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Muntjac

January 01, 1970

Muntjacs (/mʌntdʒæk/ MUNT-jak),[1] also known as the barking deer[2] or rib-faced deer,[2] are small deer of the genus Muntiacus native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Muntjacs are thought to have begun appearing 15–35 million years ago, with remains found in Miocene deposits in France, Germany[3] and Poland.[4] Most are listed as least-concern species or Data Deficient by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), although others such as the black muntjac, Bornean yellow muntjac, and giant muntjac are vulnerable, near threatened, and Critically Endangered, respectively.[5][6]

Muntjac
Temporal range: Miocene to present
Adult female and offspring (Muntiacus muntjak) in Malaysia
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Cervidae
Subfamily: Cervinae
Tribe: Muntiacini
Genus: Muntiacus
Rafinesque, 1815
Type species
Cervus muntjak
Zimmerman, 1780
Geographic range

Name edit

The present name is a borrowing of the Latinized form of the Dutch muntjak, which was borrowed from the Sundanese mencek (/məntʃək/). The Latin form first appeared as Cervus muntjac in Zimmerman in 1780.[7][8] An erroneous alternative name of Mastreani deer has its origins in a mischievous Wikipedia entry from 2011 and is incorrect.[9]

Distribution edit

 
Head of a muntjac
 
Skull

The present-day species are native to Asia and can be found in India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Vietnam, the Indonesian islands, Taiwan and Southern China. Their habitat includes areas of dense vegetation, rainforests, monsoon forests and they like to be close to a water source.[10] They are also found in the lower Himalayas (Terai regions of Nepal and Bhutan).

An invasive population of Reeves's muntjac exists in the United Kingdom and in some areas of Japan.[11] In the United Kingdom, wild muntjac descended from escapees from the Woburn Abbey estate around 1925.[12] Muntjac have expanded rapidly, and are present in most English counties and also in Wales, although they are less common in the north-west. The British Deer Society in 2007 found that muntjac deer had noticeably expanded their range in the UK since 2000.[13] Specimens appeared in Northern Ireland in 2009, and in the Republic of Ireland in 2010.

Inhabiting tropical regions, the deer have no seasonal rut, and mating can take place at any time of year; this behaviour is retained by populations introduced to temperate countries.

Description edit

Tusks edit

Males have short antlers, which can regrow, but they tend to fight for territory with their "tusks" (downward-pointing canine teeth). The presence of these "tusks" is otherwise unknown in native British wild deer and can be an identifying feature to differentiate a muntjac from an immature native deer. Water deer also have visible tusks[14] but they are much less widespread.[citation needed] Although these tusks resemble those of both water deer and the musk deer, the muntjac is not related to either of these (and they are not related to each other). The tusks are a quite different shape in each.

Glands edit

Muntjacs possess various scent glands that have crucial functions in communication and territorial marking. They use their facial glands primarily to mark the ground and occasionally other individuals, and the glands are opened during defecation and urination, as well as sometimes during social displays. While the frontal glands are typically opened involuntarily as a result of facial muscle contractions, the preorbital glands near the eyes can be voluntarily opened much wider and even everted to push out the underlying glandular tissue. Even young fawns are capable of fully everting their preorbital glands.[15]

Genetics edit

 
Muntiacus muntjak chromosomes

Muntjac are of great interest in evolutionary studies because of their dramatic chromosome variations and the recent discovery of several new species. The Indian muntjac (M. muntjak) is the mammal with the lowest recorded chromosome number: The male has a diploid number of 7, the female only 6 chromosomes. Reeves's muntjac (M. reevesi), in comparison, has a diploid number of 46 chromosomes.[16]

Species edit

The genus Muntiacus has 14 recognized species:

