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List of regicides of Charles I

January 01, 1970

Following the trial of King Charles I in January 1649,[b] 59 commissioners (judges) signed his death warrant. They, along with several key associates and numerous court officials, were the subject of punishment following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 with the coronation of Charles II. Charles I's trial and execution had followed the second English Civil War in which his supporters, Royalist "Cavaliers", were opposed by the Parliamentarian "Roundheads", led by Oliver Cromwell.

The death warrant of King Charles I and the wax seals of the 59 commissioners.[a]

With the return of King Charles II, Parliament passed the Indemnity and Oblivion Act (1660), which granted amnesty to those guilty of most crimes committed during the Civil War and the Interregnum. Of those who had been involved in the trial and execution, 104 were specifically excluded from reprieve, although 24 had already died, including Cromwell, John Bradshaw (the judge who was president of the court), and Henry Ireton (a general in the Parliamentary army and Cromwell's son-in-law). They were given a posthumous execution: their remains were exhumed, and they were hanged and beheaded, and their bodies cast into a pit below the gallows. Their heads were placed on spikes at the end of Westminster Hall. Several others were hanged, drawn and quartered, while 19 were imprisoned for life. Property was confiscated from many, and most were barred from holding public office or title again. Twenty-one of those under threat fled England, mostly settling in the Netherlands or Switzerland, although three settled in New England.

There is no agreed definition of who is included in the list of regicides. The Indemnity and Oblivion Act did not use the term either as a definition of the act, or as a label for those involved. "Regicide" has never been a specific crime in English law, and has never been defined in law. Historians have identified different groups of people as being suitable for the name, and some do not include the associates who also faced trial and punishment.

The list has been cited as an early blacklist:[1] the state papers of Charles II (1681) state "If any innocent soul be found in this black list, let him not be offended at me, but consider whether some mistaken principle or interest may not have misled him to vote."[2]

Background edit

 
Engraving depicting the executioner holding the severed head of King Charles I

Civil war, the execution of Charles I, the Interregnum and the Restoration edit

The English Civil War took place between 1642 and 1651. It was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads", led by Oliver Cromwell) and Royalists ("Cavaliers", led by Charles I) over, principally, political power and authority. There were three main phases to the war: The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of Charles's son—Charles II—and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.[3]

At the end of the first war King Charles I was being held by the Scottish Presbyterian army, who handed him over to the parliamentary forces.[4] In January 1649 a trial was arranged, comprising 135 commissioners. Some were informed beforehand of their summons, and refused to participate, but most were named without their consent being sought. Forty-seven of those named did not appear either in the preliminary closed sessions or the subsequent public trial.[5] At the end of the four-day trial, 67 commissioners stood to signify that they judged Charles I had "traitorously and maliciously levied war against the present Parliament and the people therein represented".[6][5] Fifty-seven of the commissioners present signed the death warrant; two further commissioners added their names subsequently. The following day, 30 January, Charles I was beheaded outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall;[5][7] Charles II went into exile.[5] The English monarchy was replaced with, at first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and then the Protectorate (1653–1659) under Cromwell's personal rule.[8][9]

 
Charles II was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661, following the Restoration of the monarchy.
 
An old illustration of the Aldersgate, c. 1650

Following the death of Cromwell in 1658 a power struggle ensued. General George Monck—who had fought for the King until his capture, but had joined Cromwell during the Interregnum—brought an army down from his base in Scotland and restored order; he arranged for elections to be held in early 1660. He began discussions with Charles II who made the Declaration of Breda—on Monck's advice—which offered reconciliation, forgiveness, and moderation in religious and political matters. Parliament sent an invitation to Charles to return, accepting the Restoration of the monarchy as the English political form.[10] Charles arrived in Dover on 25 May 1660 and reached London on 29 May, his 30th birthday.[11]

Treatment of the regicides edit

In 1660, Parliament passed the Indemnity and Oblivion Act[c] which granted amnesty to many of those who had supported the Parliament during the Civil War and the Interregnum, although 104 people were specifically excluded; of these 49 named individuals and the two unknown executioners were to face a capital charge.[5][12] Charles would probably have been content with a smaller number to be punished, but Parliament took a stronger line, according to Howard Nenner, writing for the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.[5]

 
The execution of the bodies of Cromwell, Bradshaw, and Ireton, from a contemporary print
 
A drawing of Oliver Cromwell's head on a spike

Of those who were listed to receive punishment, 24 had already died, including Cromwell, John Bradshaw (the judge who was president of the court) and Henry Ireton.[5] They were given a posthumous execution: their remains were exhumed, and they were hanged, beheaded and their remains were cast into a pit below the gallows. Their heads were placed on spikes above Westminster Hall the building where the High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I had sat.[13] In 1660, six of the commissioners and four others were found guilty of regicide and executed; one was hanged and nine were hanged, drawn and quartered. On Monday 15 October 1660, Pepys records in his diary that "this morning Mr Carew was hanged and quartered at Charing Cross; but his quarters, by a great favour, are not to be hanged up." Five days later he writes, "I saw the limbs of some of our new traitors set upon Aldersgate, which was a sad sight to see; and a bloody week this and the last have been, there being ten hanged, drawn, and quartered."[14] In 1662 three more regicides were hanged, drawn and quartered. Some others were pardoned, while a further nineteen served life imprisonment.[15] Most had their property confiscated and many were banned from holding office or title again in the future. Twenty-one of those under threat fled Britain, mostly settling in the Netherlands or Switzerland, although some were captured and returned to England, or murdered by Royalist sympathisers. Three of the regicides, John Dixwell, Edward Whalley and William Goffe, fled to New England, where they avoided capture, despite a search.[5][d]

Nenner records that there is no agreed definition of who is included in the list of regicides. The Indemnity and Oblivion Act did not use the term either as a definition of the act, or as a label for those involved,[e] and historians have identified different groups of people as being suitable for the name.[5]

Shortly after the Restoration in Scotland the Scottish Parliament passed an Act of Indemnity and Oblivion. It was similar to the English Indemnity and Oblivion Act, but there were many more exceptions under the Scottish act than there were under the English act. Most of the Scottish exceptions were pecuniary, and only four men were executed (all for treason but none for regicide), of whom the Marquess of Argyll was the most prominent. He was found to be guilty of collaboration with Cromwell's government, and beheaded on 27 May 1661.[16][17]

Regicides edit

Commissioners who signed the death warrant edit

 
Illustration in a satirical book from the 1660s. The devil sits with eleven men: nine regicides and two chaplains who supported the execution of Charles I. (Oliver Cromwell;John Bradshaw, Thomas Scott, Colonel Thomas Harrison, Colonel John Barkstead, Cornelius Holland, John Jones, John Lisle, William Say, Hugh Peters, John Goodwin).
 
Anonymous illustration comparing the execution of Charles I with that of the regicides
 
Anonymously printed Dutch pamphlet attacking the beheading of Charles I, showing Oliver Cromwell with a fox at his shoulder

In the order in which they signed the death warrant, the Commissioners were:

