CSKT Bison Range
The CSKT Bison Range (BR) is a nature reserve on the Flathead Indian Reservation in western Montana established for the conservation of American bison. Formerly called the National Bison Range, the size of the bison herd at the BR is 350 adult bison and welcomes between 50-60 calves per year. Established as a National Wildlife Refuge in 1908, the BR consists of approximately 18,524 acres (7,496 ha) within the Montana valley and foothill grasslands. The management was transferred back to the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes in 2022 from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service after more than a century of federal management and nearly two decades of negotiations.
| CSKT Bison Range | |
|---|---|
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
| Location | Lake / Sanders counties, Montana, United States |
| Nearest city | Missoula, MT |
| Coordinates | 47°19′30″N 114°13′33″W / 47.32500°N 114.22583°W[1] |
| Area | 18,800 acres (76 km2) |
| Established | 1908 |
| Visitors | est. 250,000 (in 2004) |
| Governing body | Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes |
| Website | bisonrange |
The BR has a visitor center, and two scenic roads that allow vehicular access to prime viewing areas. The range is approximately one hour north of Missoula, Montana, off of U.S. Highway 93 directing visitors to the entrance at Moiese, Montana, and the range headquarters.
Context edit
The range protects one of the most endangered ecosystems in North America, the intermountain bunchgrass prairie.[2] This diverse ecosystem includes grasslands, Douglas fir and ponderosa pine forests, riparian areas and ponds.[3] In addition to the 350 to 500 bison, many other mammal species may be seen on the refuge, including coyote, black bear, elk, mule deer, bighorn sheep, white-tailed deer, pronghorn, mountain cottontail, Columbian ground squirrel, muskrat, yellow-pine chipmunk, badger, and cougar.[4] Over two hundred bird species have been seen on the refuge.[5] The Bison Range also contains many plant species, including the bitterroot, ponderosa pine, and buffalo grass.[6]
Prior to the 1800s, bison were believed to number in the tens of millions, they once were found in all the current U.S. states, except Hawaii, and also throughout Canada.[7] Bison were nearly extinct by 1890, having been part of a Federal government sponsored program of eradication during the Indian Wars, thereby removing a vital food source from the Plains Indians diet, and ensuring easier relocation onto Indian reservations.[8] Bison play an important role in Native culture which includes a deep spiritual connection.[9]
Early role in conservation edit
Oral accounts of the tribes recall a man of the Pend d’Oreille tribe named Atatice who knew something needed to be done as the buffalo disappeared. Atatice’s son Latati, or Little Peregrine Falcon, eventually led six orphan bison west to the Flathead Reservation.[9] His stepfather, Samuel Walking Coyote, sold them to horse traders Michel Pablo and Charles Allard in 1884.[10] The Pablo-Allard herd grew to about 300 when in 1896 Allard died and his half of the herd was sold to Charles E. Conrad of Kalispell by his widow.[11][12] Pablo’s herd continued to grow and range wild along the Flathead River.[13] By the early 1900s, the Pablo-Allard herd was said to be the largest collection of the bison remaining in the U.S.[14] Pablo was notified in 1904 that the government was opening up the Flathead Reservation for settlement by selling off parcels of land.[15] After failed negotiations with the U.S. government, Pablo sold the herd to the Canadian government in 1907.[16] The transfer took until 1912, as the bison were captured and shipped by train from Ravalli, to Elk Island to establish a conservation herd.[17]
The American Bison Society appointed Morton J. Elrod, founder of the Flathead Lake Biological Station, to examine potential reserves in Montana and he suggested the Flathead Reservation.[18] The National Bison Range was established on May 23, 1908 out of a portion of the Reservation.[19] President Theodore Roosevelt signed legislation authorizing funds to purchase land for bison conservation when for the first time Congress appropriated tax dollars to buy land specifically to preserve wildlife.[20] The initial herd of thirty-four American bison were purchased from the Conrad herd by the American Bison Society in 1909.[11] To supplement this, Alicia Conrad added two of her finest animals to the effort. The Refuge also received one bison from Charles Goodnight of Texas and three from the Corbin herd in New Hampshire.[3] The Range was established as a native bird refuge by Congress in 1921.[19] The Civilian Conservation Corps built many of its buildings.[21]: 1, 14, 18–22 A white buffalo, "Big Medicine" (1933-1959), spent his life at the Bison Range.[22][21]: 70–73 Tribal members visited him to pray and held him in high esteem.[23][24][25] In the early 1950s the Montana Historical Society made arrangements to move Big Medicine upon his death to the state's museum to be permanently preserved and displayed.[26][27] As Indigenous artifacts and culturally significant items are being repatriated by many institutions to tribes, the Montana Historical Society and the state of Montana have committed to transferring ownership to the tribe. The tribe has long desired the return due to the spiritual significance and want to prepare the appropriate infrastructure at the range.[28]
Tribal management edit