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Wells, John (3 April 2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  2. ^ a b "Notes and comments – The alien deer of the Chilterns". New Scientist. 9 April 1959. p. 784. (URL is Google Books)
  3. ^ Baynes, T. S.; Smith, W. R., eds. (1884). "Muntjak" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
  4. ^ Czyżewska, Teresa; Stefaniak, Krzysztof (December 1994). "Euprox furcatus (Hensel, 1859) (Cervidae, Mammalia) from Przeworno (Middle Miocene, Lower Silesia, Poland)" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia. 37 (1): 55–74.
  5. ^ "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Muntiacus vaginalis". 25 September 2015.
  6. ^ "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Muntiacus Muntjak". 18 November 2015.
  7. ^ "muntjac, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, 2003.
  8. ^ Von Zimmerman, Eberhard August Wilhelm (1780), Geographische Geschichte des Menschen, und der Allgemein Verbreiteten Vierfussigen Thiere, vol. II, p. 131. (in German)
  9. ^ Smith-Jones, C. (2020), 'Mastreani deer, a very modern hoax', The British Deer Society: Deer Journal Summer 2020 p25 https://online.fliphtml5.com/svis/tqfn/#p=12
  10. ^ Jackson, Adria. "Muntiacus muntjak (Indian muntjac)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  11. ^ "Reeves's (or Chinese) Muntjac / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  12. ^ Whitehead, George Kenneth (1964). The deer of Great Britain and Ireland: an account of their history, status and distribution. London: Routledge & K. Paul. pp. &#91, page needed&#93, .
  13. ^ Deer Distribution Survey 2007 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine The British Deer Society. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  14. ^ Emily. "Chinese water deer". People's Trust for Endangered Species. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  15. ^ Barrette, C. (1976). "Musculature of facial scent glands in the muntjac". Journal of Anatomy. 122 (Pt 1): 61–66. ISSN 0021-8782. PMC 1231931. PMID 977477.
  16. ^ Wurster, D. H.; Benirschke, K. (1970). "Indian Momtjac, Muntiacus muntiak: A Deer with a Low Diploid Chromosome Number". Science. 168 (3937): 1364–1366. Bibcode:1970Sci...168.1364W. doi:10.1126/science.168.3937.1364. PMID 5444269. S2CID 45371297.
  17. ^ "Muntiacus malabaricus Lydekker, 1915". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. American Society of Mammalogists. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  18. ^ Groves, C. (2003). "Taxonomy of ungulates of the Indian subcontinent". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 100 (2–3): 341–362.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muntiacus.

