707-120s retrofitted to the B standard.[15]

Design edit

 
The 720 is slightly shorter than the 707 and has a modified wing.

The Boeing 720 is a four-engined low-wing cantilever monoplane. Although it was similar to the Boeing 707, compared with the 707-120, it was 8 ft 4 in (2.54 m) shorter in length,[6] and had a lighter structure through use of lighter forged metal parts and thinner fuselage skins and structures.[14]

Fuselage edit

The rearmost of the 707's over-wing emergency exits was deleted on each side, which reduced passenger capacity, while two over-wing exits were an option for higher-density configurations.[14]

Wings edit

The 720 uses an improved wing based on the 707 wing. The wingspan remained the same as the 707-120. For the 720, the wing was changed between the fuselage and inner engines by adding a wing root glove.[16][17] This glove reduced the drag of the wing by decambering the root, which reduced the "middle effect", thereby increasing the effective local wing sweep. The wing root glove reportedly increased the drag divergence Mach number of the wing by Mach 0.02.[18]

Engines edit

Though initially fitted with turbojet engines, the dominant engine for the Boeing 720 was the Pratt & Whitney JT3D, a turbofan variant of the JT3C with lower fuel consumption and higher thrust. JT3D-engined 720s had a "B" suffix; some of American's 720Bs were conversions of JT3C-powered 720s.[12]

Like the 707, the 720/720B used engine-driven turbocompressors to supply high-pressure air for cabin pressurization. The engines could not supply sufficient bleed air for this purpose without a serious loss of thrust. The small air inlets and associated humps are visible just above the main engine inlets on the two inner engine pods of all 720s and 720Bs; the lack of the turbocompressor inlet on the outer starboard pod (number 4 engine) helps spotters distinguish 720/720Bs from most 707s, which had three turbocompressors.

 
The Boeing 720 flight deck.

Other equipment edit

The Boeing 720 lacked an auxiliary power unit, and relied instead on ground power and pneumatic air to power the aircraft's systems, provide air conditioning, and start the engines while on the ground. The normal practice for Boeing 720 aircraft was to start the number three (inner starboard) engine first, then disconnect ground power and air. With one engine running, bleed air from that engine could be used to provide necessary air pressure to start the other engines one by one. On ground, with ground starting crew at hand, all four engines were usually started with ground crew help: this was more reliable and faster.

Operational history edit

 
United Airlines introduced the 720 on July 5, 1960.[11]

The first aircraft was a production aircraft for United Airlines which flew on November 23, 1959. The type certificate for the 720 was issued on June 30, 1960. The first service of the 720 was by United Airlines on July 5, 1960[11] on the Los Angeles-Denver-Chicago route. American Airlines followed by putting the 720 in commercial operation on July 31 that same year. On January 2, 1962, Pakistan International Airlines′ first Boeing 720B – a Boeing 720-040B (registration AP-AMG) piloted by Captain Abdullah Baig and copilot Captain Taimur Baig – set a world record during the London-to-Karachi leg of its delivery flight to Pakistan for speed over a commercial air route, making the flight in 6 hours 43 minutes 55 seconds at an average speed of 938.78 km/h (583.33 mph).[19][20]

The 720 was supplanted by the Boeing 727 in the mid-1960s in its medium-range, high-performance market.[6] In the late 1960s, 720 and 720B aircraft were used by the US military to shuttle troops to the Far-East war efforts. The interiors of these planes were stripped of class partitions. Some of these flights originated at Travis AFB California and flew nonstop to Japan. At least one of the landing sites was Yokota AB, Japan, before the troops traveled to their final destinations.

After disposal of 720s by the major airlines, many were acquired by second-rank operators in South America and elsewhere.

 
The Controlled Impact Demonstration used an FAA 720.

In 1984, a Boeing 720 flown by remote control was intentionally crashed at Edwards AFB as a part of the FAA and NASA Controlled Impact Demonstration program. The test provided peak accelerations during a crash. The performance of fire-retardant fuel was also tested.[21]

The first 720 (N7201U) was later renamed "The Starship" and became a private charter jet used mainly by touring rock bands. Its main user was Led Zeppelin in the 1970s. The seating capacity was reduced and a bar with a built-in electric organ was added, along with beds, a shower, a lounge area, a TV, and video cassette player.[22]

Honeywell operated the last Boeing 720 in the United States, flying out of Sky Harbor Airport in Phoenix. The aircraft had been modified with an extra engine nacelle mounted on the right side of the fuselage to allow testing of a turbine engine at altitude, operating on special certification allowing it to be used for experimental use. This 720B was scrapped on June 21 and 22, 2008.[23] Honeywell replaced their aircraft with a Boeing 757.

Pratt & Whitney Canada (PWC) operated the last flying 720 (C-FETB) until 2010. C-FETB was built as N7538A in 1960 and was initially flown by American Airlines and later by Middle East Airlines as OD-AFQ. It was purchased by PWC in December 1985 and between October 1986 and January 1988 it was modified for use as a flying engine test bed. Internally it was known as FTB1 (Flying Test Bed 1). C-FETB was used to test a variety of engines with it being capable of carrying a large turbofan in place of the right wing's inner engine. Alongside this a small turbofan could be mounted on the right side of the front fuselage while a turboprop could be mounted in the modified nose.[24] Its final operational flight occurred on September 29, 2010.[25] Pratt & Whitney Canada replaced the testbed with a Boeing 747SP.[1] In May 2012, the former PWC 720 was flown to CFB Trenton, Ontario, to be put on display at the National Air Force Museum of Canada.[26]

Variants edit

720
First production variant with four Pratt & Whitney JT3C turbojet engines
Several high-density seat configurations delivered to Eastern Airlines included four over-wing escape hatches and brake cooling fans to effect quick turns on short-haul sectors.[citation needed] These aircraft, designated "720-025", were certificated to carry up to 170 passengers, provided that certain safety requirements were met.[27]
720B
Improved variant with four Pratt & Whitney JT3D turbofan engines; American Airlines converted its 720s to 720B standard.[12]

