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Battle of Krbava Field

The Battle of Krbava Field (Croatian: Bitka na Krbavskom polju, Krbavska bitka; Hungarian: Korbávmezei csata; Turkish: Krbava Muharebesi) was fought between the Ottoman Empire of Bayezid II and an army of the Kingdom of Croatia, at the time in personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary, on 9 September 1493, in the Krbava field, a part of the Lika region in Croatia.[6]

Battle of Krbava Field
Part of the Ottoman wars in Europe
Hundred Years' Croatian-Ottoman War

Illustration of the battle of Krbava field from the 16th century
Date9 September 1493
Location
Krbava field, Kingdom of Croatia 44°36′N 15°42′E / 44.6°N 15.7°E / 44.6; 15.7
Result Ottoman victory[1]
Belligerents
Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Croatia
Commanders and leaders
Hadım Yakup Pasha of Bosnia
Ismail Bey of Alaca Hisar
Mehmed Bey of Üsküp
Emerik Derenčin (POW)
Bernardin Frankopan
Ivan Frankopan Cetinski 
Nikola VI Frankopan
Franjo Berislavić
Petar II Zrinski 
Strength
8,000[2]–10,000[3] light cavalry 2,000[4]–3,000[3] cavalry
8,000[3] infantry
Casualties and losses
1,000[5] killed 5,000[5]–7,000[4] killed
1,500[3] imprisoned
Battlefield as seen from Udbina Castle

The Ottoman forces were under the command of Hadım Yakup Pasha, sanjak-bey of the Sanjak of Bosnia, and the Croatian army was led by Emerik Derenčin, ban of Croatia, who served under King Vladislaus II Jagiello. Earlier in the summer of 1493, the Ottomans undertook a raid through Croatia into Carniola and Styria. Around the same time, clashes had been raging in Croatia between the House of Frankopan and the Croatian ban, but news of the Ottoman incursion forced them to make peace. The Croatian nobles assembled a large army and intercepted the Ottoman forces that were returning to the Sanjak of Bosnia. Poor tactics, and the choice of an open battle done by ban Derenčin against more experienced Ottoman cavalry, resulted in the total defeat of the Croatian army.

There were no immediate territorial gains for the Ottoman Empire, but in the following decades the Ottomans gradually expanded into southern Croatia.

Background edit

After the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia into Ottoman hands in 1463, the Ottomans quickly expanded westward, threatening the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Croatia.[7] Since then, Ottoman raids were becoming more frequent. These raids were being carried out by the Akıncı, irregular light cavalry of the Ottoman Empire. They would ride into Christian territory and plunder the countryside during spring and summer, avoiding the fortified border towns and direct military conflict. These continuous raids forced the local population to abandon their land, leaving the frontier castles without supplies.[8] One such raid began in September 1491, with the Ottoman cavalry crossing the Kupa River and reaching Carniola. On their way back, the Ottomans were intercepted by the army of Croatian ban Ladislav of Egervár and Count Bernardin Frankopan near Udbina, and were defeated in the Battle of Vrpile. The defeat at Vrpile forced the Ottomans to stop their attacks during 1492. After Hadım Yakup Pasha became the sanjak-bey of the Sanjak of Bosnia, the Ottomans renewed their raids.[9]

Preparations edit

In the summer of 1493, Hadım Yakup Pasha raised an army of 8,000 light cavalry (akıncı) and attacked Jajce, but failed to capture its fortress. From there he turned northwest and entered Carniola and Styria, plundering the countryside.[2] The same year, a war broke out between the newly appointed ban of Croatia, Emerik Derenčin (Hungarian: Imre Derencsényi), and the Frankopans, allied with Karlo Kurjaković (of the Gusić's), for control over Senj and several other towns. By mid-July 1493, counts Bernardin Frankopan and Ivan VIII (Anž) Frankopan, had the upper hand in the war and were besieging Senj. The siege was lifted after an army led by ban Derenčin was sent to help Senj, and the Frankopan army retreated to Sokolac. In the meantime, the Frankopans were accused of cooperating with the Ottomans, although their estates were also being ravaged. News of the incoming Ottoman army forced them to make peace.[10]