Commissioners whose signatures appeared on the death warrant
Order
[18][19] 		Name At the Restoration Notes Ref.
1 John Bradshaw, President of the Court Dead Posthumous execution: disinterred, hanged at Tyburn and beheaded. His body was thrown into a pit and the head placed on a spike at the end of Westminster Hall, facing the direction of the spot where Charles I had been executed. [20][13]
2 Lord Grey of Groby Dead Died in 1657 [21]
3 Oliver Cromwell Dead Posthumous execution: disinterred, hanged at Tyburn and beheaded. His body was thrown into a pit and the head placed on a spike at the end of Westminster Hall, facing the direction of the spot where Charles I had been executed. [13]
4 Edward Whalley Alive Fled to the New Haven Colony with a co-commissioner, his son-in-law William Goffe, to avoid trial. He was alive but in poor health in 1674, where he was sought by the agents of Charles II but shielded by the sympathetic colonists. He probably died in 1675. [22][23][24]
5 Sir Michael Livesey Alive Fled to the Netherlands. In June 1665, he was known to be at Rotterdam, and probably died there shortly afterwards. [25]
6 John Okey Alive Fled to Germany, but was arrested by the English Ambassador to the Netherlands, Sir George Downing. He was tried, found guilty and hanged, drawn and quartered in April 1662. [26][27]
7 Sir John Danvers Dead Died in 1655 [28]
8 Sir John Bourchier Alive Too ill to be tried and died in 1660 [29][30]
9 Henry Ireton Dead Posthumous execution: disinterred, hanged at Tyburn and beheaded. His body was thrown into a pit and the head placed on a spike at the end of Westminster Hall, facing the direction of the spot where Charles I had been executed. [13][31]
10 Sir Thomas Mauleverer Dead Died 1655, but was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act [32]
11 Sir Hardress Waller Alive Fled to France; later returned and was found guilty. Sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Died 1666 in prison on Jersey. [33]
12 John Blakiston Dead Died 1649 [34]
13 John Hutchinson Alive Pardoned in 1660, but was implicated in the 1663 Farnley Wood Plot; he was imprisoned in Sandown Castle, Kent where he died on 11 September 1664. [35]
14 William Goffe Alive Fled to the New Haven Colony with a co-commissioner, his father-in-law Edward Whalley; escaped from being arrested in 1678. Burke's Peerage reports that William Goffe died in New Haven, Ct in 1680.[36] [37]
15 Thomas Pride Dead Died 1658. Posthumous execution alongside Cromwell, Ireton and Bradshaw was ordered but not carried out [38]
16 Peter Temple Alive Brought to trial, sentenced to death but sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He died in the Tower of London in 1663 [39]
17 Thomas Harrison Alive First to be found guilty. Was hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 13 October 1660. He was a leader of the Fifth Monarchists, who still posed a threat to the Restoration. [40]
18 John Hewson Alive Fled to Amsterdam, then possibly Rouen. He died in one of those cities in either 1662 or 1663. [41]
19 Henry Smith Alive Brought to trial, sentenced to death but sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He was held in the Tower of London until 1664 and was transported to Mont Orgueil castle in Jersey. Died 1668. [39]
20 Sir Peregrine Pelham Dead Died in 1650. [42]
21 Richard Deane Dead Died in 1653. Disinterred and buried in a communal pit. [43]
22 Sir Robert Tichborne Alive Brought to trial, sentenced to death but was reprieved. He spent the rest of his life imprisoned in the Tower of London. Died 1682. [44]
23 Humphrey Edwards Dead Died in 1658 [45]
24 Daniel Blagrave Alive Fled to Aachen — now in Germany — where he probably died in 1668 [46]
25 Owen Rowe Alive Brought to trial, sentenced to death, but died in the Tower of London in December 1661 while awaiting execution. [47]
26 William Purefoy Dead Died in 1659 [48]
27 Adrian Scrope Alive Tried, found guilty: hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 17 October 1660 [49]
28 James Temple Alive Brought to trial, sentenced to life imprisonment on Jersey; he is reported to have died there on 17 February 1680.[50] [51]
29 Augustine Garland Alive Brought to trial, his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He died in or after 1677. [52]
30 Edmund Ludlow Alive Surrendered to the Speaker of the House of Commons, and then escaped to Vevey in the Canton of Bern. Died 1692. [53]
31 Henry Marten Alive Tried and found guilty. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and died in Chepstow Castle in 1680. [54]
32 Vincent Potter Alive Brought to trial, he received the death sentence but it was not carried out; he died in the Tower of London, probably in 1661. [55]
33 Sir William Constable, 1st Baronet Dead Died in 1655. His body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey and reburied in a communal burial pit. [56]
34 Sir Richard Ingoldsby Alive Pardoned. Died 1685. [57]
35 William Cawley Alive Escaped to Switzerland, where he died in 1667 [58]
36 John Barkstead Alive Arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands, Sir George Downing, extradited and executed in 1662 [59]
37 Isaac Ewer Dead Died in 1650 or 1651 [60]
38 John Dixwell Alive Believed dead in England, he fled to the New Haven Colony, where he died in 1689 under an assumed name. [61]
39 Valentine Walton Alive Escaped to Germany after being condemned as a regicide. Died in 1661. [62]
40 Simon Mayne Alive Tried and sentenced to death, he died in the Tower of London in 1661 before his appeal could be heard. [63]
41 Thomas Horton Dead Died of dysentery in 1649 while serving with Cromwell during the conquest of Ireland [64]
42 John Jones Maesygarnedd Alive Tried, found guilty: hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 17 October 1660 [65]
43 John Moore Dead In 1649, Moore fought in Ireland against the Marquess of Ormonde and became Governor of Dublin, dying of a fever there in 1650. [66]
44 Gilbert Millington Alive Tried and sentenced to death, but sentence commuted to life imprisonment. Millington spent his final years in Jersey and died in 1666. [67]
45 George Fleetwood Alive Brought to trial and sentenced to imprisonment in the Tower of London. He may have been transported to Tangier. Died c. 1672. [68]
46 John Alured Dead Died in 1651 [69]
47 Robert Lilburne Alive Tried in October 1660 and sentenced to death, although this was later commuted to life imprisonment. Died in prison in August 1665. [70]
48 William Say Alive Escaped to Switzerland. Died 1666. [71]
49 Anthony Stapley Dead Died in 1655 [72]
50 Sir Gregory Norton, 1st Baronet Dead Died 1652 [73]
51 Thomas Chaloner Alive Excluded from pardon and escaped to the Continent. In 1661, he died at Middelburg in the Netherlands. [74]
52 Thomas Wogan Alive Held at York Castle until 1664 when he escaped to the Netherlands; still alive in 1666 [75]
53 John Venn Dead Died in 1650 [76]
54 Gregory Clement Alive Went into hiding, he was captured, tried and found guilty. He was hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 17 October 1660. [77]
55 John Downes Alive Tried, found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. Died 1666. [78]
56 Thomas Waite Alive Tried, found guilty of regicide, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Died 1688 Jersey [79]
57 Thomas Scot Alive Fled to Brussels, returned to England, was tried, found guilty; and hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 17 October 1660. Died unrepentant. [80]
58 John Carew Alive Joined Fifth Monarchists. Tried, found guilty; and hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 15 October 1660. [81]
59 Miles Corbet Alive Fled to the Netherlands; arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands Sir George Downing; extradited; tried; found guilty; and was hanged, drawn and quartered on 19 April 1662. [82]

Commissioners who did not sign edit

 
Frontispiece to Giles Duncombe's Scutum Regale, 1660, showing scenes representing the Restoration of the English monarchy

The following Commissioners sat on one or more days at the trial but did not sign the death warrant:

The commissioners who did not sign
Name[83][84] At the Restoration Notes Ref.
Francis Allen Dead Attended several session including the 27 January when the sentence was agreed upon. His name was one of 24 dead regicides who were excepted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act 1660 (section XXXVII of the act). [85]
Sir Thomas Andrewes (or Andrews) Dead Attended three sessions, including 27 January when the sentence was agreed upon. His name was one of 24 dead regicides who were excepted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act 1660 (section XXXVII of the act). [86]
Thomas Hammond Dead Attended 14 sessions. He was excepted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act, allowing the state to confiscate the property that had belonged to him (section XXXVII of the act). [87]
Sir James Harington, 3rd Baronet Alive Escaped and died in exile on the European mainland in 1680. Due to an oversight in the Indemnity and Oblivion Act, although he lost his title, the baronetcy passed to the next in line on his death. [88]
Edmund Harvey Alive He was tried in October 1660, and sentenced to life imprisonment. He died in Pendennis Castle, Cornwall, in June 1673. [89]
William Heveningham Alive Found guilty of treason but successfully petitioned for mercy and was thereafter imprisoned in Windsor Castle until his death in 1678 [90]
Cornelius Holland Alive He fled to the Netherlands, then on to Lausanne and Vevey where he died, probably in 1671. [91]
Sir John Lisle Alive Escaped to Lausanne, Switzerland but was shot or stabbed by the Irish Royalist James Fitz Edmond Cotter (using the alias Thomas Macdonnell) in August 1664. [92]
Nicholas Love Alive Escaped to Hamburg. Died in Vevey, Switzerland in 1682. [93]
Isaac Penington Alive Sentenced to life imprisonment and died in the Tower of London in 1661 [94]
James Chaloner (or Challoner) Alive Brother of Thomas Chaloner. He died in July 1660 from an illness caught after being imprisoned the previous year for supporting General Monck. [95]
John Dove Alive He took no part in the trial other than being present when the sentence was agreed. At the Restoration he was contrite and, after making an abject submission to Parliament, he was allowed to depart unpunished. Died 1664 or 1665. [96]
John Fry Dead He was debarred from sitting on the High Court for heterodoxy on 26 January 1649, one day before the sentence was pronounced. His name was one of 24 dead regicides who were excepted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act in 1660. Died 1657. [97]
Sir Henry Mildmay Alive Tried, stripped of his knighthood and sentenced to life imprisonment. He died in Antwerp in 1664 while being exiled to Tangier. [98]
William Mounson, 1st Viscount Monson Alive Tried, stripped of his titles and property and imprisoned for life in the Fleet Prison where he died in 1673. [99][100]
Sir Gilbert Pickering, 1st Baronet Alive He only attended two sittings at the trial and he did not sign Charles's death warrant, so he was able to use the influence of his brother-in-law Earl of Sandwich, to secure his pardon, although he was banned for life from holding any office. [101]
Robert Wallop Alive Sentenced to life imprisonment and died in the Tower of London in 1667 [100]

