For the tropical Asian and African parakeet species also known as ring-necked parakeet, see Rose-ringed parakeet.
The Australian ringneck (Barnardius zonarius) is a parrot native to Australia. Except for extreme tropical and highland areas, the species has adapted to all conditions. Treatments of genus Barnardius have previously recognised two species, the Port Lincoln parrot (Barnardius zonarius) and the mallee ringneck (Barnardius barnardi),[2] but due to these readily interbreeding at the contact zone they are usually regarded as a single species B. zonarius with subspecific descriptions.[3][4] Currently, four subspecies are recognised, each with a distinct range.
In Western Australia, the ringneck competes for nesting space with the rainbow lorikeet, an introduced species. To protect the ringneck, culls of the lorikeet are sanctioned by authorities in this region. Overall, though, the ringneck is not a threatened species.
The subspecies of the Australian ringneck differ considerably in colouration.[2] It is a medium size species around 33 cm (11 in) long. The basic colour is green, and all four subspecies have the characteristic yellow ring around the hindneck; wings and tail are a mixture of green and blue.
The B. z. zonarius and B. z. semitorquatus subspecies have a dull black head; back, rump and wings are brilliant green; throat and breast bluish-green. The difference between these two subspecies is that B. z. zonarius has a yellow abdomen while B. z. semitorquatus has a green abdomen; the latter has also a prominent crimson frontal band that the former lacks (the intermediate shown in the box has characteristics of both subspecies).[5] The two other subspecies differ from these subspecies by the bright green crown and nape and blush cheek-patches. The underparts of B. z. barnardi are turquoise-green with an irregular orange-yellow band across the abdomen; the back and mantle are deep blackish-blue and this subspecies has a prominent red frontal band. The B. z. macgillivrayi is generally pale green, with no red frontal band, and a wide uniform pale yellow band across the abdomen.[5]
The calls of the Mallee ringneck and Cloncurry parrot have been described as "ringing",[5] and the calls of the Port Lincoln ringneck and Twenty-eight parrot have been described as "strident".[5] The name of the Twenty-eight is an onomatopoeic derived from its distinctive call, which sounds like "twenty-eight" (or the French equivalent, '"vingt-huit", according to one early description).[6]
Taxonomy and naming
The Australian ringneck was first described by English naturalist George Shaw and drawn by Frederick Polydore Nodder in the 1805 in their work The Naturalist's Miscellany: Or, Coloured Figures of Natural Objects; Drawn and Described Immediately From Nature. He called it Psittacus zonarius "zoned parrot".[7] A broad-tailed parrot, it is most closely related to the rosellas of the genus Platycercus,[8] and has been placed in that genus by some authorities, including Ferdinand Bauer.[9]
Pre-existing names for the species, derived from the Nyungar language of Southwest Australia, are dowarn [pronounced dow’awn] and doomolok [dorm’awe’lawk]; these were identified from over one hundred records of regional and orthographic variants to supplement the names already suggested by John Gilbert, Dominic Serventy and others.[10]
Currently, four subspecies of ringneck are recognised, all of which have been described as distinct species in the past:[4][11] (As of 1993, the Twenty-eight and Cloncurry parrot were treated as subspecies of the Port Lincoln parrot and the mallee ringneck, respectively.[5])
Several other subspecies have been described, but are considered synonyms with one of the above subspecies. B. z. occidentalis has been synonymised with B. z. zonarius.[12] Intermediates exist between all subspecies except for between B. z. zonarius and B. z. macgillivrayi.[4][13] Intermediates have been associated with land clearing for agriculture in southern Western Australia.[13]
The classification of this species is still debated, and molecular research by Joseph and Wilke in 2006 found that the complex split genetically into two clades—one roughly correlating with B. z. barnardi and the other with the other three forms; B. z. macgillivrayi was more closely related to B. z. zonarius than to the neighbouring B. z. barnardi. The researchers felt it was premature to reorganise the classification of the complex until more study was undertaken.[4]
Subspecies
Subspecies
Common and binomial names
Image
Description
Range
Twenty-eight parrot
Identification: The red band and green belly distinguishes it from the Port Lincoln parrot.