On their way back, the Ottomans sacked Modruš, in northern Lika, then owned by the Frankopan noble family. The Frankopans and ban Derenčin wanted to intercept the Ottomans, and gathered an army of around 3,000 cavalry and 8,000 infantry from all parts of Croatia, however a part of the army consisted of peasants from the surrounding areas of Krbava.[3][4] Ivan Frankopan Cetinski, one of distinguished Croatian nobles advocated ambushing the Ottoman army in nearby ravines and canyons.[9] Ban Derenčin, however, as supreme commander, dismissed such idea, accusing Croats of cowardice and opted for a battle on the open field. Cetinski, as written by Tomašić, replied by telling: "This isn't like riding from one town to another in Hungary. Today, you shall see how Turks fight their battles" and accused him back of causing the dissolution of Croatian Kingdom. Ultimately, Derenčin's opinion prevailed[11] and Croatian commanders agreed to face the Ottoman army in an open battle at the Krbava field, near the town of Udbina in central Croatia, although Ivan Frankopan Cetinski argued that an ambush in the canyons and ravines would be a better option.[9]

Battle edit

 
Cenotaph of Maximilian I in Hofkirche, Innsbruck, depicting the Battle of Krbava Field
 
Plan of the battle and troop disposition

The Ottomans entered the Krbava field through the lowest and narrowest local mountain pass of Gorica, unlike two years earlier through the Vrpile pass where they suffered a huge defeat.[12] Before the battle, Hadım Yakup Pasha ordered the execution of Christian captives near Jelšani (present-day Jošan) so that they could not help the Croatians in the midst of battle. Turkish historian H. E. Efendi, also notes that he held "a heated speech" to his men in order to "invoke their wrath against the enemies of The Only God".[13] After a meeting with the commanders, he sent a part of his army, around 3,000 cavalrymen, to set up an ambush in the forest near the Krbava field.[14]

Although the plan was to fight the Ottomans on the open plains, the Croatian army was initially deployed on the slopes of the eastern part of the Krbava field, near the village of Visuć. The army was set up to face the enemy frontally, and divided into three groups. The first one was composed of soldiers from Slavonia, commanded by Franjo Berislavić, the second section was under the command of Ivan Frankopan Cetinski, while the third was commanded by Nikola VI Frankopan and Bernardin Frankopan. Croatian infantry and cavalry were equally distributed among the three sections. The main commander of the army was ban Emerik Derenčin.[14] The Ottoman army was also arranged in three groups.[9] The first one was commanded by Ismail Bey, sanjak-bey of the Sanjak of Kruševac, the second one by Mehmed Bey of the Sanjak of Üsküp (Skopje), while the middle group was under the command of Hadım Yakup Pasha.[15] Ishak Bey Kraloğlu (Sigismund of Bosnia), son of the King of Bosnia, Stephen Thomas (died 1461), also took part in the battle on the Ottoman side.[16]

The Ottoman plan was to draw the Croatian forces further west next to the woods where they had set up an ambush. Ismail's right wing made the first move, heading towards the Croatian left flank. The Croatian army left the slopes and rushed at the Ottomans, starting a battle in the open field. The battle was fought closely with swords, with no use of bows.[14][17] The Ottoman forces were at first pushed back, and started a feint retreat, which lured Croatian army into pursuit that led them into the ambush.

The 3,000 Ottoman cavalrymen located in the wooded area of the Krbava field crossed the Krbava River and attacked the Croatian rear. Then the main Ottoman forces of Hadım Yakup Pasha, also waiting hidden in the forests, commenced a frontal attack. Thus, the Croatian army was attacked from the front, right, and the rear.[18] The Croatian left flank of Bernardin Frankopan could not withstand the attacks of the Turkish light cavalry and began retreating. However, most of the Croatian infantry was surrounded and could not retreat. The Croatian army suffered a total defeat and only a small number of men managed to reach safety in the nearby fortified town of Udbina.[19]

The battle started around 09:00 and ended in the afternoon hours. According to H. E. Efendi, in battle climax, Derenčin went into a duel with one of the akinjis who struck him off his horse, only to be dragged off to pasha with rope tied around his hands and neck. Pasha then had him shackled up and paraded next to killed and captured Croatian soldiers, whose ears and noses he had ordered to be cut off.[20] Derenčin died in captivity, while his brother, and his son Pavao, were killed in battle. Nikola VI Frankopan Tržački was also captured, but was ransomed and released. Among the killed Croatian nobles were Ivan Frankopan Cetinski, Petar II Zrinski, Juraj Vlatković, and ban of Jajce Mihajlo Pethkey. Count Bernardin Frankopan and Franjo Berislavić managed to survive the battle.[19]

