Battle of San Juan del Monte
The Battle of San Juan del Monte, also referred to as Battle of Pinaglabanan, took place on August 30, 1896. It is considered as the first major battle of the Philippine Revolution, which sought Philippine independence from Spain. The first battle cry of the Katipunan coincided with the pealing of church bells at nine o'clock on the night of August 29, 1896.[3]: 43
| Battle of San Juan del Monte | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Philippine Revolution | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Spanish Empire | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Andrés Bonifacio Emilio Jacinto Ramon Bernardo | Ramón Blanco Camilo Rambaud Bernardo Echaluce | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 800~1,000+ | 100+ combined civil guards, infantrymen and artillerymen[1] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 153 deaths about 200 captured[2] | 2 deaths[2] | ||||||
Background edit
At 5 pm on the 29th, the Supremo Andrés Bonifacio and 800 Katipuneros met up with Katipunero Felix Sanchez, chairman of the Sapa chapter, at Hagdang Bato in San Felipe Neri.[3]: 42 By 7 pm, with a thousand men, including the local police force, they attacked the civil guards, who surrendered immediately.[3]: 43 However, the Tala chapter chairman, Katipunero Buenaventura Domingo, allowed the parish priest to escape.[3]: 42–43 Troops under General Ramón Bernardo then took the town hall of Pandacan and, by 11 pm, were dispatched to Santa Mesa.[3]: 44 Troops under Santiago V. Alvarez, Artemio Ricarte and Mariano Trías were deployed in Noveleta and San Francisco de Malabon in Cavite.[3]: 44 Bonifacio, along with Genaro de los Reyes and Vicente Leyba, proceeded to San Juan del Monte.[3]: 44
Battle edit
After the discovery of Katipunan on August 19, 1896, Andrés Bonifacio became aware of the Spanish government's plans for military action. On August 25, Bonifacio deployed several of his men around the Pasong Tamo bridge when he heard infantrymen and Spanish guardia civil coming to raid communities around the bridge.[2]
On the evening of August 29, Bonifacio, with his aide Emilio Jacinto, led a group of Katipuneros towards El Polvorin, a Spanish powder magazine situated in San Juan del Monte. Spanish infantry and artillerymen (twelve Philippine soldiers and two Spanish officers)[citation needed], armed with German Mauser rifles, guarded Polvorin; the Katipuneros were generally armed with bolo knives, a few assorted guns, bamboo spears and anting-antings.[2]
After two successful skirmishes with the civil guards, Bonifacio was joined by 300 men from Santolan.[3]: 45 The chapter chairman was Valentin Cruz.[3]: 45
By midnight, a small second group of Katipuneros, under the command of Sancho Valenzuela, and coming from Santa Mesa, arrived at Polvorin. This group was composed of 100 Katipunan members, two of them women: Luisa Lucas and Segunda Fuentes Santiago.[4]
Before noon, the 73rd "Jolo" Regiment, composed of Filipino soldiers under Spanish officers, under the command of General Bernardo Echaluce y Jauregui, arrived as Spanish reinforcements at San Juan del Monte to assist in suppressing the rebellion. The 73rd Regiment, like most of the native conscripts in the Spanish army in the Philippines, were armed with the Remington Rolling Block rifle.[4]
The revolutionaries regrouped at Santa Mesa and engaged the arriving Spanish troops. The 73rd Regiment, together with the garrison of the magazine, almost wiped out Bonifacio's men, leaving about 150 dead and capturing over 200. Despite the Katipunaneros being numerically superior, the Spaniards inflicted heavy losses to Bonifacio which he will never recover. This disastrous outcome forced Bonifacio to retreat towards the Pasig River.[5]
Reactions edit
After the unsuccessful attack at Polvorin, armed resistance spread towards Central Luzon and provinces along Southern Tagalog.