Operators edit

These operators flew Boeing 720/720Bs (● = Original Operators):

  Afghanistan
  Belize
  Cambodia
  Ceylon
  Colombia
  Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Air Charter Service 3 x 720.[28]
  Denmark
  Dominican Republic
  Ecuador
  Ethiopia
  France
  Germany
  Greece
  Iceland
  India
  Indonesia
  • Air Bali 1 x 720 leased in 1975 but airline failed to gain approval for charter flights to the United States.[28]
  Ireland
  Israel
  • El Al ● 2 x 720B delivered in 1962[28]
  • MAOF airlines 2 x 720B bought from Monarch in 1981[29]
  Jordan
  Kenya
  Lebanon
  Malta
  Mexico
  Nicaragua
  Norway
  Pakistan
  Papua New Guinea
  Rhodesia
  Saudi Arabia
  Tanzania
  United Kingdom
  United States
  Yemen

Accidents and incidents edit

 
A Middle East Airlines 720 destroyed during Operation Peace for Galilee.
Main article: List of accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 707

The Boeing 720 has had 23 hull-loss accidents during its career; it was also involved in a number of incidents including nine hijack incidents and one aircraft destroyed by a bomb in mid-air in 1976. Only 12 of the hull-loss accidents included fatalities which totaled 175 deaths in addition to the 81 deaths on the aircraft destroyed in mid-air by a bomb.[46]

The worst accidents were:[46]

  • On February 12, 1963, Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705, a Boeing 720-051B (reg. N724US), suffered an in-flight break-up over the Florida Everglades about 12 minutes after leaving Miami, bound for Chicago. All 35 passengers and eight crew died. The cause of the crash was determined to be an unrecoverable loss of control due to severe turbulence.[47]
  • On May 20, 1965, Pakistan International Airlines Flight PK 705, 720-040B (reg AP-AMH), crashed short of the runway at Cairo International Airport, killing 121 of the 127 people on board.[48]
  • On December 8, 1972, seven members of the Eritrean Liberation Front hijacked Ethiopian Airlines Flight 708, a Boeing 720-060B, on its way to Paris. Security forces on the plane immediately opened fire, killing all but one of the hijackers (the last surviving hijacker later died in hospital). During the altercation, a hand grenade was detonated that damaged control cables under the cabin floor. However, the pilot put the plane into a controlled dive and managed to land the plane safely back in Addis Ababa with no further casualties.[1]
  • On January 1, 1976, Middle East Airlines Flight 438, a Boeing 720-023B (reg. OD-AFT), was destroyed en-route from Beirut to Dubai by a bomb in the forward cargo hold. All 66 passengers and 15 crew were killed.[49]

Aircraft on display edit

Specifications edit

 
Airplane characteristics[59]
Variant 720 720B
Cockpit crew Three[60]
Passengers 131–137 in two classes, 156 in one class
Length 136 ft 2 in (41.5 m) 136 ft 9 in (41.68 m)
Wingspan 130 ft 10 in (39.88 m)
Fuselage width 12 ft 4 in (3.76 m)
Tail height 41 ft 5 in (12.62 m) 41 ft 2 in (12.55 m)
MTOW 229,300 lb (104.0 t) 234,300 lb (106.2 t)
Empty weight 110,800 lb (50.3 t) 115,000 lb (52.2 t)
Fuel Capacity 16,060 US gal (60,800 L)
2,150 cu ft (60.9 m3)		 16,130 US gal (61,100 L)
2,160 cu ft (61.3 m3)
Engines (4 x) Pratt & Whitney JT3C-7 Pratt & Whitney JT3D-1/3
Unit thrust 12,000 lbf (53.4 kN) 17,000–18,000 lbf (75.6–80.1 kN)
MMo Mach 0.906 (520 kn; 962 km/h; 598 mph)[60]
Ceiling 42,000 ft (12,802 m)[60]
Range 2,800 nmi (5,200 km; 3,200 mi)[a] 3,200 nmi (5,900 km; 3,700 mi)[b]
Takeoff (MTOW) 9,000 ft (2,700 m) 6,500 ft (2,000 m)
Landing (MLW) 6,200 ft (1,900 m) 6,300 ft (1,900 m)
  1. ^ 131 passengers
  2. ^ 156 passengers