Other regicides edit

 
A 1698 etching showing the fate for those convicted of High Treason. The executed were hanged, drawn and quartered, as was the case for Rye House Plotter Thomas Armstrong in 1664.
Name[83][84] Office At the Restoration Notes Ref.
Daniel Axtell Officer of the Guard Alive Tried, found guilty of participating in the regicide; hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn in October 1660. [102]
Andrew Broughton Clerk of the Court Alive Escaped to Switzerland in 1663. Died 1687. [103]
John Cook Solicitor-General Alive Tried, found guilty of regicide; hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross in October 1660 [104]
Edward Dendy Serjeant-at-arms Alive Escaped to Switzerland in 1663; died 1674 [105]
Dr Isaac Dorislaus Assistant to the Solicitor-General Dead A distinguished scholar from the Netherlands, he was murdered in the Hague in 1649 by Royalist refugees. [106]
Francis Hacker Officer of the Guard Alive Tried, found guilty of signing the execution order; hanged at Tyburn in October 1660 [107]
William Hewlett Captain in the Guard Alive Found guilty of regicide at the same trial as Daniel Axtell, but not executed with him. [108]
Cornelius Holland Member of Council of State Alive Escaped to Lausanne, Switzerland at Restoration. Died in 1671. [103]
Hercules Huncks Officer of the Guard Alive Refused to sign the order to the executioners, which Francis Hacker did in his place. He testified against Daniel Axtell and Hacker, and was pardoned. Died in 1660. [109][110]
Robert Phayre Officer of the Guard Alive Refused to sign the order to the executioners. He was arrested but not tried; released in 1662. Died in 1682. [111]
John Phelps Clerk of the Court Alive Escaped to Switzerland. Died in 1666. [112]
Matthew Thomlinson Officer of the Guard Alive Was appointed a commissioner but never sat in the court.[113] He was pardoned for showing courtesy to the King and for testifying against Daniel Axtell and Francis Hacker. Died in 1681. [114]
Hugh Peter Alive A radical preacher, he was tried and found guilty of inciting regicide; hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross in October 1660. [115]
Anonymous Headsman and assistant Unknown Article XXXIV of the Act of Pardon and Oblivion listed by name 49 of the men mentioned here and also two others who were unnamed and identified as "those two persons, ... who being disguised by frocks and vizors, did appear upon the scaffold erected before Whitehall". This was the headsman and his assistant. Sidney Lee states in the Dictionary of National Biography (1866) that the headsman may have been Richard Brandon. [116]

Others exempted from the general pardon and found guilty of treason edit

 
John Lambert
Name[117][118] At the Restoration Notes Ref.
John Lambert Alive Lambert was not in London for the trial of Charles I. At the Restoration, he was found guilty of high treason and remained in custody for the rest of his life, first in Guernsey and then on Drake's Island, where he died in 1683/84. [119][120]
Sir Henry Vane the Younger Alive After much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. He was tried for high treason, found guilty and beheaded on Tower Hill in June 1662. [121]
 
The executions in Scotland took place at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh, now marked by these pavement setts.

Under the Scottish Act of indemnity and oblivion (9 September 1662), as with the English act most were pardoned and their crimes forgotten, however, a few members of the previous regime were tried and found guilty of treason (for more details see General pardon and exceptions in Scotland):

Actions under the Scottish Act of indemnity and oblivion
Name Fate Notes
Archibald Campbell (8th Earl of Argyll) Beheaded 27 May 1661.[122] At his trial in Edinburgh Argyll was acquitted of complicity in the death of Charles I, and his escape from the whole charge seemed imminent, but the arrival of a packet of letters written by Argyll to Monck showed conclusively his collaboration with Cromwell's government, particularly in the suppression of Glencairn's Royalist rising in 1652. He was immediately sentenced to death.[123]
James Guthrie Hanged 1 June 1661. On 20 February 1661 Guthrie was arraigned for high treason before the parliament, with Earl of Middleton presiding as commissioner. The indictment had six counts; the contriving of the "Western Remonstrance" and the rejection of the king's ecclesiastical authority were, from a legal point of view, the most formidable charges. The trial was not concluded until 11 April. On 28 May parliament, having found him guilty of treason, ordered him to be hanged.[124]
Captain William Govan Hanged 1 June 1661 (after Guthrie).[122]
Archibald Johnston, Lord Warriston hanged 22 July 1663[122] At the Restoration Warriston fled to Holland and thence to Hamburg in Germany. He was condemned to death (and stripped of his properties and title) in absentia on 15 May 1661.[125] In 1663, having ventured into France, he was discovered at Rouen, and with the consent of Louis XIV was brought to England and imprisoned in the Tower of London. In June he was taken to Edinburgh and confined in the Tolbooth, and was hanged on 22 July 1663.[126]
John Swinton (1621?–1679) Imprisoned Swinton was condemned to forfeiture and imprisonment in Edinburgh Castle, where he remained for some years before being released.[127]
John Home of Kelloe Estates sequestrated In 1661, Home had his estates sequestrated for being with the English Parliamentary army against King Charles II's army at the Battle of Worcester in 1651.[128][129] After the Glorious Revolution of 1688 the estates were restored to his son George.[130]