Aftermath edit

 
One of the oldest records of the battle, written by priest Martinac in Glagolitic script on 27 September 1493

Although the Croatian nobility suffered a heavy defeat, described by ancient historians and chroniclers as the "first dissolution of the Croatian Kingdom",[21] the Ottoman Empire had no territorial gains as a result of the victory at Krbava field.[22][23] Since the losses were heavy, in local tradition the Krbava field became known as the "Field of Blood" (Croatian: Krvavo polje).[24] Peace between the kingdoms of Croatia and Hungary and the Ottoman Empire was signed in April 1495. The next major Ottoman incursions occurred in 1512 and in 1513, and resulted in the Croatian victory at the battle of Dubica.[25] Following the battle, and in later decades, due to constant Ottoman attacks, local Croatian populations moved into safer areas; north-west Croatia, the coast and the islands, and also outside the country.[8] Franjo Berislavić became the ban of Jajce in 1494.[19]

Historical records edit

Accounts of the Battle of Krbava field have been recorded in various modern and older historical sources. Among the oldest ones are the report of the papal delegate Antonio Fabregues written on 13 September 1493, in Senj, a record from the Bohemian traveler Jan Hasištejnský on 23 September 1493, in his travel book, the account by the Glagolite priest Martinac in the Novi Vinodolski Breviary in 1493, and the account of the battle written in a letter to Pope Alexander VI by the Nin Bishop Juraj Divnić on 27 September 1493. In 1561, the battle of Krbava field was described by the chronicler Ivan Tomašić in his Brief Chronicle of the Croatian Kingdom (Chronicon breve Regni Croatiae), and in 1696, Pavao Ritter Vitezović described it in Kronika aliti szpomen vszega szvieta vikov.[6] From the Ottoman side, the battle was recorded by Ottoman historian Hoca Sadeddin Efendi in his Crown of Histories.[11] The numbers for involved soldiers and casualties given in older historical sources are mostly exaggerated.[26] Since news of the defeat spread quickly, the reports written immediately after the battle were made under the impression of the heavy loss.[27]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture By Richard C. Frucht, p. 422
  2. ^ a b Klaić 1988, p. 228.
  3. ^ a b c d e Klaić 1988, p. 231.
  4. ^ a b c Mijatović 2005, p. 99.
  5. ^ a b Pavličević 1997, p. 77.
  6. ^ a b "Krbavska bitka", Croatian Encyclopedia (in Croatian), Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, 1999–2009, retrieved January 5, 2014
  7. ^ Alexander Mikaberidze: Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia (2 volumes: A Historical Encyclopedia), 2011, p. 491
  8. ^ a b Goldstein 1999, pp. 30–31.
  9. ^ a b c d Mažuran 1998, p. 38.
  10. ^ Ferdo Šišić: Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600–1918, Zagreb, p. 245
  11. ^ a b Klaić, Nada (1972). Izvori za hrvatsku povijest do 1526. godine (in Croatian). Zagreb: Školska knjiga. pp. 358–359.
  12. ^ Mijatović 2005, p. 54.
  13. ^ N. Klaić, 362
  14. ^ a b c Mijatović 2005, pp. 65–67.
  15. ^ Mijatović 2005, p. 122.
  16. ^ Ljubez, Bruno (2009), Jajce Grad: prilog povijesti posljednje bosanske prijestolnice, HKD Napredak, p. 149
  17. ^ Kekez 2009, p. 83.
  18. ^ Mijatović 2005, p. 70.
  19. ^ a b c Mijatović 2005, pp. 71–73.
  20. ^ Klaić, Nada, 363.
  21. ^ Ivan Tomašić: Chronicon breve Regni Croatiae
  22. ^ Pavličević 1997, p. 23.
  23. ^ Goldstein 1997, pp. 22–24, cited in Kekez 2009, p. 66
  24. ^ Mažuran 1998, p. 39.
  25. ^ Mijatović 2005, p. 149.
  26. ^ Pavličević 1997, p. 20.
  27. ^ Mijatović 2005, p. 98.