See also edit

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Niles, Russ. . avweb.com, October 5, 2010. Retrieved: October 18, 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Boeing 707/720 Short History." June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Boeing. Retrieved: December 27, 2009.
  3. ^ 707/720 Commercial Transport — Historical Snapshot[dead link] Retrieved: January 29, 2023
  4. ^ a b Angelucci, Enzo; Paolo Matricardi and Adriano Zannino. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Civil Aircraft: From Leonardo da Vinci to the Present, p. 346. Edison, New Jersey US: Chartwell Books, 2001. ISBN 0-7858-1389-6.
  5. ^ Mitchell, Alexander (November 29, 2023). "Examined: The Airlines That Flew The Boeing 720". Simple Flying. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d . Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
  7. ^ a b c d e Frawley, Gerald. "Boeing 720". The International Directory of Civil Aircraft, 2003/2004. Fishwick, Act: Aerospace Publications, 2003. ISBN 1-875671-58-7.
  8. ^ a b c Donald, David, ed. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997. ISBN 0-7607-0592-5.
  9. ^ Lombardi, Michael. "The first KC-135 rolled out 50 years ago this month." Historical Perspective, Start of a Proud Mission: Boeing Frontiers. Boeing, July 2006. Retrieved: April 17, 2010.
  10. ^ Pither 1998, p. 29.
  11. ^ a b c d Boeing 720 September 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Boeing
  12. ^ a b c "Boeing 720". Airliners.net. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
  13. ^ Pither 1998, p. 30
  14. ^ a b c Proctor, Jon; Mike Machat; Craig Kodera (2010). From Props to Jets: Commercial Aviation's Transition to the Jet Age 1952–1962. North Branch, MN: Specialty Press. pp. 118–120. ISBN 978-1-58007-146-8.
  15. ^ "Boeing 707." March 17, 2021, at the Wayback Machine airlinercafe.com. Retrieved: December 27, 2009.
  16. ^ "The Boeing 720". Flight, August 19, 1960.
  17. ^ The Ultimate Boeing 707 Guide March 17, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved September 5, 2011.
  18. ^ Cook, William H. The Road to the 707: The Inside Story of Designing the 707. Bellevue, Washington: TYC Publishing, 1991. ISBN 978-0-9629605-0-5.
  19. ^ . Archived from the original on September 22, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
  20. ^ fai.org via historyofpia.com "1962 - PIA Boeing 720B Record Flight Info on FAI Website"
  21. ^ "Flight test experience and controlled impact of a remotely piloted jet transport aircraft, NASA-TM-4084." NASA, November 1, 1988. Retrieved: December 27, 2009.
  22. ^ Film The Song Remains The Same
  23. ^ "Resident Boeing 720B." visitingphx.com. Retrieved: December 27, 2009.
  24. ^ Kelly, Michael (September 23, 2013), Pratt & Whitney Boeing 720 C-FETB, retrieved January 18, 2023
  25. ^ . Archived from the original on February 22, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  26. ^ Lessard, Jerome (May 10, 2012). "Historic landing a success". Trentonian.ca. Trenton Trentonian. Archived from the original on September 12, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
  27. ^ FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/b72df74d3b1847ad852567240060a02d/$FILE/4a28.PDF October 24, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Pither 1998, pp. 116-219.
  29. ^ "Israeli Upstart: MAOF Airlines". YESTERDAY'S AIRLINES. May 5, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
  30. ^ "History of Air Rhodesia." August 24, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Viscounts in Africa: The Air Rhodesia Story. Retrieved: 7 February 2014.
  31. ^ "Alaska Airlines" by Cliff & Nancy Hollenbeck, 2012, published by Hollenbeck Productions, http://www.hollenbeckproductions.com January 25, 1999, at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ "Character & Characters: The Spirit of Alaska Airlines" by Robert J. Serling, 2008, published by Documentary Media LLC, http://www.documentarymedia.com
  33. ^ Pither 1998, p. 133.
  34. ^ Pither 1998, p. 142.
  35. ^ Bohl, Walt, The Aircraft History of Capital Airlines, American Aviation Historical Society Journal, Aviation Historical Society, Huntington Beach, California, Spring 2001, page 23
  36. ^ Pither 1998, p. 151.
  37. ^ Pither 1998, pp. 154–155.
  38. ^ Federal Aviation Administration (September 1987). "Full-Scale Transport Controlled Impact Demonstration Program" (PDF). Atlantic City International Airport, New Jersey: FAA Technical Center. p. 5. DOT/FAA/CT-87/10, NASA-TM-89642. Retrieved September 2, 2014. This was the first time that a four-engine jet aircraft (Boeing 720) had been flown successfully by remote control. It was also the first time that an aircraft was flown solely and successfully on antimisting kerosene fuel (AMK).
  39. ^ Pither 1998, p. 158.
  40. ^ Pither 1998, pp. 183–184.
  41. ^ Pither 1998, pp. 186–187.
  42. ^ Pither 1998, pp. 187.
  43. ^ Pither 1998, p. 211
  44. ^ Pither 1998, pp. 212–213.
  45. ^ Pither 1998, pp. 215-216.
  46. ^ a b "Boeing 720". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  47. ^ "Northwest Airlines flight 705." Aviation-Safety.net. Retrieved: December 27, 2009.
  48. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 720-040B AP-AMH Cairo International Airport (CAI)". Aviation-safety.net. May 20, 1965. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
  49. ^ Bladd, Joanne. "MEA flight 438." Aviation-Safety.net. Retrieved: December 27, 2009.
  50. ^ Pither 1998, p. 311.
  51. ^ 郭韋綺 (July 21, 2017). "岡山航空教育展示館 門票被嫌貴" (in Chinese). China Times. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
  52. ^ PIA Planetarium, Lahore
  53. ^ "AP-AXL - All Pakistan Aircraft Registration Marks". www.aparm.net. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  54. ^ PIA Planetarium, Karachi
  55. ^ "AP-AXM - All Pakistan Aircraft Registration Marks". www.aparm.net. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  56. ^ "B720 « National Air Force Museum of Canada". airforcemuseum.ca. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  57. ^ Pither 1998, p. 308.
  58. ^ Franco, Javier (February 29, 2012). "Uniendo el maletín retro de Avianca con sus Boeing 720 y 727". Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  59. ^ "707 Airplane Characteristics: Airport Planning" (PDF). Boeing. May 2011.
  60. ^ a b c (PDF). FAA. May 1, 1973. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.