Notes edit

  1. ^ In 2011 the death warrant for Charles I was added by UNESCO to the UK Memory of the World Register (UKP: Warrant; UNESCO: Register)
  2. ^ Dates in this article are given in the Julian calendar with the start of year adjusted to 1 January. Contemporary official documents, such as the death warrant, date the year as 1648, because at that time the start of the new year of the official calendar was 25 March (see the article "Old Style and New Style dates" for more details).
  3. ^ The long title of the Act is "An act of free and generall pardon indemnity and oblivion" (Raithby 1819, p. 226).
  4. ^ The three are commemorated by three intersecting major avenues in New Haven (Dixwell Avenue, Whalley Avenue, and Goffe Street), and by place names in other Connecticut towns (Major 2013, p. 153).
  5. ^ Nenner writes that "Regicide was a sin, but it was not a crime. In English law it never had been. The government therefore eschewed the word, abandoning the debate over its use to the arena of popular discourse, where the allegations of regicide were trumpeted from the pulpit and elaborated in the press" (Nenner 2004).
  1. ^ McFedries 2008, p. 14.
  2. ^ GB PRO 1921, p. 667.
  3. ^ Parker 2001, p. 1.
  4. ^ Parker 2001, pp. 22–23.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Nenner 2004.
  6. ^ Articles of Impeachment of King Charles I, Wikisource
  7. ^ Spencer 2014, pp. 52–54.
  8. ^ Leniham 2008, pp. 135–7.
  9. ^ UKP: Civ War.
  10. ^ Parker 2001, p. 27.
  11. ^ Fraser 2002, p. 235.
  12. ^ Raithby 1819, pp. 226–33.
  13. ^ a b c d Spencer 2014, pp. 203–04.
  14. ^ Pepys & October 1660.
  15. ^ Kirby 1999.
  16. ^ Macinnes 2007, p. 82.
  17. ^ RPS, NAS. PA2/28, f.47–48..
  18. ^ Jordan & Walsh 2013, pp. 329–34.
  19. ^ McIntosh 1981.
  20. ^ Kelsey 2008.
  21. ^ Bradley 2008.
  22. ^ Durston 2008a.
  23. ^ Noble 1798b, pp. 328–29.
  24. ^ Spencer 2014, p. 290.
  25. ^ Peacey 2008a.
  26. ^ Durston 2015.
  27. ^ Spencer 2014, p. 223.
  28. ^ Kelsey 2009.
  29. ^ Scott 2008.
  30. ^ Spencer 2014, pp. 197–98.
  31. ^ Gentles 2004a.
  32. ^ Hopper 2011.
  33. ^ Little 2004.
  34. ^ Peacey 2008b.
  35. ^ Jordan & Walsh 2013, p. 330.
  36. ^ Burke's Peerage p.855
  37. ^ Durston 2008b.
  38. ^ Gentles 2004b.
  39. ^ a b Jordan & Walsh 2013, p. 323.
  40. ^ Jordan & Walsh 2013, pp. 221–22, 235.
  41. ^ Durston 2004a.
  42. ^ Hopper 2004a.
  43. ^ Jordan & Walsh 2013, p. 331.
  44. ^ Lindley 2004a.
  45. ^ Goodwin 2004.
  46. ^ Peacey 2004a.
  47. ^ Jarvis 2004.
  48. ^ Hughes 2004.
  49. ^ Wroughton 2004.
  50. ^ Syvert & Stevens 1981, p. 148.
  51. ^ Peacey 2004b.
  52. ^ Firth & Kelsey 2004a.
  53. ^ Firth & Worden 2004.
  54. ^ Barber 2004a.
  55. ^ Hopper 2004b.
  56. ^ Scott 2004a.
  57. ^ Venning 2004a.
  58. ^ Spencer 2014, p. 298.
  59. ^ Durston 2004b.
  60. ^ Noble 1798a, pp. 204–05.
  61. ^ Peacey 2004c.
  62. ^ Firth 2007.
  63. ^ Spencer 2014, p. 242.
  64. ^ Denton 2010.
  65. ^ Roberts 2004.
  66. ^ Gratton 2004.
  67. ^ Greaves 2008.
  68. ^ Durston 2004c.
  69. ^ Scott 2004c.
  70. ^ Coward 2004.
  71. ^ Peacey 2004d.
  72. ^ Porter 2004.
  73. ^ Peacey 2004e.
  74. ^ Scott 2004b.
  75. ^ Peacey 2004f.
  76. ^ Lindley 2004b.
  77. ^ Peacey 2004g.
  78. ^ Peacey & Roots 2004.
  79. ^ Hopper 2004c.
  80. ^ Firth & Kelsey 2004b.
  81. ^ Peacey 2004h.
  82. ^ Barber 2004b.
  83. ^ a b Jordan & Walsh 2013, pp. 334–35.
  84. ^ a b Raithby 1819, pp. 226–34.
  85. ^ McIntosh 2004a.
  86. ^ McIntosh 2004b.
  87. ^ Aylmer 2004.
  88. ^ Kelsey 2004a.
  89. ^ Roots & Wynne 2013.
  90. ^ Hollis 2004.
  91. ^ Peacey 2004i.
  92. ^ Venning 2004b.
  93. ^ Kelsey 2004b.
  94. ^ Lindley 2004c.
  95. ^ Scott 2004d.
  96. ^ Goodwin & Warmington 2004.
  97. ^ Pfanner 2004.
  98. ^ Spencer 2014, pp. 245–46.
  99. ^ Spencer 2014, pp. 245–246.
  100. ^ a b Jordan & Walsh 2013, p. 280.
  101. ^ Venning 2004c.
  102. ^ Jordan & Walsh 2013, pp. 230–31, 240.
  103. ^ a b Jordan & Walsh 2013, pp. 289, 322.
  104. ^ Jordan & Walsh 2013, pp. 174–75.
  105. ^ Spencer 2014, p. 230.
  106. ^ Spencer 2014, pp. 63–65.
  107. ^ Spencer 2014, pp. 183–85.
  108. ^ Spencer 2014, p. 211.
  109. ^ Jordan & Walsh 2013, p. 234.
  110. ^ Spencer 2014, p. 103.
  111. ^ Jordan & Walsh 2013, pp. 231–32.
  112. ^ Spencer 2014, pp. 231, 293–94.
  113. ^ Barnard 2004.
  114. ^ Jordan & Walsh 2013, pp. 233, 234.
  115. ^ Jordan & Walsh 2013, pp. 236–37.
  116. ^ Lee 1886, p. 223.
  117. ^ Raithby 1819, pp. 226–234.
  118. ^ Jordan & Walsh 2013, pp. 335–36.
  119. ^ Jordan & Walsh 2013, pp. 283–84.
  120. ^ Spencer 2014, p. 99.
  121. ^ Jordan & Walsh 2013, p. 291.
  122. ^ a b c Harris 2005, p. 111; Aikman 1842, pp. 50–51Howie & M'Gavin 1830, pp. 73–75; and Crooks.
  123. ^ Yorke & Chisholm 1911, p. 484.
  124. ^ Gordon 1890, p. 378.
  125. ^ Lawson 1844, p. 713.
  126. ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 333.
  127. ^ Swinton 1898, pp. 237–239.
  128. ^ Brown 2012.
  129. ^ Morison 1803, p. 42.
  130. ^ Edinburgh Magazine staff 1819, p. 582.

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Further reading edit

 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Death warrant of King Charles I
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Regicide".
  • Howell, T.B.; Howell, T.J.; Corbet, C.; Jardine, D., eds. (1816). "205. The Trials of Twenty-nine Regicides, at the Old Bailey, for High Treason, which began the 9th Day of October, A. D. 1660: 12 Charles II.". A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Year 1783, with Notes and Other Illustrations. Vol. 5. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. pp. 471–1364.
  • Noble, Mark (1798). The lives of the English regicides: and other commissioners of the pretended High court of justice, appointed to sit in judgment upon their sovereign, King Charles the First., volume I, volume II