Returning the range to tribal control has been desired by members since it was taken over by the federal government without the tribes consent in 1908.[29] In accordance with the 1994 Self Governance Act, the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes (CSKT) negotiated and entered a government-to-government agreement with the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS).[30] The agreement allowed the tribes to “take part in refuge programs that are of special geographical, historical, or cultural significance”. The tribes continued the campaign with the submission of three proposals to return the range to tribal control.[31] In 2007, a split mission arrangement was cancelled amidst difficulty in the relationship.[32] A replacement bridge over Mission Creek was completed in 2011 after USFWS contracted with the Tribe using funding from the Recovery Act.[33] USFWS issued a final draft of the National Bison Range Comprehensive Management Plan in 2019.[34][35] When surplus animals are released from the Range to other conservation herds around the country, the plan called for more collaboration with local, tribal and state partners.[36] The proposed transfer gathered broad support from the community, conservation groups and politicians.[29] After the transfer was included in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, a two-year transition process began when it became law on December 27, 2020.[37][38] With the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) taking the land into trust for CSKT in June 2021, the range was restored to the Flathead Indian Reservation.[39] Assistant Secretary Tara Katuk Sweeney stated that “The CSKT have strong and deep historical, geographic and cultural ties to the land and the bison, and their environmental professionals have been leaders in natural resources and wildlife management for many decades.”[40]
Tribal officials said the public would see little change during the annual reopening of Red Sleep Drive in May 2021 and all proceeds will be used for the management and operation of the Bison Range.[37] Entrance fees were increased and Federal-use passes are no longer accepted since it is no longer a USFWS or National Park Service facility.[41] January 2022 marked the beginning of the first full season of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes managing the site.[42] New exhibits in the visitors center were the result of cultural committees from each tribe getting the correct history where the USFWS was unable to provide resources to improve the information being displayed.[43] Both Secretary of the Interior, Deb Haaland, and state Attorney General, Kristen Juras, spoke at a celebration of the restoration in May.[24] Tribal and government officials mentioned how the reunification of the tribe with the bison, the land and the resources righted a wrong in the history of the reservation.[44]
Geology edit
The range is a small, low-rolling mountain connected to the Mission Mountain Range by a gradually descending spur. Range elevation varies from 2,585 feet (788 m) at headquarters to 4,885 feet (1,489 m) at High Point on Red Sleep Mountain, the highest point on the Range. Much of the Bison Range was once under prehistoric Glacial Lake Missoula, which was formed by a glacial ice dam on the Clark Fork River about 13,000 to 18,000 years ago. The lake attained a maximum elevation of 4,200 feet (1,300 m), so the upper part of the Range was above water. Old beach lines are still evident on north-facing slopes. Topsoil on the Range is generally shallow and mostly underlain with rock which is exposed in many areas, forming ledges and talus slopes. Soils over the major portion of the Range were developed from materials weathered from strongly folded pre-Cambrian quartzite and argillite bedrock.[3]
The Jocko River (Salish: nisisutetkʷ ntx̣ʷe [45]) is a tributary of the Flathead River that forms the southern boundary of the range at it flows through the Jocko Valley.
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A bison roaming at the Bison Range
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Elk (Cervus canadensis) in a creek
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National Bison Range sign in 1978
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The Mission Mountains viewed from the Range
Access edit
The BR has a visitor center, and two scenic roads that allow vehicular access to prime viewing areas. Two gravel roads through the range provide viewing of bison and other wildlife.[46] The range is approximately one hour north of Missoula, Montana, off of U.S. Highway 93 directing visitors to the entrance and the range headquarters at Moiese, Montana.[47]
In popular culture edit
Ken Burns's 2023 film The American Buffalo includes scenes and interviews shot on the range.[48][49][50]
References edit
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Interior.
- ^ "National Bison Range". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
- ^ "Capturing 40 years of climate change for an endangered Montana prairie". phys.org. Public Library of Science. December 23, 2020. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
- ^ a b c . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. March 12, 2013. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014.
- ^ . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. February 6, 2013. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017.
- ^ "Birds of National Bison Range" (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
- ^ (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. September 1985. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2013.
- ^ Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (January 1965). "The American Buffalo". Conservation Note. 12.
- ^ Smits, David (Autumn 1994). (PDF). The Western Historical Quarterly. 25 (3): 312–338. doi:10.2307/971110. JSTOR 971110. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
- ^ a b Mosquera, Sarah (May 27, 2022). "A bison range homecoming: Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes reclaim a Montana nature preserve". The Guardian. Montana Free Press. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
- ^ Kelly, Alyssa (December 6, 2018). "Telling the story of the National Bison Range". Char-Koosta News. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
- ^ a b . US Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on December 22, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- ^ . Conrad Mansion Museum. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
- ^ "Bringing Back the Buffalo". Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
- ^ Brown, Matthew (March 27, 2016). "Bison herd to be moved from Alberta to Montana as part of treaty agreement". CTVNews. Associated Press. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
- ^ . Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
- ^ Markewicz, Lauren (2017). Like Distant Thunder: Canada's Bison Conservation Story. Parks Canada. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-660-24251-4.