Bibliography edit

Further reading edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Boeing 720 (category)
  • "707/720 Commercial Transport > Historical Snapshot". Boeing.[dead link]
  • Caidin, Martin. Boeing 707. New York: Bantam Books, 1959.
  • Price, Alfred. The Boeing 707. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications, 1967.
  • Schiff, Barry J. The Boeing 707. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1982, First edition 1967, . ISBN 0-8168-5653-2.
  • Whittle, John A. The Boeing 707 and 720. Tonbridge, Kent: Air Britain (Historians), 1972. ISBN 0-85130-025-1.
  • Bradley, Catherine (1983). Boeing 707 Super Profile. Yeovil, Somerset UK: Haynes Publishing, 1983. ISBN 0-85429-356-6.
  • Lloyd, Alwyn T. Boeing 707 & AWACS in Detail and Scale. Falbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, 1987. ISBN 0-8306-8533-2.
  • Bowers, Peter M. (1989). Boeing Aircraft since 1916. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1989. ISBN 0-85177-804-6.
  • Cook, William H. Road to the 707: The Inside Story of Designing the 707. Bellevue, WA: TYC Publishing Company, 1991. ISBN 0-9629605-0-0.
  • Cearley, George Walker. Boeing 707 & 720: A Pictorial History. Dallas, TX: G.W. Cearley Jr, 1993. No ISBN.
  • Smith, Paul Raymond. Boeing 707 – Airline Markings No. 3. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Swan Hill Press, 1993. ISBN 1-85310-087-0.
  • Irving, Clive (1994). Wide Body: The Making of the Boeing 747. Philadelphia: Coronet, 1994. ISBN 0-340-59983-9.
  • Wilson, Stewart. Boeing 707, Douglas DC-8, and Vickers VC-10. Fyshwick, Australia, ACT: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd., 1998. 1-875671-36-6.
  • Francillon, René. Boeing 707: Pioneer Jetliner. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Motor Books International, 1999. ISBN 0-7603-0675-3
  • Wilson, Stewart (1999). Airliners of the World. Fyshwick, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd., 1999. ISBN 1-875671-44-7.
  • Proctor, Jon (2001). Boeing 720. Miami, FL: World Transport Press. ISBN 1-892437-03-1.
  • Winchester, Jim. Boeing 707. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife, 2002. ISBN 1-84037-311-3.
  • Stachiw, Anthony L. and Andrew Tattersall. Boeing CC137 (Boeing 347C) in Canadian Service. St. Catherines, ON: Vanwell Publishing Ltd., 2004. ISBN 1-55125-079-9.
  • Breffort, Dominique. Boeing 707, KC-135 and Civilian and Military Versions. Paris: Histoire & Collections, 2008. ISBN 978-2-35250-075-9.