January 01, 1970
list, regicides, charles, following, trial, king, charles, january, 1649, commissioners, judges, signed, death, warrant, they, along, with, several, associates, numerous, court, officials, were, subject, punishment, following, restoration, monarchy, 1660, with. Following the trial of King Charles I in January 1649 b 59 commissioners judges signed his death warrant They along with several key associates and numerous court officials were the subject of punishment following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 with the coronation of Charles II Charles I s trial and execution had followed the second English Civil War in which his supporters Royalist Cavaliers were opposed by the Parliamentarian Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell The death warrant of King Charles I and the wax seals of the 59 commissioners a With the return of King Charles II Parliament passed the Indemnity and Oblivion Act 1660 which granted amnesty to those guilty of most crimes committed during the Civil War and the Interregnum Of those who had been involved in the trial and execution 104 were specifically excluded from reprieve although 24 had already died including Cromwell John Bradshaw the judge who was president of the court and Henry Ireton a general in the Parliamentary army and Cromwell s son in law They were given a posthumous execution their remains were exhumed and they were hanged and beheaded and their bodies cast into a pit below the gallows Their heads were placed on spikes at the end of Westminster Hall Several others were hanged drawn and quartered while 19 were imprisoned for life Property was confiscated from many and most were barred from holding public office or title again Twenty one of those under threat fled England mostly settling in the Netherlands or Switzerland although three settled in New England There is no agreed definition of who is included in the list of regicides The Indemnity and Oblivion Act did not use the term either as a definition of the act or as a label for those involved Regicide has never been a specific crime in English law and has never been defined in law Historians have identified different groups of people as being suitable for the name and some do not include the associates who also faced trial and punishment The list has been cited as an early blacklist 1 the state papers of Charles II 1681 state If any innocent soul be found in this black list let him not be offended at me but consider whether some mistaken principle or interest may not have misled him to vote 2 Contents 1 Background 1 1 Civil war the execution of Charles I the Interregnum and the Restoration 1 2 Treatment of the regicides 2 Regicides 2 1 Commissioners who signed the death warrant 2 2 Commissioners who did not sign 2 3 Other regicides 3 Others exempted from the general pardon and found guilty of treason 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further readingBackground edit nbsp Engraving depicting the executioner holding the severed head of King Charles I Civil war the execution of Charles I the Interregnum and the Restoration edit The English Civil War took place between 1642 and 1651 It was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell and Royalists Cavaliers led by Charles I over principally political power and authority There were three main phases to the war The first 1642 1646 and second 1648 1649 wars pitted the supporters of Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament while the third 1649 1651 saw fighting between supporters of Charles s son Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651 3 At the end of the first war King Charles I was being held by the Scottish Presbyterian army who handed him over to the parliamentary forces 4 In January 1649 a trial was arranged comprising 135 commissioners Some were informed beforehand of their summons and refused to participate but most were named without their consent being sought Forty seven of those named did not appear either in the preliminary closed sessions or the subsequent public trial 5 At the end of the four day trial 67 commissioners stood to signify that they judged Charles I had traitorously and maliciously levied war against the present Parliament and the people therein represented 6 5 Fifty seven of the commissioners present signed the death warrant two further commissioners added their names subsequently The following day 30 January Charles I was beheaded outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall 5 7 Charles II went into exile 5 The English monarchy was replaced with at first the Commonwealth of England 1649 1653 and then the Protectorate 1653 1659 under Cromwell s personal rule 8 9 nbsp Charles II was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661 following the Restoration of the monarchy nbsp An old illustration of the Aldersgate c 1650 Following the death of Cromwell in 1658 a power struggle ensued General George Monck who had fought for the King until his capture but had joined Cromwell during the Interregnum brought an army down from his base in Scotland and restored order he arranged for elections to be held in early 1660 He began discussions with Charles II who made the Declaration of Breda on Monck s advice which offered reconciliation forgiveness and moderation in religious and political matters Parliament sent an invitation to Charles to return accepting the Restoration of the monarchy as the English political form 10 Charles arrived in Dover on 25 May 1660 and reached London on 29 May his 30th birthday 11 Treatment of the regicides edit In 1660 Parliament passed the Indemnity and Oblivion Act c which granted amnesty to many of those who had supported the Parliament during the Civil War and the Interregnum although 104 people were specifically excluded of these 49 named individuals and the two unknown executioners were to face a capital charge 5 12 Charles would probably have been content with a smaller number to be punished but Parliament took a stronger line according to Howard Nenner writing for the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5 nbsp The execution of the bodies of Cromwell Bradshaw and Ireton from a contemporary print nbsp A drawing of Oliver Cromwell s head on a spike Of those who were listed to receive punishment 24 had already died including Cromwell John Bradshaw the judge who was president of the court and Henry Ireton 5 They were given a posthumous execution their remains were exhumed and they were hanged beheaded and their remains were cast into a pit below the gallows Their heads were placed on spikes above Westminster Hall the building where the High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I had sat 13 In 1660 six of the commissioners and four others were found guilty of regicide and executed one was hanged and nine were hanged drawn and quartered On Monday 15 October 1660 Pepys records in his diary that this morning Mr Carew was hanged and quartered at Charing Cross but his quarters by a great favour are not to be hanged up Five days later he writes I saw the limbs of some of our new traitors set upon Aldersgate which was a sad sight to see and a bloody week this and the last have been there being ten hanged drawn and quartered 14 In 1662 three more regicides were hanged drawn and quartered Some others were pardoned while a further nineteen served life imprisonment 15 Most had their property confiscated and many were banned from holding office or title again in the future Twenty one of those under threat fled Britain mostly settling in the Netherlands or Switzerland although some were captured and returned to England or murdered by Royalist sympathisers Three of the regicides John Dixwell Edward Whalley and William Goffe fled to New England where they avoided capture despite a search 5 d Nenner records that there is no agreed definition of who is included in the list of regicides The Indemnity and Oblivion Act did not use the term either as a definition of the act or as a label for those involved e and historians have identified different groups of people as being suitable for the name 5 Shortly after the Restoration in Scotland the Scottish Parliament passed an Act of Indemnity and Oblivion It was similar to the English Indemnity and Oblivion Act but there were many more exceptions under the Scottish act than there were under the English act Most of the Scottish exceptions were pecuniary and only four men were executed all for treason but none for regicide of whom the Marquess of Argyll was the most prominent He was found to be guilty of collaboration with Cromwell s government and beheaded on 27 May 1661 16 17 Regicides editCommissioners who signed the death warrant edit nbsp Illustration in a satirical book from the 1660s The devil sits with eleven men nine regicides and two chaplains who supported the execution of Charles I Oliver Cromwell John Bradshaw Thomas Scott Colonel Thomas Harrison Colonel John Barkstead Cornelius Holland John Jones John Lisle William Say Hugh Peters John Goodwin nbsp Anonymous illustration comparing the execution of Charles I with that of the regicides nbsp Anonymously printed Dutch pamphlet attacking the beheading of Charles I showing Oliver Cromwell with a fox at his shoulder In the order in which they signed the death warrant the Commissioners were Commissioners whose signatures appeared on the death warrant Order 18 19 Name At the Restoration Notes Ref 1 John Bradshaw President of the Court Dead Posthumous execution disinterred hanged at Tyburn and beheaded His body was thrown into a pit and the head placed on a spike at the end of Westminster Hall facing the direction of the spot where Charles I had been executed 20 13 2 Lord Grey of Groby Dead Died in 1657 21 3 Oliver Cromwell Dead Posthumous execution disinterred hanged at Tyburn and beheaded His body was thrown into a pit and the head placed on a spike at the end of Westminster Hall facing the direction of the spot where Charles I had been executed 13 4 Edward Whalley Alive Fled to the New Haven Colony with a co commissioner his son in law William Goffe to avoid trial He was alive but in poor health in 1674 where he was sought by the agents of Charles II but shielded by the sympathetic colonists He probably died in 1675 22 23 24 5 Sir Michael Livesey Alive Fled to the Netherlands In June 1665 he was known to be at Rotterdam and probably died there shortly afterwards 25 6 John Okey Alive Fled to Germany but was arrested by the English Ambassador to the Netherlands Sir George Downing He was tried found guilty and hanged drawn and quartered in April 1662 26 27 7 Sir John Danvers Dead Died in 1655 28 8 Sir John Bourchier Alive Too ill to be tried and died in 1660 29 30 9 Henry Ireton Dead Posthumous execution disinterred hanged at Tyburn and beheaded His body was thrown into a pit and the head placed on a spike at the end of Westminster Hall facing the direction of the spot where Charles I had been executed 13 31 10 Sir Thomas Mauleverer Dead Died 1655 but was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act 32 11 Sir Hardress Waller Alive Fled to France later returned and was found guilty Sentenced to death but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment Died 1666 in prison on Jersey 33 12 John Blakiston Dead Died 1649 34 13 John Hutchinson Alive Pardoned in 1660 but was implicated in the 1663 Farnley