- ^ Ohayon, Albert (April 20, 2021). "The Troubled History of the North American Bison | Curator's Perspective". NFB Blog. National Film Board of Canada. from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
- ^ Scott, Tristan (April 3, 2019). "The Way of the Buffalo". Flathead Beacon. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
- ^ a b Endersby, Holly (August 1, 2019). "Roaming Free on the National Bison Range". Montana Senior News. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ^ "Interior Transfers National Bison Range Lands in Trust for the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes" (Press release). U. S. Department of the Interior. June 23, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
- ^ a b Kraft, Ernest (2006). Untold tales of Bison Range trails. Stevensville, Montana: Stoneydale Press Publishing Co. ISBN 1931291527. OCLC 70272174.
- ^ "Montana American Indian Caucus: Time for the state to return Big Medicine to western Montana tribes". Missoula Current. June 10, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
- ^ "What makes the National Bison Range, and its relation to the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, so unique?". Bison Range Restoration. Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
- ^ a b Serbin, Bret Anne (May 21, 2022). "Emotional ceremony marks transfer of Bison Range management". The Missoulian. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
- ^ "White bison, Big Medicine, to be returned to CSKT". KECI | NBC Montana. October 20, 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
- ^ "Long-Term Exhibits: Big Medicine (1933–1959)". Montana Historical Society. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
- ^ Drake, Phil (October 20, 2022). "Homeward bound: Historical society returns ownership of mounted buffalo to CSKT tribe". Helena Independent Record. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
- ^ Wagner, JoVonne (June 6, 2023). "Big Medicine's long journey home". Montana Free Press. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
- ^ a b Smith, Anna V. (January 26, 2021). "Reclaiming the National Bison Range". High Country News. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- ^ Kelly, Alyssa (December 6, 2018). "Telling the story of the National Bison Range". Char-Koosta News. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
- ^ Scheer, Laura (January 22, 2021). "Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes plan future of National Bison Range". The Missoulian. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
- ^ Robbins, Jim (February 13, 2007). "Sharing of Bison Range Management Breaks Down". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
- ^ . Dept of the Interior Recovery Activities. June 20, 2011. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011.
- ^ Lundquist, Laura (September 10, 2019). "Wildlife, not visitors, take precedence at National Bison Range". KPAX. Missoula Current. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
- ^ (PDF) (Report). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. December 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2020.
- ^ Bolton, Aaron (September 5, 2019). "USFWS Releases National Bison Range Management Plan". Montana Public Radio. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
- ^ a b "Montana's National Bison Range transferred to tribes". NBC News Montana. January 18, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
- ^ "Secretary Bernhardt Signs Historic Secretarial Order to Transition the National Bison Range Into Tribal Trust for the Flathead Indian Reservatio". Bureau of Indian Affairs. from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
- ^ Bolton, Aaron (June 25, 2021). "Tribes One Step Closer To Fully Managing National Bison Range". Montana Public Radio. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
- ^ "National Bison Range transitions into tribal trust for the Flathead Indian Reservation". Char-Koosta News (Press release). U. S. Department of the Interior. January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Shindledecker, Scott (May 8, 2021). "Fees Increase as Bison Range Opens Under Tribal Management". U.S. News & World Report. The Associated Press. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
- ^ Heisel, Scot (April 28, 2022). "Tribes preparing three-day Bison Range celebration". Lake County Leader. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
- ^ Monares, Freddy (May 3, 2022). "CSKT updates bison range exhibits to correct historical flaws". Montana Public Radio. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
- ^ Bolton, Aaron (May 20, 2022). "Interior Secretary Deb Haaland to attend CSKT Bison Range recovery celebration". Montana Public Radio. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
- ^ Tachini, Pete; Louie Adams, Sophie Mays, Mary Lucy Parker, Johnny Arlee, Frances Vanderburg, Lucy Vanderburg, Diana Christopher-Cote (1998). nyoʻnuntn q̓éymin, Flathead Nation Salish dictionary. Pablo, Montana: Bilingual Education Department, Salish Kootenai College. p. 73.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sokol, Chad (May 23, 2021). "Back under tribal control, Bison Range offers views of iconic animals". Daily Inter Lake. from the original on May 23, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
- ^ Niemeyer, Krusti (January 19, 2023). "Bison Range ups entrance fees; says roaming bison aren't theirs". Lake County Leader. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
- ^ Fredrickson, Erika (May 29, 2023). "Ken Burns' latest chronicles the slaughter and revival of "The American Buffalo"". Montana Free Press. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
- ^ Dempsey, Liz (June 15, 2023). "'The American Buffalo' reviews history, renews hope". Char-Koosta News. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
- ^ Szpaller, Keila (June 20, 2023). "'The American Buffalo' by Ken Burns welcomed in Montana, will premiere Oct. 16, 17". Daily Montanan. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
External links edit
- Bison Range Restoration (Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes)
- National Bison Range Oral History Project (University of Montana Archives)