Found in the south western forests of coastal and subcoastal Western Australia.[14]
Common from Port Lincoln in the south east to Alice Springs in the north east, and from the Karri and Tingle forests of South Western Australia up to the Pilbara district.[15]
The Australian ringneck is active during the day and can be found in eucalypt woodlands and eucalypt-lined watercourses. The species is gregarious and depending on the conditions can be resident or nomadic. In trials of growing hybrid eucalypt trees in dry environments parrots, especially the Port Lincoln parrot, caused severe damage to the crowns of the younger trees during the research period between 2000–3.[18]
Feeding
This species eats a wide range of foods that include nectar, insects, seeds, fruit, and native and introduced bulbs. It will eat orchard-grown fruit and is sometimes seen as a pest by farmers.[2][19]
Breeding
Breeding season for the northern populations starts in June or July, while the central and southern populations breed from August to February, but this can be delayed when climatic conditions are unfavourable. The nesting site is a hollow in a tree trunk.[20] Generally four or five white oval eggs are laid measuring 29 mm x 23 mm, although a clutch may be as few as three and as many as six.[21] Fledgling survival rates have been measured at 75%.[22]
Conservation
Although the species is endemic,[23] the species is considered not threatened,[1] but in Western Australia, the Twenty-eight subspecies (B. z. semitorquatus) gets locally displaced by the introduced rainbow lorikeets that aggressively compete for nesting places.[24] The rainbow lorikeet is considered a pest species in Western Australia and is subject to eradication in the wild.[25]
In Western Australia, a licence is required to keep or dispose of more than four Port Lincoln ringnecks.[26] All four subspecies are sold in the Canary Islands and in Australia,[26] and they are traded via the CITES convention.[27] The sale of the Cloncurry parrot is restricted in Queensland.[28] The Australian ringneck can suffer from psittacine beak and feather disease, which causes a high nestling mortality rate in captivity.[29]
References
^ abBirdLife International (2016). "Barnardius zonarius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685090A93058776. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685090A93058776.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ abcForshaw, Joseph M.; Cooper, William T. (1981) [1973, 1978]. Parrots of the World (corrected second ed.). David & Charles, Newton Abbot, London. ISBN0-7153-7698-5.
^Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. (1994). The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Hawthorn East, Victoria : Royal Ornithologists Union Monograph Vol. 2 112 pp.
^ abcdJoseph, L.; Wilke, T. (2006). "Molecular resolution of population history, systematics and historical biogeography of the Australian ringneck parrots Barnardius: are we there yet?". Emu. 106: 49–62. doi:10.1071/mu05035. S2CID 84278709.
^ abcdeField Guide to the Birds of Australia - A book of identification Simpson and Day, (1993) pp.144 ISBN0-670-90670-0
^Managing bird damage to fruit and other horticultural crops. Part B: Fact sheets for growers 16 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine NSW Department of Primary Industries. Accessed 6 August 2013.
^Shaw, George (1805). The naturalist's miscellany, or Coloured figures of natural objects. Vol. 16. London, United Kingdom: Nodder & Co. pp. pl. 637.
^Joseph, Leo; Toon, Alicia; Schirtzinger, Erin E.; Wright, Timothy F. (2011). "Molecular systematics of two enigmatic genera Psittacella and Pezoporus illuminate the ecological radiation of Australo-Papuan parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (3): 675–84. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017. PMID 21453777.
^Abbott, Ian (2009). "Aboriginal names of bird species in south-west Western Australia, with suggestions for their adoption into common usage" (PDF). Conservation Science Western Australia Journal. 7 (2): 254–55.
^"Barnardius zonarius (Shaw, 1805)". Australian Biological Resources Study. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
^Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. (1997) Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp.
^ abFord, J. (1987). "Hybrid zones in Australian birds". Emu. 87 (3): 158–178. doi:10.1071/MU9870158.
^Barbour, E.L. (2004). . RIRDC, Australian government. Archived from the original on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
^. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Archived from the original on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
^. birdsinbackyards.net. Australian Museum. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008.
^Beruldsen, G (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. p. 247. ISBN0-646-42798-9.