January 01, 1970
boeing, american, narrow, body, airliner, produced, boeing, commercial, airplanes, announced, july, 1957, derivative, shorter, flights, from, shorter, runways, first, flew, november, 1959, type, certificate, issued, june, 1960, entered, service, with, united, . The Boeing 720 was an American narrow body airliner produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes Announced in July 1957 as a 707 derivative for shorter flights from shorter runways the 720 first flew on November 23 1959 Its type certificate was issued on June 30 1960 and it entered service with United Airlines on July 5 1960 A total of 154 Boeing 720s and 720Bs were built until 1967 5 As a derivative the 720 had low development costs allowing profitability despite few sales Boeing 720 The 720 is similar to the Boeing 707 with a slightly shorter fuselage Here a 720 in Cyprus Airways livery is landing at London Heathrow Airport Role Narrow body jet airliner National origin United States Manufacturer Boeing Commercial Airplanes First flight November 23 1959 Introduction July 5 1960 with United Airlines Retired September 29 2010 1 Status Retired Primary users United AirlinesWestern Airlines Eastern Air Lines Northwest Airlines Produced 1959 1967 2 3 Number built 154 4 Developed from Boeing 707 Compared to the 707 120 it has a length reduced by 8 33 feet 2 54 m a modified wing and a lightened airframe for a lower maximum takeoff weight Originally designed to be powered by four Pratt amp Whitney JT3C turbojets the initial 720 could cover a 2 800 nautical miles nmi 5 200 km 3 200 mi range with 131 passengers in two classes The reconfigured 720B powered by JT3D turbofans first flew on October 6 1960 and entered service in March 1961 It could seat 156 passengers in one class over a 3 200 nautical miles nmi 5 900 km 3 700 mi range Some 720s were later converted to 720Bs specification It was succeeded by the Boeing 727 trijet Contents 1 Development 1 1 Shorter range 707 1 2 Further developments 2 Design 2 1 Fuselage 2 2 Wings 2 3 Engines 2 4 Other equipment 3 Operational history 4 Variants 5 Operators 6 Accidents and incidents 7 Aircraft on display 8 Specifications 9 See also 10 References 10 1 Notes 10 2 Bibliography 11 Further readingDevelopment editShorter range 707 edit nbsp The Boeing 720 made its maiden flight on November 23 1959 Boeing announced its plans to develop a new version of the 707 in July 1957 4 It was developed from the 707 120 to provide for short to medium range flights from shorter runways The model was originally designated 707 020 before being changed to 720 at the input of United Airlines 6 Compared to the 707 120 it has four fewer frames in front of the wing and one fewer aft a total length reduction of 8 feet 4 inches 2 54 m 7 The new model was designed to a lower maximum takeoff weight with a modified wing and a lightened airframe The wing modifications included Krueger flaps outboard of the outboard engines lowering take off and landing speeds thus shortening runway length requirements and a thickened inboard leading edge section with a slightly greater sweep This modification increased the top speed over the 707 120 7 It had four Pratt amp Whitney JT3C 7 turbojet engines producing 12 500 lbf 55 6 kN each 8 At one point in the development phase it was known as the 707 020 then 717 020 6 although this was the Boeing model designation of the KC 135 and remained unused for a commercial airliner until it was applied to the MD 95 following Boeing s merger with McDonnell Douglas in 1997 9 Because the aircraft systems were similar to the Boeing 707 no prototype Boeing 720 was built any different systems were tested on the Boeing 367 80 10 The first 720 took its maiden flight on November 23 1959 7 The type certificate for the 720 was issued on June 30 1960 It first entered service with United Airlines on July 5 1960 7 65 of the original version were built 11 Further developments edit The 720B version of the 720 had JT3D turbofan engines 7 producing 17 000 lbf 75 6 kN each 8 The JT3D engines had lower fuel consumption and higher thrust 12 The maximum takeoff weight for the 720B was increased to 234 000 lb 106 000 kg The 720B first took to the skies on October 6 1960 and received certification and entered service with American Airlines in March 1961 8 89 720Bs were built 11 in addition to conversions of American s 10 existing 720s 13 As a modification of an existing model the 720 had minimal research and development costs which allowed it to be successful despite few sales 14 The company built 154 Boeing 720s and 720Bs from 1959 to 1967 2 The 720 s wing modification was later added on the 707 120B and on 707 120s retrofitted to the B standard 15 Design edit nbsp The 720 is slightly shorter than the 707 and has a modified wing The Boeing 720 is a four engined low wing cantilever monoplane Although it was similar to the Boeing 707 compared with the 707 120 it was 8 ft 4 in 2 54 m shorter in length 6 and had a lighter structure through use of lighter forged metal parts and thinner fuselage skins and structures 14 Fuselage edit The rearmost of the 707 s over wing emergency exits was deleted on each side which reduced passenger capacity while two over wing exits were an option for higher density configurations 14 Wings edit The 720 uses an improved wing based on the 707 wing The wingspan remained the same as the 707 120 For the 720 the wing was changed between the fuselage and inner engines by adding a wing root glove 16 17 This glove reduced the drag of the wing by decambering the root which reduced the middle effect thereby increasing the effective local wing sweep The wing root glove reportedly increased the drag divergence Mach number of the wing by Mach 0 02 18 Engines edit Though initially fitted with turbojet engines the dominant engine for the Boeing 720 was the Pratt amp Whitney JT3D a turbofan variant of the JT3C with lower fuel consumption and higher thrust JT3D engined 720s had a B suffix some of American s 720Bs were conversions of JT3C powered 720s 12 Like the 707 the 720 720B used engine driven turbocompressors to supply high pressure air for cabin pressurization The engines could not supply sufficient bleed air for this purpose without a serious loss of thrust The small air inlets and associated humps are visible just above the main engine inlets on the two inner engine pods of all 720s and 720Bs the lack of the turbocompressor inlet on the outer starboard pod number 4 engine helps spotters distinguish 720 720Bs from most 707s which had three turbocompressors