Wood Plot he was imprisoned in Sandown Castle Kent where he died on 11 September 1664 35 14 William Goffe Alive Fled to the New Haven Colony with a co commissioner his father in law Edward Whalley escaped from being arrested in 1678 Burke s Peerage reports that William Goffe died in New Haven Ct in 1680 36 37 15 Thomas Pride Dead Died 1658 Posthumous execution alongside Cromwell Ireton and Bradshaw was ordered but not carried out 38 16 Peter Temple Alive Brought to trial sentenced to death but sentence was commuted to life imprisonment He died in the Tower of London in 1663 39 17 Thomas Harrison Alive First to be found guilty Was hanged drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 13 October 1660 He was a leader of the Fifth Monarchists who still posed a threat to the Restoration 40 18 John Hewson Alive Fled to Amsterdam then possibly Rouen He died in one of those cities in either 1662 or 1663 41 19 Henry Smith Alive Brought to trial sentenced to death but sentence was commuted to life imprisonment He was held in the Tower of London until 1664 and was transported to Mont Orgueil castle in Jersey Died 1668 39 20 Sir Peregrine Pelham Dead Died in 1650 42 21 Richard Deane Dead Died in 1653 Disinterred and buried in a communal pit 43 22 Sir Robert Tichborne Alive Brought to trial sentenced to death but was reprieved He spent the rest of his life imprisoned in the Tower of London Died 1682 44 23 Humphrey Edwards Dead Died in 1658 45 24 Daniel Blagrave Alive Fled to Aachen now in Germany where he probably died in 1668 46 25 Owen Rowe Alive Brought to trial sentenced to death but died in the Tower of London in December 1661 while awaiting execution 47 26 William Purefoy Dead Died in 1659 48 27 Adrian Scrope Alive Tried found guilty hanged drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 17 October 1660 49 28 James Temple Alive Brought to trial sentenced to life imprisonment on Jersey he is reported to have died there on 17 February 1680 50 51 29 Augustine Garland Alive Brought to trial his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment He died in or after 1677 52 30 Edmund Ludlow Alive Surrendered to the Speaker of the House of Commons and then escaped to Vevey in the Canton of Bern Died 1692 53 31 Henry Marten Alive Tried and found guilty He was sentenced to life imprisonment and died in Chepstow Castle in 1680 54 32 Vincent Potter Alive Brought to trial he received the death sentence but it was not carried out he died in the Tower of London probably in 1661 55 33 Sir William Constable 1st Baronet Dead Died in 1655 His body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey and reburied in a communal burial pit 56 34 Sir Richard Ingoldsby Alive Pardoned Died 1685 57 35 William Cawley Alive Escaped to Switzerland where he died in 1667 58 36 John Barkstead Alive Arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands Sir George Downing extradited and executed in 1662 59 37 Isaac Ewer Dead Died in 1650 or 1651 60 38 John Dixwell Alive Believed dead in England he fled to the New Haven Colony where he died in 1689 under an assumed name 61 39 Valentine Walton Alive Escaped to Germany after being condemned as a regicide Died in 1661 62 40 Simon Mayne Alive Tried and sentenced to death he died in the Tower of London in 1661 before his appeal could be heard 63 41 Thomas Horton Dead Died of dysentery in 1649 while serving with Cromwell during the conquest of Ireland 64 42 John Jones Maesygarnedd Alive Tried found guilty hanged drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 17 October 1660 65 43 John Moore Dead In 1649 Moore fought in Ireland against the Marquess of Ormonde and became Governor of Dublin dying of a fever there in 1650 66 44 Gilbert Millington Alive Tried and sentenced to death but sentence commuted to life imprisonment Millington spent his final years in Jersey and died in 1666 67 45 George Fleetwood Alive Brought to trial and sentenced to imprisonment in the Tower of London He may have been transported to Tangier Died c 1672 68 46 John Alured Dead Died in 1651 69 47 Robert Lilburne Alive Tried in October 1660 and sentenced to death although this was later commuted to life imprisonment Died in prison in August 1665 70 48 William Say Alive Escaped to Switzerland Died 1666 71 49 Anthony Stapley Dead Died in 1655 72 50 Sir Gregory Norton 1st Baronet Dead Died 1652 73 51 Thomas Chaloner Alive Excluded from pardon and escaped to the Continent In 1661 he died at Middelburg in the Netherlands 74 52 Thomas Wogan Alive Held at York Castle until 1664 when he escaped to the Netherlands still alive in 1666 75 53 John Venn Dead Died in 1650 76 54 Gregory Clement Alive Went into hiding he was captured tried and found guilty He was hanged drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 17 October 1660 77 55 John Downes Alive Tried found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment Died 1666 78 56 Thomas Waite Alive Tried found guilty of regicide and sentenced to life imprisonment Died 1688 Jersey 79 57 Thomas Scot Alive Fled to Brussels returned to England was tried found guilty and hanged drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 17 October 1660 Died unrepentant 80 58 John Carew Alive Joined Fifth Monarchists Tried found guilty and hanged drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 15 October 1660 81 59 Miles Corbet Alive Fled to the Netherlands arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands Sir George Downing extradited tried found guilty and was hanged drawn and quartered on 19 April 1662 82 Commissioners who did not sign edit nbsp Frontispiece to Giles Duncombe s Scutum Regale 1660 showing scenes representing the Restoration of the English monarchy The following Commissioners sat on one or more days at the trial but did not sign the death warrant The commissioners who did not sign Name 83 84 At the Restoration Notes Ref Francis Allen Dead Attended several session including the 27 January when the sentence was agreed upon His name was one of 24 dead regicides who were excepted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act 1660 section XXXVII of the act 85 Sir Thomas Andrewes or Andrews Dead Attended three sessions including 27 January when the sentence was agreed upon His name was one of 24 dead regicides who were excepted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act 1660 section XXXVII of the act 86 Thomas Hammond Dead Attended 14 sessions He was excepted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act allowing the state to confiscate the property that had belonged to him section XXXVII of the act 87 Sir James Harington 3rd Baronet Alive Escaped and died in exile on the European mainland in 1680 Due to an oversight in the Indemnity and Oblivion Act although he lost his title the baronetcy passed to the next in line on his death 88 Edmund Harvey Alive He was tried in October 1660 and sentenced to life imprisonment He died in Pendennis Castle Cornwall in June 1673 89 William Heveningham Alive Found guilty of treason but successfully petitioned for mercy and was thereafter imprisoned in Windsor Castle until his death in 1678 90 Cornelius Holland Alive He fled to the Netherlands then on to Lausanne and Vevey where he died probably in 1671 91 Sir John Lisle Alive Escaped to Lausanne Switzerland but was shot or stabbed by the Irish Royalist James Fitz Edmond Cotter using the alias Thomas Macdonnell in August 1664 92 Nicholas Love Alive Escaped to Hamburg Died in Vevey Switzerland in 1682 93 Isaac Penington Alive Sentenced to life imprisonment and died in the Tower of London in 1661 94 James Chaloner or Challoner Alive Brother of Thomas Chaloner He died in July 1660 from an illness caught after being imprisoned the previous year for supporting General Monck 95 John Dove Alive He took no part in the trial other than being present when the sentence was agreed At the Restoration he was contrite and after making an abject submission to Parliament he was allowed to depart unpunished Died 1664 or 1665 96 John Fry Dead He was debarred from sitting on the High Court for heterodoxy on 26 January 1649 one day before the sentence was pronounced His name was one of 24 dead regicides who were excepted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act in 1660 Died 1657 97 Sir Henry Mildmay Alive Tried stripped of his knighthood and sentenced to life imprisonment He died in Antwerp in 1664 while being exiled to Tangier 98 William Mounson 1st Viscount Monson Alive Tried stripped of his titles and property and imprisoned for life in the Fleet Prison where he died in 1673 99 100 Sir Gilbert Pickering 1st Baronet Alive He only attended two sittings at the trial and he did not sign Charles s death warrant so he was able to use the influence of his brother in law Earl of Sandwich to secure his pardon although he was banned for life from holding any office 101 Robert Wallop Alive Sentenced to life imprisonment and died in the Tower of London in 1667 100 Other regicides edit nbsp A 1698 etching showing the fate for those convicted of High Treason The executed were hanged drawn and quartered as was the case for Rye House Plotter Thomas Armstrong in 1664 Name 83 84 Office At the Restoration Notes Ref Daniel Axtell Officer of the Guard Alive Tried found guilty of participating in the regicide hanged drawn and quartered at Tyburn in October 1660 102 Andrew Broughton Clerk of the Court Alive Escaped to Switzerland in 1663 Died 1687 103 John Cook Solicitor General Alive Tried found guilty of regicide hanged drawn and quartered at Charing Cross in October 1660 104 Edward Dendy Serjeant at arms Alive Escaped to Switzerland in 1663 died 1674 105 Dr Isaac Dorislaus Assistant to the Solicitor General Dead A distinguished scholar from the Netherlands he was murdered in the Hague in 1649 by Royalist refugees 106 Francis Hacker Officer of the Guard Alive Tried found guilty of signing the execution order hanged at Tyburn in October 1660 107 William Hewlett Captain in the Guard Alive Found guilty of regicide at the same trial as Daniel Axtell but not executed with him 108 Cornelius Holland Member of Council of State Alive Escaped to Lausanne Switzerland at Restoration Died in 1671 103 Hercules Huncks Officer of the Guard Alive Refused to sign the order to the executioners which Francis Hacker did in his place He testified against Daniel Axtell and Hacker and was pardoned Died in 1660 109 110 Robert Phayre Officer of the Guard Alive Refused to sign the order to the executioners He was arrested but not tried released in 1662 Died in 1682 111 John Phelps Clerk of the Court Alive Escaped to Switzerland Died in 1666 112 Matthew Thomlinson Officer of the Guard Alive Was appointed a commissioner but never sat in the court 113 He was pardoned for showing courtesy to the King and for testifying against Daniel Axtell and Francis Hacker Died in 1681 114 Hugh Peter Alive A radical preacher he was tried and found guilty of inciting regicide hanged drawn and quartered at Charing Cross in October 1660 115 Anonymous Headsman and assistant Unknown Article XXXIV of the Act of Pardon and Oblivion listed by name 49 of the men mentioned here and also two others who were unnamed and identified as those two persons who being disguised by frocks and vizors did appear upon the scaffold erected before Whitehall This was the headsman and his assistant Sidney Lee states in the