Bibliography edit


battle, krbava, field, croatian, bitka, krbavskom, polju, krbavska, bitka, hungarian, korbávmezei, csata, turkish, krbava, muharebesi, fought, between, ottoman, empire, bayezid, army, kingdom, croatia, time, personal, union, with, kingdom, hungary, september, . The Battle of Krbava Field Croatian Bitka na Krbavskom polju Krbavska bitka Hungarian Korbavmezei csata Turkish Krbava Muharebesi was fought between the Ottoman Empire of Bayezid II and an army of the Kingdom of Croatia at the time in personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary on 9 September 1493 in the Krbava field a part of the Lika region in Croatia 6 Battle of Krbava FieldPart of the Ottoman wars in EuropeHundred Years Croatian Ottoman WarIllustration of the battle of Krbava field from the 16th centuryDate9 September 1493LocationKrbava field Kingdom of Croatia 44 36 N 15 42 E 44 6 N 15 7 E 44 6 15 7ResultOttoman victory 1 BelligerentsOttoman EmpireKingdom of CroatiaCommanders and leadersHadim Yakup Pasha of BosniaIsmail Bey of Alaca HisarMehmed Bey of UskupEmerik Derencin POW Bernardin FrankopanIvan Frankopan Cetinski Nikola VI FrankopanFranjo BerislavicPetar II Zrinski Strength8 000 2 10 000 3 light cavalry2 000 4 3 000 3 cavalry8 000 3 infantryCasualties and losses1 000 5 killed5 000 5 7 000 4 killed1 500 3 imprisoned Battlefield as seen from Udbina Castle The Ottoman forces were under the command of Hadim Yakup Pasha sanjak bey of the Sanjak of Bosnia and the Croatian army was led by Emerik Derencin ban of Croatia who served under King Vladislaus II Jagiello Earlier in the summer of 1493 the Ottomans undertook a raid through Croatia into Carniola and Styria Around the same time clashes had been raging in Croatia between the House of Frankopan and the Croatian ban but news of the Ottoman incursion forced them to make peace The Croatian nobles assembled a large army and intercepted the Ottoman forces that were returning to the Sanjak of Bosnia Poor tactics and the choice of an open battle done by ban Derencin against more experienced Ottoman cavalry resulted in the total defeat of the Croatian army There were no immediate territorial gains for the Ottoman Empire but in the following decades the Ottomans gradually expanded into southern Croatia Contents 1 Background 2 Preparations 3 Battle 4 Aftermath 5 Historical records 6 See also 7 References 8 BibliographyBackground editSee also Siege of Sokolac After the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia into Ottoman hands in 1463 the Ottomans quickly expanded westward threatening the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Croatia 7 Since then Ottoman raids were becoming more frequent These raids were being carried out by the Akinci irregular light cavalry of the Ottoman Empire They would ride into Christian territory and plunder the countryside during spring and summer avoiding the fortified border towns and direct military conflict These continuous raids forced the local population to abandon their land leaving the frontier castles without supplies 8 One such raid began in September 1491 with the Ottoman cavalry crossing the Kupa River and reaching Carniola On their way back the Ottomans were intercepted by the army of Croatian ban Ladislav of Egervar and Count Bernardin Frankopan near Udbina and were defeated in the Battle of Vrpile The defeat at Vrpile forced the Ottomans to stop their attacks during 1492 After Hadim Yakup Pasha became the sanjak bey of the Sanjak of Bosnia the Ottomans renewed their raids 9 Preparations editIn the summer of 1493 Hadim Yakup Pasha raised an army of 8 000 light cavalry akinci and attacked Jajce but failed to capture its fortress From there he turned northwest and entered Carniola and Styria plundering the countryside 2 The same year a war broke out between the newly appointed ban of Croatia Emerik Derencin Hungarian Imre Derencsenyi and the Frankopans allied with Karlo Kurjakovic of the Gusic s for control over Senj and several other towns By mid July 1493 counts Bernardin Frankopan and Ivan VIII Anz Frankopan had the upper hand in the war and were besieging Senj The siege was lifted after an army led by ban Derencin was sent to help Senj and the Frankopan army retreated to Sokolac In the meantime the Frankopans were accused of cooperating with the Ottomans although their estates were also being ravaged News of the incoming Ottoman army forced them to make peace 10 On their way back the Ottomans sacked Modrus in northern Lika then owned by the Frankopan noble family The Frankopans and ban Derencin wanted to intercept the Ottomans and gathered an army of around 3 000 cavalry and 8 000 infantry from all parts of Croatia