^(PDF). Fauna Note No. 22. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
^Martin, Stella (2002). (PDF). Tropical Topics. Environmental Protection Agency Northern Division. 73. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
^Chapman, Tamra (2005). (PDF). Wildlife Branch, Department of Conservation and Land Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2007.
^Massam, Marion (2007). (PDF). Department of Agriculture and Food. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
^ ab(PDF). RIRDC, Australian government. February 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
^"CITES Digest" (PDF). November 2002. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
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August 21, 2023
australian, ringneck, tropical, asian, african, parakeet, species, also, known, ring, necked, parakeet, rose, ringed, parakeet, barnardius, zonarius, parrot, native, australia, except, extreme, tropical, highland, areas, species, adapted, conditions, treatment. For the tropical Asian and African parakeet species also known as ring necked parakeet see Rose ringed parakeet The Australian ringneck Barnardius zonarius is a parrot native to Australia Except for extreme tropical and highland areas the species has adapted to all conditions Treatments of genus Barnardius have previously recognised two species the Port Lincoln parrot Barnardius zonarius and the mallee ringneck Barnardius barnardi 2 but due to these readily interbreeding at the contact zone they are usually regarded as a single species B zonarius with subspecific descriptions 3 4 Currently four subspecies are recognised each with a distinct range Australian ringneckB z barnardi near Patchewollock Victoria source source Conservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PsittaciformesFamily PsittaculidaeTribe PlatycerciniGenus BarnardiusBonaparte 1854Species B zonariusBinomial nameBarnardius zonarius Shaw 1805 SubspeciesB z zonariusB z semitorquatusB z barnardiB z macgillivrayiSynonymsBarnardius barnardi Vigors amp Horsfield 1827 In Western Australia the ringneck competes for nesting space with the rainbow lorikeet an introduced species To protect the ringneck culls of the lorikeet are sanctioned by authorities in this region Overall though the ringneck is not a threatened species Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy and naming 2 1 Subspecies 3 Behaviour 3 1 Feeding 3 2 Breeding 4 Conservation 5 References 5 1 Cited text 6 Further readingDescription EditThe subspecies of the Australian ringneck differ considerably in colouration 2 It is a medium size species around 33 cm 11 in long The basic colour is green and all four subspecies have the characteristic yellow ring around the hindneck wings and tail are a mixture of green and blue B z semitorquatus Perth Western AustraliaThe B z zonarius and B z semitorquatus subspecies have a dull black head back rump and wings are brilliant green throat and breast bluish green The difference between these two subspecies is that B z zonarius has a yellow abdomen while B z semitorquatus has a green abdomen the latter has also a prominent crimson frontal band that the former lacks the intermediate shown in the box has characteristics of both subspecies 5 The two other subspecies differ from these subspecies by the bright green crown and nape and blush cheek patches The underparts of B z barnardi are turquoise green with an irregular orange yellow band across the abdomen the back and mantle are deep blackish blue and this subspecies has a prominent red frontal band The B z macgillivrayi is generally pale green with no red frontal band and a wide uniform pale yellow band across the abdomen 5 The calls of the Mallee ringneck and Cloncurry parrot have been described as ringing 5 and the calls of the Port Lincoln ringneck and Twenty eight parrot have been described as strident 5 The name of the Twenty eight is an onomatopoeic derived from its distinctive call which sounds like twenty eight or the French equivalent vingt huit according to one early description 6 Taxonomy and naming EditThe Australian ringneck was first described by English naturalist George Shaw and drawn by Frederick Polydore Nodder in the 1805 in their work The Naturalist s Miscellany Or Coloured Figures of Natural Objects Drawn and Described Immediately From Nature He called it Psittacus zonarius zoned parrot 7 A broad tailed parrot it is most closely related to the rosellas of the genus Platycercus 8 and has been placed in that genus by some authorities including Ferdinand Bauer 9 Pre existing names for the species derived from the Nyungar language of Southwest Australia are dowarn pronounced dow awn and doomolok dorm awe