Dictionary of National Biography 1866 that the headsman may have been Richard Brandon 116 Others exempted from the general pardon and found guilty of treason edit nbsp John Lambert Name 117 118 At the Restoration Notes Ref John Lambert Alive Lambert was not in London for the trial of Charles I At the Restoration he was found guilty of high treason and remained in custody for the rest of his life first in Guernsey and then on Drake s Island where he died in 1683 84 119 120 Sir Henry Vane the Younger Alive After much debate in Parliament he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act He was tried for high treason found guilty and beheaded on Tower Hill in June 1662 121 nbsp The executions in Scotland took place at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh now marked by these pavement setts Under the Scottish Act of indemnity and oblivion 9 September 1662 as with the English act most were pardoned and their crimes forgotten however a few members of the previous regime were tried and found guilty of treason for more details see General pardon and exceptions in Scotland Actions under the Scottish Act of indemnity and oblivion Name Fate Notes Archibald Campbell 8th Earl of Argyll Beheaded 27 May 1661 122 At his trial in Edinburgh Argyll was acquitted of complicity in the death of Charles I and his escape from the whole charge seemed imminent but the arrival of a packet of letters written by Argyll to Monck showed conclusively his collaboration with Cromwell s government particularly in the suppression of Glencairn s Royalist rising in 1652 He was immediately sentenced to death 123 James Guthrie Hanged 1 June 1661 On 20 February 1661 Guthrie was arraigned for high treason before the parliament with Earl of Middleton presiding as commissioner The indictment had six counts the contriving of the Western Remonstrance and the rejection of the king s ecclesiastical authority were from a legal point of view the most formidable charges The trial was not concluded until 11 April On 28 May parliament having found him guilty of treason ordered him to be hanged 124 Captain William Govan Hanged 1 June 1661 after Guthrie 122 Archibald Johnston Lord Warriston hanged 22 July 1663 122 At the Restoration Warriston fled to Holland and thence to Hamburg in Germany He was condemned to death and stripped of his properties and title in absentia on 15 May 1661 125 In 1663 having ventured into France he was discovered at Rouen and with the consent of Louis XIV was brought to England and imprisoned in the Tower of London In June he was taken to Edinburgh and confined in the Tolbooth and was hanged on 22 July 1663 126 John Swinton 1621 1679 Imprisoned Swinton was condemned to forfeiture and imprisonment in Edinburgh Castle where he remained for some years before being released 127 John Home of Kelloe Estates sequestrated In 1661 Home had his estates sequestrated for being with the English Parliamentary army against King Charles II s army at the Battle of Worcester in 1651 128 129 After the Glorious Revolution of 1688 the estates were restored to his son George 130 Notes edit In 2011 the death warrant for Charles I was added by UNESCO to the UK Memory of the World Register UKP Warrant UNESCO Register Dates in this article are given in the Julian calendar with the start of year adjusted to 1 January Contemporary official documents such as the death warrant date the year as 1648 because at that time the start of the new year of the official calendar was 25 March see the article Old Style and New Style dates for more details The long title of the Act is An act of free and generall pardon indemnity and oblivion Raithby 1819 p 226 The three are commemorated by three intersecting major avenues in New Haven Dixwell Avenue Whalley Avenue and Goffe Street and by place names in other Connecticut towns Major 2013 p 153 Nenner writes that Regicide was a sin but it was not a crime In English law it never had been The government therefore eschewed the word abandoning the debate over its use to the arena of popular discourse where the allegations of regicide were trumpeted from the pulpit and elaborated in the press Nenner 2004 McFedries 2008 p 14 GB PRO 1921 p 667 Parker 2001 p 1 Parker 2001 pp 22 23 a b c d e f g h i Nenner 2004 Articles of Impeachment of King Charles I Wikisource Spencer 2014 pp 52 54 Leniham 2008 pp 135 7 UKP Civ War Parker 2001 p 27 Fraser 2002 p 235 Raithby 1819 pp 226 33 a b c d Spencer 2014 pp 203 04 Pepys amp October 1660 Kirby 1999 Macinnes 2007 p 82 RPS NAS PA2 28 f 47 48 Jordan amp Walsh 2013 pp 329 34 McIntosh 1981 Kelsey 2008 Bradley 2008 Durston 2008a Noble 1798b pp 328 29 Spencer 2014 p 290 Peacey 2008a Durston 2015 Spencer 2014 p 223 Kelsey 2009 Scott 2008 Spencer 2014 pp 197 98 Gentles 2004a Hopper 2011 Little 2004 Peacey 2008b Jordan amp Walsh 2013 p 330 Burke s Peerage p 855 Durston 2008b Gentles 2004b a b Jordan amp Walsh 2013 p 323 Jordan amp Walsh 2013 pp 221 22 235 Durston 2004a Hopper 2004a Jordan amp Walsh 2013 p 331 Lindley 2004a Goodwin 2004 Peacey 2004a Jarvis 2004 Hughes 2004 Wroughton 2004 Syvert amp Stevens 1981 p 148 Peacey 2004b Firth amp Kelsey 2004a Firth amp Worden 2004 Barber 2004a Hopper 2004b Scott 2004a Venning 2004a Spencer 2014 p 298 Durston 2004b Noble 1798a pp 204 05 Peacey 2004c Firth 2007 Spencer 2014 p 242 Denton 2010 Roberts 2004 Gratton 2004 Greaves 2008 Durston 2004c Scott 2004c Coward 2004 Peacey 2004d Porter 2004 Peacey 2004e Scott 2004b Peacey 2004f Lindley 2004b Peacey 2004g Peacey amp Roots 2004 Hopper 2004c Firth amp Kelsey 2004b Peacey 2004h Barber 2004b a b Jordan amp Walsh 2013 pp 334 35 a b Raithby 1819 pp 226 34 McIntosh 2004a McIntosh 2004b Aylmer 2004 Kelsey 2004a Roots amp Wynne 2013 Hollis 2004 Peacey 2004i Venning 2004b Kelsey 2004b Lindley 2004c Scott 2004d Goodwin amp Warmington 2004 Pfanner 2004 Spencer 2014 pp 245 46 Spencer 2014 pp 245 246 a b Jordan amp Walsh 2013 p 280 Venning 2004c Jordan amp Walsh 2013 pp 230 31 240 a b Jordan amp Walsh 2013 pp 289 322 Jordan amp Walsh 2013 pp 174 75 Spencer 2014 p 230 Spencer 2014 pp 63 65 Spencer 2014 pp 183 85 Spencer 2014 p 211 Jordan amp Walsh 2013 p 234 Spencer 2014 p 103 Jordan amp Walsh 2013 pp 231 32 Spencer 2014 pp 231 293 94 Barnard 2004 Jordan amp Walsh 2013 pp 233 234 Jordan amp Walsh 2013 pp 236 37 Lee 1886 p 223 Raithby 1819 pp 226 234 Jordan amp Walsh 2013 pp 335 36 Jordan amp Walsh 2013 pp 283 84 Spencer 2014 p 99 Jordan amp Walsh 2013 p 291 a b c Harris 2005 p 111 Aikman 1842 pp 50 51Howie amp M Gavin 1830 pp 73 75 and Crooks Yorke amp Chisholm 1911 p 484 Gordon 1890 p 378 Lawson 1844 p 713 Chisholm 1911 p 333 Swinton 1898 pp 237 239 Brown 2012 Morison 1803 p 42 Edinburgh Magazine staff 1819 p 582 References editAikman James 1842 Annals of the persecution in Scotland from the restoration to the revolution Hugh Paton pp 50 51 hdl 2027 yale 39002040770266 Aylmer G E 2004 Hammond Thomas c 1600 1658 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 37506 Subscription or UK public library membership required Barber Sarah 2004a Marten Henry 1601 2 1680 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 18168 Subscription or UK public library membership required Barber Sarah 2004b Corbett Miles 1594 5 1662 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 6290 Subscription or UK public library membership required Barnard Toby 2004 Tomlinson Matthew appointed Lord Tomlinson under the protectorate bap 1617 d 1681 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 27253 Subscription or UK public library membership required Bradley E T 2008 Grey Thomas Baron Grey of Groby 1622 1657 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 11563 Subscription or UK public library membership required Brown K M et al eds 2007 2012 Decreet of forfeiture against John Home of Kello NAS PA6 16 21 May 1661 The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 University of St Andrews Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 Retrieved 29 May 2012 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Warriston Archibald Johnston Lord Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 28 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 332 333 Coward Barry 2004 Lilburne Robert bap 1614 d 1665 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 16655 Subscription or UK public library membership required Crooks Gordon ed Covenanter Martyrs Allison Antrim Museum Archived from the original on 15 December 2018 Retrieved 15 August 2011 Denton Barry 2010 Horton Thomas bap 1603 d 1649 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 13828 Subscription or UK public library membership required Durston Christopher 2004a Hewson John appointed Lord Hewson under the protectorate fl 1630 1660 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 13157 Subscription or UK public library membership required Durston Christopher 2004b Barkstead John d 1662 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 1426 Subscription or UK public library membership required Durston Christopher 2004c Fleetwood George appointed Lord Fleetwood under the protectorate bap 1623 d in or after 1664 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 9685 Subscription or UK public library membership required Durston Christopher 2008a Whalley Edward appointed Lord Whalley under the protectorate d 1674 5 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 29157 Subscription or UK public library membership required Durston Christopher 2008b Goffe William d 1679 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 10903 Subscription or UK public library membership required Durston Christopher 2015 Okey John bap 1606 d 1662 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 20666 Subscription or UK public library membership required Edinburgh Magazine staff July December 1819 December 1819 The Edinburgh magazine and literary miscellany a new series of The Scots magazine Printed for Archibald Constable and Co p 582 Firth C H Kelsey Sean 2004a Garland Augustine bap 1603 d in or after 1677 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 10384 Subscription or UK public library membership required Firth C H Kelsey Sean 2004b Scott Thomas d 1660 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 24917 Subscription or UK public library membership required Firth C H Worden Blair 2004 Ludlow Edmund 1616 17 1692 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 17161 Subscription or UK public library membership required Firth C H 2007 Walton Valentine 1593 4 1661 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 28658 Subscription or UK public library membership required Fraser Antonia 2002 King Charles II London Weidenfeld amp Nicolson ISBN 978 0 7538 1403 1 Gentles Ian J 2004a Ireton Henry bap 1611 d 1651 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 14452 Subscription or UK public library membership required Gentles Ian J 2004b Pride Thomas appointed Lord Pride under the protectorate d 1658 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 22781 Subscription or UK public library membership required Goodwin Gordon 2004 Edwards Humphrey d 1658 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 85410 Subscription or UK public library membership required Goodwin Gordon Warmington Andrew 2004 Dove John d 1664 5 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 7949 Subscription or UK public library membership required