At 8:00 p.m. on August 30, Governor-General Ramón Blanco y Erenas issued an executive order placing the eight provinces of Manila, Pampanga, Laguna, Cavite, Batangas, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac under martial law.[6] As a lesson to revolutionaries, the Katipuneros captured at Polvorin were summarily tried and executed. One of them was Sancho Valenzuela, who was dragged off in chains together with his men, Modesto Rivera, Eugenio Silvestre and Ramon Peralta, towards the tribunal.[4]
To ease the increasing tension throughout the colony, Blanco offered a pardon to Filipino rebels who would lay down their arms and surrender to the Spanish authorities. Dr. Pío Valenzuela, the chief physician and aide of Bonifacio, was one of the first Katipuneros who availed himself of this amnesty.[5] However, after his surrender, he was deported and imprisoned in Madrid, and later incarcerated in a Spanish outpost in Africa.[5]
Aside from granting amnesties to returning rebels, the Spanish colonial government also assisted on trying and executing several members of the Katipunan. Fifty-seven of the revolutionaries at San Juan del Monte were executed on August 31, 1896.[5] On September 4, Sancho Valenzuela, Rivera, Silvestrre and Peralta were executed,[5] on the Campo de Bagumbayan, facing the Luneta Esplanade.[7]: 369 On September 12, thirteen revolutionaries were executed in Cavite.[8]
Legacy edit
The present-day design of the Philippine flag features the eight-ray sun, which, some of the provinces that Blanco took under martial law on August 30, 1896, took a representation. The eight rays of the sun represent the eight provinces that initiated revolution against Spain: Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna and Batangas,[9] though historian Ambeth Ocampo listed Tarlac instead of Bataan.[10]
On July 25, 1987, former President Corazon C. Aquino signed Executive Order 292 which declared the last Sunday of August each year as a public holiday in the Philippines. This commemorates the Cry of Pugad Lawin and the start of the Philippine Revolution.[11]
In 1974, the Pinaglabanan Shrine was unveiled in San Juan, along Pinaglabanan Street. "Pinaglabanan" is a Tagalog word for "fought over". The present-day San Juan Elementary School stands on the former grounds of the ruined El Polvorín.[12] In 2006, a museum for the Katipunan was opened by the San Juan city government located by the shrine.[13]
- Pinaglabanan Shrine Park
- Restoration, Phase I
References edit
- ^ "The Philippine Revolution: First Shots of the Revolution". Retrieved October 27, 2010.
- ^ a b c d . Archived from the original on August 5, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Alvarez, S.V., 1992, Recalling the Revolution, Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, ISBN 9781881261056
- ^ a b c Quizon, Mona Liza. . National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Duka 2008, p. 114
- ^ . Philippine Daily Inquirer. August 30, 2010. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
- ^ Foreman, J., The Philippine Islands, A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
- ^ Nava, Jose. El proceso de los trece martires de Cavite. N.p.: Ilagan y Sanga Press, 1936
- ^ Albert P. Blaustein; Jay A. Sigler; Benjamin R. Beede (1977). Independence documents of the world. Brill Archive. p. 570. ISBN 978-0-379-00795-4.
- ^ Ocampo 1993, p. 65
- ^ "Instituting the 'Administratice Code of 1987'". from the original on October 12, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
- ^ . National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
- ^ Bordadora, Norman (November 30, 2006). . Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 30, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
External links edit
- Media related to Battle of San Juan del Monte at Wikimedia Commons
Bibliography edit
- Duka, C. (2008), Struggle for Freedom, Rex Bookstore, Inc., ISBN 978-971-23-5045-0
- Foreman, John (1899), The Philippine Islands, University of Michigan
- Foreman, John (1906), The Philippine Islands: a political, geographical, ethnographical, social and commercial history of the Philippine Archipelago, embracing the whole period of Spanish rule, with an account of the succeeding American insular government, Charles Scribner's Sons
- Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1993), Aguinaldo's breakfast & more Looking back essays (2nd ed.), Anvil Publishing, ISBN 978-971-27-0281-5
- Visions of the Possible: Legacies of Philippine Freedom, Studio 5 Publications, 1998, ISBN 978-971-91353-5-7
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