lawk these were identified from over one hundred records of regional and orthographic variants to supplement the names already suggested by John Gilbert Dominic Serventy and others 10 Currently four subspecies of ringneck are recognised all of which have been described as distinct species in the past 4 11 As of 1993 the Twenty eight and Cloncurry parrot were treated as subspecies of the Port Lincoln parrot and the mallee ringneck respectively 5 Several other subspecies have been described but are considered synonyms with one of the above subspecies B z occidentalis has been synonymised with B z zonarius 12 Intermediates exist between all subspecies except for between B z zonarius and B z macgillivrayi 4 13 Intermediates have been associated with land clearing for agriculture in southern Western Australia 13 The classification of this species is still debated and molecular research by Joseph and Wilke in 2006 found that the complex split genetically into two clades one roughly correlating with B z barnardi and the other with the other three forms B z macgillivrayi was more closely related to B z zonarius than to the neighbouring B z barnardi The researchers felt it was premature to reorganise the classification of the complex until more study was undertaken 4 Subspecies Edit SubspeciesCommon and binomial names Image Description RangeTwenty eight parrot Identification The red band and green belly distinguishes it from the Port Lincoln parrot Found in the south western forests of coastal and subcoastal Western Australia 14 B z semitorquatus Quoy amp Gaimard 1830 Port Lincoln parrot orPort Lincoln ringneck Common from Port Lincoln in the south east to Alice Springs in the north east and from the Karri and Tingle forests of South Western Australia up to the Pilbara district 15 B z zonarius Shaw 1805 Cloncurry parrot Identification The yellow belly lighter green colour and lack of red band distinguishes it from the mallee ringneck Found from the Lake Eyre basin in the Northern Territory to the Gulf Country of northwestern Queensland from Burketown south to Boulia with Kynuna and Camooweel as eastern and western limits respectively 16 B z macgillivrayi North 1900 Mallee ringneck Inhabits central and western New South Wales west of Dubbo the southwestern corner Queensland west of St George eastern South Australia and northwestern Victoria 17 B z barnardi Vigors amp Horsfield 1827 Behaviour EditThe Australian ringneck is active during the day and can be found in eucalypt woodlands and eucalypt lined watercourses The species is gregarious and depending on the conditions can be resident or nomadic In trials of growing hybrid eucalypt trees in dry environments parrots especially the Port Lincoln parrot caused severe damage to the crowns of the younger trees during the research period between 2000 3 18 Feeding Edit This species eats a wide range of foods that include nectar insects seeds fruit and native and introduced bulbs It will eat orchard grown fruit and is sometimes seen as a pest by farmers 2 19 Breeding Edit Breeding season for the northern populations starts in June or July while the central and southern populations breed from August to February but this can be delayed when climatic conditions are unfavourable The nesting site is a hollow in a tree trunk 20 Generally four or five white oval eggs are laid measuring 29 mm x 23 mm although a clutch may be as few as three and as many as six 21 Fledgling survival rates have been measured at 75 22 Conservation EditAlthough the species is endemic 23 the species is considered not threatened 1 but in Western Australia the Twenty eight subspecies B z semitorquatus gets locally displaced by the introduced rainbow lorikeets that aggressively compete for nesting places 24 The rainbow lorikeet is considered a pest species in Western Australia and is subject to eradication in the wild 25 In Western Australia a licence is required to keep or dispose of more than four Port Lincoln ringnecks 26 All four subspecies are sold in the Canary Islands and in Australia 26 and they are traded via the CITES convention 27 The sale of the Cloncurry parrot is restricted in Queensland 28 The Australian ringneck can suffer from psittacine beak and feather disease which causes a high nestling mortality rate in captivity 29 References Edit a b BirdLife International 2016 Barnardius zonarius IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22685090A93058776 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22685090A93058776 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 a b c Forshaw Joseph M Cooper William T 1981 1973 1978 Parrots of the World corrected second ed David amp Charles Newton Abbot London ISBN 0 7153 7698 5 