however a part of the army consisted of peasants from the surrounding areas of Krbava 3 4 Ivan Frankopan Cetinski one of distinguished Croatian nobles advocated ambushing the Ottoman army in nearby ravines and canyons 9 Ban Derencin however as supreme commander dismissed such idea accusing Croats of cowardice and opted for a battle on the open field Cetinski as written by Tomasic replied by telling This isn t like riding from one town to another in Hungary Today you shall see how Turks fight their battles and accused him back of causing the dissolution of Croatian Kingdom Ultimately Derencin s opinion prevailed 11 and Croatian commanders agreed to face the Ottoman army in an open battle at the Krbava field near the town of Udbina in central Croatia although Ivan Frankopan Cetinski argued that an ambush in the canyons and ravines would be a better option 9 Battle edit nbsp Cenotaph of Maximilian I in Hofkirche Innsbruck depicting the Battle of Krbava Field nbsp Plan of the battle and troop disposition The Ottomans entered the Krbava field through the lowest and narrowest local mountain pass of Gorica unlike two years earlier through the Vrpile pass where they suffered a huge defeat 12 Before the battle Hadim Yakup Pasha ordered the execution of Christian captives near Jelsani present day Josan so that they could not help the Croatians in the midst of battle Turkish historian H E Efendi also notes that he held a heated speech to his men in order to invoke their wrath against the enemies of The Only God 13 After a meeting with the commanders he sent a part of his army around 3 000 cavalrymen to set up an ambush in the forest near the Krbava field 14 Although the plan was to fight the Ottomans on the open plains the Croatian army was initially deployed on the slopes of the eastern part of the Krbava field near the village of Visuc The army was set up to face the enemy frontally and divided into three groups The first one was composed of soldiers from Slavonia commanded by Franjo Berislavic the second section was under the command of Ivan Frankopan Cetinski while the third was commanded by Nikola VI Frankopan and Bernardin Frankopan Croatian infantry and cavalry were equally distributed among the three sections The main commander of the army was ban Emerik Derencin 14 The Ottoman army was also arranged in three groups 9 The first one was commanded by Ismail Bey sanjak bey of the Sanjak of Krusevac the second one by Mehmed Bey of the Sanjak of Uskup Skopje while the middle group was under the command of Hadim Yakup Pasha 15 Ishak Bey Kraloglu Sigismund of Bosnia son of the King of Bosnia Stephen Thomas died 1461 also took part in the battle on the Ottoman side 16 The Ottoman plan was to draw the Croatian forces further west next to the woods where they had set up an ambush Ismail s right wing made the first move heading towards the Croatian left flank The Croatian army left the slopes and rushed at the Ottomans starting a battle in the open field The battle was fought closely with swords with no use of bows 14 17 The Ottoman forces were at first pushed back and started a feint retreat which lured Croatian army into pursuit that led them into the ambush The 3 000 Ottoman cavalrymen located in the wooded area of the Krbava field crossed the Krbava River and attacked the Croatian rear Then the main Ottoman forces of Hadim Yakup Pasha also waiting hidden in the forests commenced a frontal attack Thus the Croatian army was attacked from the front right and the rear 18 The Croatian left flank of Bernardin Frankopan could not withstand the attacks of the Turkish light cavalry and began retreating However most of the Croatian infantry was surrounded and could not retreat The Croatian army suffered a total defeat and only a small number of men managed to reach safety in the nearby fortified town of Udbina 19 The battle started around 09 00 and ended in the afternoon hours According to H E Efendi in battle climax Derencin went into a duel with one of the akinjis who struck him off his horse only to be dragged off to pasha with rope tied around his hands and neck Pasha then had him shackled up and paraded next to killed and captured Croatian soldiers whose ears and noses he had ordered to be cut off 20 Derencin died in captivity while his brother and his son Pavao were killed in battle Nikola VI Frankopan Trzacki was also captured but was ransomed and released Among the killed Croatian nobles were Ivan Frankopan Cetinski Petar II Zrinski Juraj Vlatkovic and ban of Jajce Mihajlo Pethkey Count Bernardin Frankopan and Franjo Berislavic managed to survive the battle 19 Aftermath edit nbsp One of the oldest records of the battle written by priest