nbsp The Boeing 720 flight deck Other equipment edit The Boeing 720 lacked an auxiliary power unit and relied instead on ground power and pneumatic air to power the aircraft s systems provide air conditioning and start the engines while on the ground The normal practice for Boeing 720 aircraft was to start the number three inner starboard engine first then disconnect ground power and air With one engine running bleed air from that engine could be used to provide necessary air pressure to start the other engines one by one On ground with ground starting crew at hand all four engines were usually started with ground crew help this was more reliable and faster Operational history edit nbsp United Airlines introduced the 720 on July 5 1960 11 The first aircraft was a production aircraft for United Airlines which flew on November 23 1959 The type certificate for the 720 was issued on June 30 1960 The first service of the 720 was by United Airlines on July 5 1960 11 on the Los Angeles Denver Chicago route American Airlines followed by putting the 720 in commercial operation on July 31 that same year On January 2 1962 Pakistan International Airlines first Boeing 720B a Boeing 720 040B registration AP AMG piloted by Captain Abdullah Baig and copilot Captain Taimur Baig set a world record during the London to Karachi leg of its delivery flight to Pakistan for speed over a commercial air route making the flight in 6 hours 43 minutes 55 seconds at an average speed of 938 78 km h 583 33 mph 19 20 The 720 was supplanted by the Boeing 727 in the mid 1960s in its medium range high performance market 6 In the late 1960s 720 and 720B aircraft were used by the US military to shuttle troops to the Far East war efforts The interiors of these planes were stripped of class partitions Some of these flights originated at Travis AFB California and flew nonstop to Japan At least one of the landing sites was Yokota AB Japan before the troops traveled to their final destinations After disposal of 720s by the major airlines many were acquired by second rank operators in South America and elsewhere nbsp The Controlled Impact Demonstration used an FAA 720 In 1984 a Boeing 720 flown by remote control was intentionally crashed at Edwards AFB as a part of the FAA and NASA Controlled Impact Demonstration program The test provided peak accelerations during a crash The performance of fire retardant fuel was also tested 21 The first 720 N7201U was later renamed The Starship and became a private charter jet used mainly by touring rock bands Its main user was Led Zeppelin in the 1970s The seating capacity was reduced and a bar with a built in electric organ was added along with beds a shower a lounge area a TV and video cassette player 22 Honeywell operated the last Boeing 720 in the United States flying out of Sky Harbor Airport in Phoenix The aircraft had been modified with an extra engine nacelle mounted on the right side of the fuselage to allow testing of a turbine engine at altitude operating on special certification allowing it to be used for experimental use This 720B was scrapped on June 21 and 22 2008 23 Honeywell replaced their aircraft with a Boeing 757 Pratt amp Whitney Canada PWC operated the last flying 720 C FETB until 2010 C FETB was built as N7538A in 1960 and was initially flown by American Airlines and later by Middle East Airlines as OD AFQ It was purchased by PWC in December 1985 and between October 1986 and January 1988 it was modified for use as a flying engine test bed Internally it was known as FTB1 Flying Test Bed 1 C FETB was used to test a variety of engines with it being capable of carrying a large turbofan in place of the right wing s inner engine Alongside this a small turbofan could be mounted on the right side of the front fuselage while a turboprop could be mounted in the modified nose 24 Its final operational flight occurred on September 29 2010 25 Pratt amp Whitney Canada replaced the testbed with a Boeing 747SP 1 In May 2012 the former PWC 720 was flown to CFB Trenton Ontario to be put on display at the National Air Force Museum of Canada 26 Variants edit720 First production variant with four Pratt amp Whitney JT3C turbojet engines Several high density seat configurations delivered to Eastern Airlines included four over wing escape hatches and brake cooling fans to effect quick turns on short haul sectors citation needed These aircraft designated 720 025 were certificated to carry up to 170 passengers provided that certain safety requirements were met 27 720B Improved variant with four Pratt amp Whitney JT3D turbofan engines American Airlines converted its 720s to 720B standard 12 Operators editThese operators flew Boeing 720 720Bs Original Operators nbsp Afghanistan Ariana Afghan Airlines 1 x 720B from 1973 and additional 720B was leased 28 nbsp Belize Belize Airways 5 x 720B used from 1976 to 1980 28 nbsp Cambodia Air Cambodge 1 x 720 in 1972 72 28 nbsp Ceylon Air Ceylon 1 x 720 1 x 720B leased in 1970s 28 nbsp Colombia Aerocondor Colombia 2 x 720B used from 1972 to 1980 28 Aerotal 1 x 720B leased 28 Avianca 4 x 720B two delivered in 1961 one in 1965 and one in 1969 28 SAM Colombia 3 x 720B used from 1977 to 1980 nbsp Democratic Republic of the Congo Air Charter Service 3 x 720 28 nbsp Denmark Conair of Scandinavia 5 x 720 051B and 5 x 720 025 from 1971 till 1987 28 Maersk Air 5 x 720 051B from 1973 till 1987 28 nbsp Dominican Republic Aeromar 2 x 720 leased from 1979 28 Aerotours Dominicano 1 x 720 leased 28 Aerovias Quisqueyana 1 x 720 leased 28 Agro Air International Dominicana 2 x 720 from 1977 28 nbsp Ecuador Ecuatoriana de Aviacion 720B nbsp Ethiopia Ethiopian Airlines 3 x 720Bs two delivered in 1962 and one in 1965 28 nbsp France Air Inter 1 x 720 leased 28 nbsp Germany Lufthansa 8 x 720B delivered 1961 1962 28 nbsp Greece Olympic Airways 7 x 720B delivered 1972 1973 28 nbsp Iceland Air Viking 3 x 720 28 Eagle Air Iceland 720B nbsp India Air India 1 x 720 freighter leased in 1978 28 nbsp Indonesia Air Bali 1 x 720 leased in 1975 but airline failed to gain approval for charter flights to the United States 28 nbsp Ireland Aer Lingus 3 x 720 delivered 1960 1961 28 nbsp Israel El Al 2 x 720B delivered in 1962 28 MAOF airlines 2 x 720B bought from Monarch in 1981 29 nbsp Jordan Alia Royal Jordanian Airlines 2 x 720B 28 nbsp Kenya Kenya Airways 720B nbsp Lebanon Middle East Airlines 720B nbsp Malta Air Malta 5 x 720B used from 1974 to 1988 28 nbsp Mexico Aeroamerica 28 nbsp Nicaragua Aeronica 1 x 720B used from 1982 to 1989 28 nbsp Norway Trans Polar 3 x 720 nbsp