Christidis L amp Boles W E 1994 The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories Hawthorn East Victoria Royal Ornithologists Union Monograph Vol 2 112 pp a b c d Joseph L Wilke T 2006 Molecular resolution of population history systematics and historical biogeography of the Australian ringneck parrots Barnardius are we there yet Emu 106 49 62 doi 10 1071 mu05035 S2CID 84278709 a b c d e Field Guide to the Birds of Australia A book of identification Simpson and Day 1993 pp 144 ISBN 0 670 90670 0 Managing bird damage to fruit and other horticultural crops Part B Fact sheets for growers Archived 16 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine NSW Department of Primary Industries Accessed 6 August 2013 Shaw George 1805 The naturalist s miscellany or Coloured figures of natural objects Vol 16 London United Kingdom Nodder amp Co pp pl 637 Joseph Leo Toon Alicia Schirtzinger Erin E Wright Timothy F 2011 Molecular systematics of two enigmatic genera Psittacella and Pezoporus illuminate the ecological radiation of Australo Papuan parrots Aves Psittaciformes Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59 3 675 84 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2011 03 017 PMID 21453777 Bauer Ferdinand 1760 1826 natural history drawings National Library of Australia Abbott Ian 2009 Aboriginal names of bird species in south west Western Australia with suggestions for their adoption into common usage PDF Conservation Science Western Australia Journal 7 2 254 55 Barnardius zonarius Shaw 1805 Australian Biological Resources Study Retrieved 29 October 2016 Schodde R amp Mason I J 1997 Aves Columbidae to Coraciidae In Houston W W K amp Wells A eds Zoological Catalogue of Australia Melbourne CSIRO Publishing Australia Vol 37 2 xiii 440 pp a b Ford J 1987 Hybrid zones in Australian birds Emu 87 3 158 178 doi 10 1071 MU9870158 Lendon p 166 Lendon p 161 Lendon p 157 Lendon pp 152 52 Barbour E L 2004 Eucalypt hybrids in south west Western Australia RIRDC Australian government Archived from the original on 5 October 2007 Retrieved 2 August 2008 Parrot damage in agroforestry in the greater than 450 mm rainfall zone of Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia Archived from the original on 23 November 2007 Retrieved 7 November 2007 Australian Ringneck birdsinbackyards net Australian Museum Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 Beruldsen G 2003 Australian Birds Their Nests and Eggs Kenmore Hills Qld self p 247 ISBN 0 646 42798 9 Australian ringneck PDF Fauna Note No 22 Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia Archived from the original PDF on 1 September 2008 Retrieved 2 August 2008 Martin Stella 2002 Birds of the savannas PDF Tropical Topics Environmental Protection Agency Northern Division 73 Archived from the original PDF on 2 August 2008 Retrieved 23 July 2008 Chapman Tamra 2005 The status and impact of the Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus in South West Western Australia PDF Wildlife Branch Department of Conservation and Land Management Archived from the original PDF on 11 April 2008 Retrieved 8 November 2007 Massam Marion 2007 Rainbow lorikeet management options PDF Department of Agriculture and Food Archived from the original PDF on 11 April 2008 Retrieved 7 November 2007 a b Sustainable Economic Use of Native Australian Birds and Reptiles PDF RIRDC Australian government February 1997 Archived from the original PDF on 26 October 2007 Retrieved 2 August 2008 CITES Digest PDF November 2002 Retrieved 2 August 2008 NATURE CONSERVATION LEGISLATION AMENDMENT REGULATION No 2 PDF Queensland Australia 1997 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act Section 270B Making of Threat Abatement Plans Commonwealth of Australia 1999 Cited text Edit Lendon Alan H 1973 Australian Parrots in Field and Aviary 2nd ed Sydney Angus and Robertson ISBN 0 207 12424 8 Further reading EditListen to this article 5 minutes source source This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 13 May 2007 2007 05 13 and does not reflect subsequent edits Audio help More spoken articles The Atlas of Australian Birds Blakers Davies amp Reilly 1984 ISBN 0 522 84285 2 Photographic Field Guide to Birds of Australia Jim Flegg 2002 ISBN 1 876334 78 9 John Gould s The Birds of Australia Full text available from National Library of Australia in an electronic format at http nla gov au nla aus f4773 B z semitorquatus plate Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barnardius zonarius Wikispecies has information related to Barnardius barnardi Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Australian ringneck amp oldid 1120705884, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