Martinac in Glagolitic script on 27 September 1493 Although the Croatian nobility suffered a heavy defeat described by ancient historians and chroniclers as the first dissolution of the Croatian Kingdom 21 the Ottoman Empire had no territorial gains as a result of the victory at Krbava field 22 23 Since the losses were heavy in local tradition the Krbava field became known as the Field of Blood Croatian Krvavo polje 24 Peace between the kingdoms of Croatia and Hungary and the Ottoman Empire was signed in April 1495 The next major Ottoman incursions occurred in 1512 and in 1513 and resulted in the Croatian victory at the battle of Dubica 25 Following the battle and in later decades due to constant Ottoman attacks local Croatian populations moved into safer areas north west Croatia the coast and the islands and also outside the country 8 Franjo Berislavic became the ban of Jajce in 1494 19 Historical records editAccounts of the Battle of Krbava field have been recorded in various modern and older historical sources Among the oldest ones are the report of the papal delegate Antonio Fabregues written on 13 September 1493 in Senj a record from the Bohemian traveler Jan Hasistejnsky on 23 September 1493 in his travel book the account by the Glagolite priest Martinac in the Novi Vinodolski Breviary in 1493 and the account of the battle written in a letter to Pope Alexander VI by the Nin Bishop Juraj Divnic on 27 September 1493 In 1561 the battle of Krbava field was described by the chronicler Ivan Tomasic in his Brief Chronicle of the Croatian Kingdom Chronicon breve Regni Croatiae and in 1696 Pavao Ritter Vitezovic described it in Kronika aliti szpomen vszega szvieta vikov 6 From the Ottoman side the battle was recorded by Ottoman historian Hoca Sadeddin Efendi in his Crown of Histories 11 The numbers for involved soldiers and casualties given in older historical sources are mostly exaggerated 26 Since news of the defeat spread quickly the reports written immediately after the battle were made under the impression of the heavy loss 27 See also editHundred Years Croatian Ottoman War Udbina CastleReferences edit Eastern Europe An Introduction to the People Lands and Culture By Richard C Frucht p 422 a b Klaic 1988 p 228 a b c d e Klaic 1988 p 231 a b c Mijatovic 2005 p 99 a b Pavlicevic 1997 p 77 a b Krbavska bitka Croatian Encyclopedia in Croatian Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleza 1999 2009 retrieved January 5 2014 Alexander Mikaberidze Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World A Historical Encyclopedia 2 volumes A Historical Encyclopedia 2011 p 491 a b Goldstein 1999 pp 30 31 a b c d Mazuran 1998 p 38 Ferdo Sisic Povijest Hrvata pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600 1918 Zagreb p 245 a b Klaic Nada 1972 Izvori za hrvatsku povijest do 1526 godine in Croatian Zagreb Skolska knjiga pp 358 359 Mijatovic 2005 p 54 N Klaic 362 a b c Mijatovic 2005 pp 65 67 Mijatovic 2005 p 122 Ljubez Bruno 2009 Jajce Grad prilog povijesti posljednje bosanske prijestolnice HKD Napredak p 149 Kekez 2009 p 83 Mijatovic 2005 p 70 a b c Mijatovic 2005 pp 71 73 Klaic Nada 363 Ivan Tomasic Chronicon breve Regni Croatiae Pavlicevic 1997 p 23 Goldstein 1997 pp 22 24 cited in Kekez 2009 p 66 Mazuran 1998 p 39 Mijatovic 2005 p 149 Pavlicevic 1997 p 20 Mijatovic 2005 p 98 Bibliography editGoldstein Ivo 1997 Znacaj Krbavske bitke 1493 godine u hrvatskoj povijesti In Pavlicevic Dragutin ed Krbavska bitka i njezine posljedice in Croatian Zagreb Croatian Heritage Foundation amp Department of Croatian History Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zagreb pp 22 27 ISBN 9789536525119 Goldstein Ivo 1999 Croatia A History C Hurst amp Co ISBN 978 1850655251 Kekez Hrvoje 2009 Bernardin Frankapan i Krbavska bitka je li spasio sebe i malobrojne ili je pobjegao iz boja PDF Modruski zbornik in Croatian 3 3 65 101 Retrieved 9 September 2019 Klaic Vjekoslav 1988 Povijest Hrvata od najstarijih vremena do svrsetka XIX stoljeca in Croatian Vol IV Zagreb a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Mazuran Ive 1998 Povijest Hrvatske od 15 stoljeca do 18 stoljeca in Croatian Mijatovic Anđelko 2005 Bitka na Krbavskom polju 1493 godine in Croatian Zagreb Skolska knjiga ISBN 953 0 61429 2 Pavlicevic Dragutin ed 1997 Krbavska bitka i njezine posljedice in Croatian Zagreb Croatian Heritage Foundation amp Department of Croatian History Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zagreb ISBN 978 9536525119 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Battle of Krbava Field amp oldid 1209732662, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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