Pakistan Pakistan International Airlines 4 x 720B delivered 1961 1962 and one in 1965 28 nbsp Papua New Guinea Air Niugini 1 x 720B leased from 1976 28 nbsp Rhodesia Air Rhodesia 3 x 720 acquired 1973 30 nbsp Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian Airlines 2 x 720B delivered in 1961 28 nbsp Tanzania Air Tanzania 2 x 720 leased 28 nbsp United Kingdom Invicta International Airlines 1 720 023B 28 Monarch Airlines 5 x 720 051B and 2 x 720 023B 28 nbsp United States Aeroamerica 28 Alaska Airlines operated both the 720 and the 720B but did not take delivery of either type new 31 32 American Airlines 10 x 720 delivered in 1960 and 15 x 720Bs delivered in 1961 the ten 720s were converted to turbofan powered B models in 1961 33 American Trans Air 2 x 720 1 x 720B 28 Braniff International Airways 5 x 720 delivered 1961 1963 an additional aircraft was sold to the Federal Aviation Agency before delivery 34 Capital Airlines leased 720s from United Airlines 35 Continental Airlines 8 x 720B delivered 1962 1966 36 Eastern Air Lines 15 x 720 delivered 1961 1962 37 Federal Aviation Agency one 720 delivered in 1960 38 or 1961 39 Northwest Airlines 13 x 720B delivered 1961 1964 40 Pacific Northern Airlines 2 x 720 delivered in 1962 41 Pan American World Airways 9 x 720B used from 1963 1974 for Caribbean and South American operations 42 Trans World Airlines 4 x 720B leased in 1961 43 United Airlines 29 x 720 delivered 1960 1962 44 Western Airlines 27 x 720Bs delivered 1961 1967 45 nbsp Yemen Alyemda 2 x 720B 28 Accidents and incidents edit nbsp A Middle East Airlines 720 destroyed during Operation Peace for Galilee Main article List of accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 707 The Boeing 720 has had 23 hull loss accidents during its career it was also involved in a number of incidents including nine hijack incidents and one aircraft destroyed by a bomb in mid air in 1976 Only 12 of the hull loss accidents included fatalities which totaled 175 deaths in addition to the 81 deaths on the aircraft destroyed in mid air by a bomb 46 The worst accidents were 46 On February 12 1963 Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705 a Boeing 720 051B reg N724US suffered an in flight break up over the Florida Everglades about 12 minutes after leaving Miami bound for Chicago All 35 passengers and eight crew died The cause of the crash was determined to be an unrecoverable loss of control due to severe turbulence 47 On May 20 1965 Pakistan International Airlines Flight PK 705 720 040B reg AP AMH crashed short of the runway at Cairo International Airport killing 121 of the 127 people on board 48 On December 8 1972 seven members of the Eritrean Liberation Front hijacked Ethiopian Airlines Flight 708 a Boeing 720 060B on its way to Paris Security forces on the plane immediately opened fire killing all but one of the hijackers the last surviving hijacker later died in hospital During the altercation a hand grenade was detonated that damaged control cables under the cabin floor However the pilot put the plane into a controlled dive and managed to land the plane safely back in Addis Ababa with no further casualties 1 On January 1 1976 Middle East Airlines Flight 438 a Boeing 720 023B reg OD AFT was destroyed en route from Beirut to Dubai by a bomb in the forward cargo hold All 66 passengers and 15 crew were killed 49 Aircraft on display edit720 051B 18351 Chung Mei a former Republic of China Air Force VIP aircraft is on display at Kangshan Taiwan 50 51 720 047B AP AXL is on display at PIA Planetarium Lahore Pakistan standing in a park for the public 52 53 720 047B AP AXM is on display at PIA Planetarium Karachi Pakistan 54 55 720 023B C FETB was donated to the National Air Force Museum of Canada in 2012 after its last flight 56 720 030B HK 749 is on display at Museo de los Ninos Children s Museum of Bogota Bogota Colombia in Avianca Colombia livery 57 It was the first jet airplane delivered to a Colombian airline 58 Specifications edit nbsp Airplane characteristics 59 Variant 720 720B Cockpit crew Three 60 Passengers 131 137 in two classes 156 in one class Length 136 ft 2 in 41 5 m 136 ft 9 in 41 68 m Wingspan 130 ft 10 in 39 88 m Fuselage width 12 ft 4 in 3 76 m Tail height 41 ft 5 in 12 62 m 41 ft 2 in 12 55 m MTOW 229 300 lb 104 0 t 234 300 lb 106 2 t Empty weight 110 800 lb 50 3 t 115 000 lb 52 2 t Fuel Capacity 16 060 US gal 60 800 L 2 150 cu ft 60 9 m3 16 130 US gal 61 100 L 2 160 cu ft 61 3 m3 Engines 4 x Pratt amp Whitney JT3C 7 Pratt amp Whitney JT3D 1 3 Unit thrust 12 000 lbf 53 4 kN 17 000 18 000 lbf 75 6 80 1 kN MMo Mach 0 906 520 kn 962 km h 598 mph 60 Ceiling 42 000 ft 12 802 m 60 Range 2 800 nmi 5 200 km 3 200 mi a 3 200 nmi 5 900 km 3 700 mi b Takeoff MTOW 9 000 ft 2 700 m 6 500 ft 2 000 m Landing MLW 6 200 ft 1 900 m 6 300 ft 1 900 m 131 passengers 156 passengersSee also edit nbsp Aviation portal nbsp United States portal Related development Boeing 367 80 Boeing 707 Boeing C 135 Stratolifter Boeing KC 135 Stratotanker Aircraft of comparable role configuration and era Convair 880 Tupolev Tu 114 Related lists List of jet airliners List of airliners List of Boeing customersReferences editNotes edit a b Niles Russ Last Boeing 720 Retired avweb com October 5 2010 Retrieved October 18 2020 a b Boeing 707 720 Short History Archived June 29 2011 at the Wayback Machine Boeing Retrieved December 27 2009 707 720 Commercial Transport Historical Snapshot dead link Retrieved January 29 2023 a b Angelucci Enzo Paolo Matricardi and Adriano Zannino The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Civil Aircraft From Leonardo da Vinci to the Present p 346 Edison New Jersey US Chartwell Books 2001 ISBN 0 7858 1389 6 Mitchell Alexander November 29 2023 Examined The Airlines That Flew The Boeing 720 Simple Flying Retrieved November 29 2023 a b c d Boeing 720 Boeing Commercial Airplanes Archived from the original on September 3 2011 Retrieved July 7 2011 a b c d e Frawley Gerald Boeing 720 The International Directory of Civil Aircraft 2003 2004 Fishwick Act Aerospace Publications 2003 ISBN 1 875671 58 7 a b c Donald David ed The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft New York Barnes amp Noble Books 1997 ISBN 0 7607 0592 5 Lombardi Michael The first KC 135 rolled out 50 years ago this month Historical Perspective Start of a Proud Mission Boeing Frontiers Boeing July 2006 Retrieved April 17 2010 Pither 1998 p 29 a b c d Boeing 720 Archived September 3 2011 at the Wayback Machine Boeing a b c Boeing 720 Airliners net Retrieved January 10 2012 Pither 