Gordon Alexander 1890 Guthrie James In Stephen Leslie Lee Sidney eds Dictionary of National Biography Vol 23 London Smith Elder amp Co pp 237 239 Great Britain Public Record Office 1921 Calendar of state papers domestic series of the reign of Charles II preserved in the state paper department of Her Majesty s Public Record Office Longman Green Longman amp Roberts p 667 Gratton Malcolm 2004 Moore John c 1599 1650 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 37779 Subscription or UK public library membership required Greaves Richard L 2008 Millington Gilbert c 1598 1666 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 18761 Subscription or UK public library membership required Harris Tim 2005 Restoration Charles II and His Kingdoms 1660 1685 Allen Lane Hollis Daniel Webster III 2004 Heveningham William 1604 1678 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 13142 Subscription or UK public library membership required Hopper Andrew J 2004a Pelham Peregrine bap 1602 d 1650 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 37842 Subscription or UK public library membership required Hopper Andrew J 2004b Potter Vincent c 1614 1661 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 37860 Subscription or UK public library membership required Hopper Andrew J 2004c Waite Thomas fl 1634 1668 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 28405 Subscription or UK public library membership required Hopper Andrew J 2011 Mauleverer Sir Thomas first baronet bap 1599 d 1655 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 18373 Subscription or UK public library membership required Howie John M Gavin William 1830 IV William Govan The Scots Worthies In two volumes Vol 2 MacPhun pp 73 75 Hughes Ann 2004 Purefoy William c 1580 1659 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 22901 Subscription or UK public library membership required Jarvis Michael J 2004 Rowe Owen 1592 3 1661 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 24204 Subscription or UK public library membership required Jordan Don Walsh Michael 2013 The King s Revenge Charles II and the Greatest Manhunt in British History London Little Brown Book Group ISBN 978 0 3491 2376 9 Kelsey Sean 2004a Harrington James formerly Sir James Harrington third baronet bap 1607 d 1680 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 38905 Subscription or UK public library membership required Kelsey Sean 2004b Love Nicholas bap 1608 d 1682 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 17043 Subscription or UK public library membership required Kelsey Sean 2008 Bradshaw John Lord Bradshaw bap 1602 d 1659 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 3201 Subscription or UK public library membership required Kelsey Sean 2009 Danvers Sir John 1584 5 1655 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 7135 Subscription or UK public library membership required Kirby Michael 22 January 1999 The Trial of King Charles 1 Defining Moment for our Constitutional Liberties PDF Retrieved 9 April 2016 Lawson John Parker 1844 The Episcopal Church of Scotland from the reformation to the revolution Gallie and Bayley p 713 Lee Sidney 1886 Brandon Richard In Stephen Leslie ed Dictionary of National Biography Vol 6 London Smith Elder amp Co pp 223 224 Leniham Padraig 2008 Consolidating Conquest Ireland 1603 1727 Harlow Essex Pearson Education ISBN 978 0 5827 7217 5 Lindley Keith 2004a Tichborne Robert appointed Lord Tichburne under the protectorate 1610 11 1682 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 27430 Subscription or UK public library membership required Lindley Keith 2004b Venn John bap 1586 d 1650 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 28186 Subscription or UK public library membership required Lindley Keith 2004c Penington Isaac c 1584 1661 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 21840 Subscription or UK public library membership required Little Patrick 2004 Waller Sir Hardress c 1604 1666 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 28557 Subscription or UK public library membership required Macinnes Allan 2007 Union and Empire The Making of the United Kingdom in 1707 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 85079 7 Major Philip 2013 Literatures of Exile in the English Revolution and its Aftermath 1640 1690 Farnham Surrey Ashgate Publishing ISBN 978 1 4094 7614 6 McFedries Paul 2008 The Complete Idiot s Guide to Weird Word Origins DK Publishing p 14 ISBN 978 1 101 21718 4 McIntosh A W 1981 The Mystery of the Death Warrant of Charles I Some Further Historic Doubts PDF UK Parliament Retrieved 30 March 2016 McIntosh A W 2004a Allen Francis c 1583 1658 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 37109 Subscription or UK public library membership required McIntosh A W 2004b Andrewes Sir Thomas d 1659 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 37117 Subscription or UK public library membership required Morison William Maxwell 1803 The decisions of the Court of Session from its first institution to the present time digested under proper heads in the form of a dictionary Vol 13 Scotland Bell p 42 Nenner Howard 2004 Regicides act 1649 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 70599 Subscription or UK public library membership required Noble Mark 1798a The Lives of the English Regicides and Other Commissioners of the Pretended High Court of Justice Vol 1 London John Stockdale hdl 2027 mdp 39015013761724 OCLC 633159319 Noble Mark 1798b The Lives of the English Regicides and Other Commissioners of the Pretended High Court of Justice Vol 2 London John Stockdale hdl 2027 mdp 39015013761716 OCLC 632691325 Parker Michael St John 2001 The Civil War 1642 51 Andover Hants Pitkin ISBN 978 0 8537 2647 0 Peacey J T 2004a Blagrave Daniel bap 1603 d 1668 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 25560 Subscription or UK public library membership required Peacey J T 2004b Temple James 1606 c 1674 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 27113 Subscription or UK public library membership required Peacey J T 2004c Dixwell John James Davids c 1607 1689 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 7710 Subscription or UK public library membership required Peacey J T 2004d Say William 1604 1666 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 24766 Subscription or UK public library membership required Peacey J T 2004e Norton Sir Gregory first baronet c 1603 1652 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 37817 Subscription or UK public library membership required Peacey J T 2004f Wogan Thomas b c 1620 d in or after 1669 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 29825 Subscription or UK public library membership required Peacey J T 2004g Clements Gregory bap 1594 d 1660 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 5602 Subscription or UK public library membership required Peacey J T 2004h Carew John 1622 1660 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 4630 Subscription or UK public library membership required Peacey J T 2004i Holland Cornelius 1600 1671 Oxford 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public library membership required Porter Bertha 2004 Stapley Anthony bap 1590 d 1655 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 26309 Subscription or UK public library membership required Raithby John ed 1819 Charles II 1660 An Act of Free and Generall Pardon Indempnity and Oblivion Statutes of the Realm volume 5 1628 80 1819 London Great Britain Record Commission pp 226 34 Roberts Stephen K 2004 Jones John c 1597 1660 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 15026 Subscription or UK public library membership required Roots Ivan Wynne S M 2013 Harvey Edmund c 1601 1673 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 12513 Subscription or UK public library membership required RPS The king s majesty s gracious and free pardon act of indemnity and oblivion The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 National Records of Scotland University of St Andrews Retrieved 9 April 2016 Scott David 2004a Constable Sir William baronet bap 1590 d 1655 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 6113 Subscription or UK public library membership required Scott David 2004b Chaloner Thomas 1595 1660 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 5042 Subscription or UK public library membership required Scott David 2004c Alured John bap 1607 d 1651 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 37111 Subscription or UK public library membership required Scott David 2004d Chaloner James c 1602 1660 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 5038 Subscription or UK public library membership required Scott David 2008 Bourchier Sir John c 1595 1660 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 2991 Subscription or UK public library membership required Spencer Charles 2014 Killers of the King London Bloomsbury ISBN 978 1 4088 6285 8 Swinton Robert Blair 1898 Swinton John 1621 1679 In Lee Sidney ed Dictionary of National Biography Vol 55 London Smith Elder amp Co UKP The Civil War November 1640 1660 UK Parliament Retrieved 9 April 2016 Syvert Marguerite Stevens Joan 1981 Balleine s History of Jersey Phillimore p 148 ISBN 0 85033 413 6 UKP Death Warrant of King Charles I British Parliament Retrieved 14 March 2016 UNESCO 2011 UK Memory of the World Register UNESCO Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 Retrieved 14 March 2016 Venning Timothy 2004a Ingoldsby Sir Richard appointed Lord Ingoldsby under the protectorate bap 1617 d 1685 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 14411 Subscription or UK public library membership required Venning Timothy 2004b Lisle John appointed Lord Lisle under the protectorate 1609 10 1664 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 16756 Subscription or UK public library membership required Venning Timothy 2004c Pickering Sir Gilbert first baronet appointed Lord Pickering under the protectorate 1611 1668 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 22207 Subscription or UK public library membership required Wroughton John 2004 Scrope Adrian 1601 1660 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 24952 Subscription or UK public library membership required Yorke Philip Chesney Chisholm Hugh 1911 Argyll Earls and Dukes of In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 2 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 483 486 Further reading edit nbsp Wikisource has original text related to this article Death warrant of King Charles I nbsp Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Regicide Howell T B Howell T J Corbet C Jardine D eds 1816 205 The Trials of Twenty nine Regicides at the Old Bailey for High Treason which began the 9th Day of October A D 1660 12 Charles II A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Year 1783 with Notes and Other Illustrations Vol 5 Longman Hurst Rees Orme and Brown pp 471 1364 Noble Mark 1798 The lives of the English regicides and other commissioners of the pretended High court of justice appointed to sit in judgment upon their sovereign King Charles the First volume I volume II Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of regicides of Charles I amp oldid 1217875026, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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