1998 p 30 a b c Proctor Jon Mike Machat Craig Kodera 2010 From Props to Jets Commercial Aviation s Transition to the Jet Age 1952 1962 North Branch MN Specialty Press pp 118 120 ISBN 978 1 58007 146 8 Boeing 707 Archived March 17 2021 at the Wayback Machine airlinercafe com Retrieved December 27 2009 The Boeing 720 Flight August 19 1960 The Ultimate Boeing 707 Guide Archived March 17 2021 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved September 5 2011 Cook William H The Road to the 707 The Inside Story of Designing the 707 Bellevue Washington TYC Publishing 1991 ISBN 978 0 9629605 0 5 FAI Record ID 7679 Archived from the original on September 22 2017 Retrieved January 1 2017 fai org via historyofpia com 1962 PIA Boeing 720B Record Flight Info on FAI Website Flight test experience and controlled impact of a remotely piloted jet transport aircraft NASA TM 4084 NASA November 1 1988 Retrieved December 27 2009 Film The Song Remains The Same Resident Boeing 720B visitingphx com Retrieved December 27 2009 Kelly Michael September 23 2013 Pratt amp Whitney Boeing 720 C FETB retrieved January 18 2023 P amp WC Boeing 720B Red Flying Test Bed bids farewell Archived from the original on February 22 2022 Retrieved October 20 2020 Lessard Jerome May 10 2012 Historic landing a success Trentonian ca Trenton Trentonian Archived from the original on September 12 2012 Retrieved March 27 2013 FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet http rgl faa gov Regulatory and Guidance Library rgMakeModel nsf 0 b72df74d3b1847ad852567240060a02d FILE 4a28 PDF Archived October 24 2020 at the Wayback Machine a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Pither 1998 pp 116 219 Israeli Upstart MAOF Airlines YESTERDAY S AIRLINES May 5 2020 Retrieved July 21 2020 History of Air Rhodesia Archived August 24 2020 at the Wayback Machine Viscounts in Africa The Air Rhodesia Story Retrieved 7 February 2014 Alaska Airlines by Cliff amp Nancy Hollenbeck 2012 published by Hollenbeck Productions http www hollenbeckproductions com Archived January 25 1999 at the Wayback Machine Character amp Characters The Spirit of Alaska Airlines by Robert J Serling 2008 published by Documentary Media LLC http www documentarymedia com Pither 1998 p 133 Pither 1998 p 142 Bohl Walt The Aircraft History of Capital Airlines American Aviation Historical Society Journal Aviation Historical Society Huntington Beach California Spring 2001 page 23 Pither 1998 p 151 Pither 1998 pp 154 155 Federal Aviation Administration September 1987 Full Scale Transport Controlled Impact Demonstration Program PDF Atlantic City International Airport New Jersey FAA Technical Center p 5 DOT FAA CT 87 10 NASA TM 89642 Retrieved September 2 2014 This was the first time that a four engine jet aircraft Boeing 720 had been flown successfully by remote control It was also the first time that an aircraft was flown solely and successfully on antimisting kerosene fuel AMK Pither 1998 p 158 Pither 1998 pp 183 184 Pither 1998 pp 186 187 Pither 1998 pp 187 Pither 1998 p 211 Pither 1998 pp 212 213 Pither 1998 pp 215 216 a b Boeing 720 Aviation Safety Network Retrieved October 19 2013 Northwest Airlines flight 705 Aviation Safety net Retrieved December 27 2009 ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 720 040B AP AMH Cairo International Airport CAI Aviation safety net May 20 1965 Retrieved March 27 2013 Bladd Joanne MEA flight 438 Aviation Safety net Retrieved December 27 2009 Pither 1998 p 311 郭韋綺 July 21 2017 岡山航空教育展示館 門票被嫌貴 in Chinese China Times Retrieved July 21 2017 PIA Planetarium Lahore AP AXL All Pakistan Aircraft Registration Marks www aparm net Retrieved August 26 2017 PIA Planetarium Karachi AP AXM All Pakistan Aircraft Registration Marks www aparm net Retrieved August 26 2017 B720 National Air Force Museum of Canada airforcemuseum ca Retrieved August 26 2017 Pither 1998 p 308 Franco Javier February 29 2012 Uniendo el maletin retro de Avianca con sus Boeing 720 y 727 Retrieved December 26 2014 707 Airplane Characteristics Airport Planning PDF Boeing May 2011 a b c Type certificate data sheet No 4A28 PDF FAA May 1 1973 Archived from the original PDF on October 24 2020 Retrieved March 21 2020 Bibliography edit Pither Tony 1998 The Boeing 707 720 and C 135 England Air Britain Historians Ltd ISBN 0 85130 236 X Further reading edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boeing 720 category 707 720 Commercial Transport gt Historical Snapshot Boeing dead link Caidin Martin Boeing 707 New York Bantam Books 1959 Price Alfred The Boeing 707 Leatherhead Surrey UK Profile Publications 1967 Schiff Barry J The Boeing 707 Blue Ridge Summit PA Tab Books 1982 First edition 1967 ISBN 0 8168 5653 2 Whittle John A The Boeing 707 and 720 Tonbridge Kent Air Britain Historians 1972 ISBN 0 85130 025 1 Bradley Catherine 1983 Boeing 707 Super Profile Yeovil Somerset UK Haynes Publishing 1983 ISBN 0 85429 356 6 Lloyd Alwyn T Boeing 707 amp AWACS in Detail and Scale Falbrook CA Aero Publishers 1987 ISBN 0 8306 8533 2 Bowers Peter M 1989 Boeing Aircraft since 1916 London Putnam Aeronautical Books 1989 ISBN 0 85177 804 6 Cook William H Road to the 707 The Inside Story of Designing the 707 Bellevue WA TYC Publishing Company 1991 ISBN 0 9629605 0 0 Cearley George Walker Boeing 707 amp 720 A Pictorial History Dallas TX G W Cearley Jr 1993 No ISBN Smith Paul Raymond Boeing 707 Airline Markings No 3 Shrewsbury Shropshire UK Swan Hill Press 1993 ISBN 1 85310 087 0 Irving Clive 1994 Wide Body The Making of the Boeing 747 Philadelphia Coronet 1994 ISBN 0 340 59983 9 Wilson Stewart Boeing 707 Douglas DC 8 and Vickers VC 10 Fyshwick Australia ACT Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd 1998 1 875671 36 6 Francillon Rene Boeing 707 Pioneer Jetliner Shrewsbury Shropshire UK Motor Books International 1999 ISBN 0 7603 0675 3 Wilson Stewart 1999 Airliners of the World Fyshwick ACT Australia Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd 1999 ISBN 1 875671 44 7 Proctor Jon 2001 Boeing 720 Miami FL World Transport Press ISBN 1 892437 03 1 Winchester Jim Boeing 707 Shrewsbury Shropshire UK Airlife 2002 ISBN 1 84037 311 3 Stachiw Anthony L and Andrew Tattersall Boeing CC137 Boeing 347C in Canadian Service St Catherines ON Vanwell Publishing Ltd 2004 ISBN 1 55125 079 9 Breffort Dominique Boeing 707 KC 135 and Civilian and Military Versions Paris Histoire amp Collections 2008 ISBN 978 2 35250 075 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Boeing 720 amp oldid 1220183879, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.