January 01, 1970
muntjac, munt, also, known, barking, deer, faced, deer, small, deer, genus, muntiacus, native, south, asia, southeast, asia, thought, have, begun, appearing, million, years, with, remains, found, miocene, deposits, france, germany, poland, most, listed, least,. Muntjacs m ʌ n t dʒ ae k MUNT jak 1 also known as the barking deer 2 or rib faced deer 2 are small deer of the genus Muntiacus native to South Asia and Southeast Asia Muntjacs are thought to have begun appearing 15 35 million years ago with remains found in Miocene deposits in France Germany 3 and Poland 4 Most are listed as least concern species or Data Deficient by the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN although others such as the black muntjac Bornean yellow muntjac and giant muntjac are vulnerable near threatened and Critically Endangered respectively 5 6 MuntjacTemporal range Miocene to present Adult female and offspring Muntiacus muntjak in Malaysia Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Family Cervidae Subfamily Cervinae Tribe Muntiacini Genus MuntiacusRafinesque 1815 Type species Cervus muntjakZimmerman 1780 Geographic range Contents 1 Name 2 Distribution 3 Description 3 1 Tusks 3 2 Glands 4 Genetics 5 Species 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksName editThe present name is a borrowing of the Latinized form of the Dutch muntjak which was borrowed from the Sundanese mencek m e n t ʃ e k The Latin form first appeared as Cervus muntjac in Zimmerman in 1780 7 8 An erroneous alternative name of Mastreani deer has its origins in a mischievous Wikipedia entry from 2011 and is incorrect 9 Distribution edit nbsp Head of a muntjac nbsp Skull The present day species are native to Asia and can be found in India Sri Lanka Myanmar Vietnam the Indonesian islands Taiwan and Southern China Their habitat includes areas of dense vegetation rainforests monsoon forests and they like to be close to a water source 10 They are also found in the lower Himalayas Terai regions of Nepal and Bhutan An invasive population of Reeves s muntjac exists in the United Kingdom and in some areas of Japan 11 In the United Kingdom wild muntjac descended from escapees from the Woburn Abbey estate around 1925 12 Muntjac have expanded rapidly and are present in most English counties and also in Wales although they are less common in the north west The British Deer Society in 2007 found that muntjac deer had noticeably expanded their range in the UK since 2000 13 Specimens appeared in Northern Ireland in 2009 and in the Republic of Ireland in 2010 Inhabiting tropical regions the deer have no seasonal rut and mating can take place at any time of year this behaviour is retained by populations introduced to temperate countries Description editTusks edit Males have short antlers which can regrow but they tend to fight for territory with their tusks downward pointing canine teeth The presence of these tusks is otherwise unknown in native British wild deer and can be an identifying feature to differentiate a muntjac from an immature native deer Water deer also have visible tusks 14 but they are much less widespread citation needed Although these tusks resemble those of both water deer and the musk deer the muntjac is not related to either of these and they are not related to each other The tusks are a quite different shape in each Glands edit Muntjacs possess various scent glands that have crucial functions in communication and territorial marking They use their facial glands primarily to mark the ground and occasionally other individuals and the glands are opened during defecation and urination as well as sometimes during social displays While the frontal glands are typically opened involuntarily as a result of facial muscle contractions the preorbital glands near the eyes can be voluntarily opened much wider and even everted to push out the underlying glandular tissue Even young fawns are capable of fully everting their preorbital glands 15 Genetics edit nbsp Muntiacus muntjak chromosomes Muntjac are of great interest in evolutionary studies because of their dramatic chromosome variations and the recent discovery of several new species The Indian muntjac M muntjak is the mammal with the lowest recorded chromosome number The male has a diploid number of 7 the female only 6 chromosomes Reeves s muntjac M reevesi in comparison has a diploid number of 46 chromosomes 16 Species editThe genus Muntiacus has 14 recognized species Bornean yellow muntjac Muntiacus atherodes Hairy fronted muntjac or black muntjac Muntiacus crinifrons Fea s muntjac Muntiacus feae Gongshan muntjac Muntiacus gongshanensis Malabar red muntjak Muntiacus malabaricus 17 Sumatran muntjac Muntiacus montanus Southern red muntjac Muntiacus muntjak Leaf muntjac Muntiacus putaoensis Pu Hoat muntjac Muntiacus puhoatensis Reeves s muntjac or Chinese muntjac Muntiacus reevesi Roosevelt s muntjac Muntiacus rooseveltorum Truong Son muntjac Muntiacus truongsonensis Northern red muntjac Muntiacus vaginalis 18 Giant muntjac Muntiacus vuquangensisSee also editDeer of Great BritainReferences edit Wells John 3 April 2008 Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed Pearson Longman ISBN 978 1 4058 8118 0 a b Notes and comments The alien deer of the Chilterns New Scientist 9 April 1959 p 784 URL is Google Books Baynes T S Smith W R eds 1884 Muntjak Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 17 9th ed New York Charles Scribner s Sons Czyzewska Teresa Stefaniak Krzysztof December 1994 Euprox furcatus Hensel 1859 Cervidae Mammalia from Przeworno Middle Miocene Lower Silesia Poland PDF Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 37 1 55 74 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Muntiacus vaginalis 25 September 2015 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Muntiacus Muntjak 18 November 2015 muntjac n Oxford English Dictionary 2003 Von Zimmerman Eberhard August Wilhelm 1780 Geographische Geschichte des Menschen und der Allgemein Verbreiteten Vierfussigen Thiere vol II p 131 in German Smith Jones C 2020 Mastreani deer a very modern hoax The British Deer Society Deer Journal Summer 2020 p25 https online fliphtml5 com svis tqfn p 12 Jackson Adria Muntiacus muntjak Indian muntjac Animal Diversity Web Retrieved 20 July 2021 Reeves s or Chinese Muntjac Invasive Species of Japan www nies go jp Retrieved 7 April 2018 Whitehead George Kenneth 1964 The deer of Great Britain and Ireland an account of their history status and distribution London Routledge amp K Paul pp amp 91 page needed amp 93 Deer Distribution Survey 2007 Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine The British Deer Society Retrieved 6 September 2011 Emily Chinese water deer People s Trust for Endangered Species Retrieved 27 August 2022 Barrette C 1976 Musculature of facial scent glands in the muntjac Journal of Anatomy 122 Pt 1 61 66 ISSN 0021 8782 PMC 1231931 PMID 977477 Wurster D H Benirschke K 1970 Indian Momtjac Muntiacus muntiak A Deer with a Low Diploid Chromosome Number Science 168 3937 1364 1366 Bibcode 1970Sci 168 1364W doi 10 1126 science 168 3937 1364 PMID 5444269 S2CID 45371297 Muntiacus malabaricus Lydekker 1915 ASM Mammal Diversity Database American Society of Mammalogists Retrieved 21 July 2021 Groves C 2003 Taxonomy of ungulates of the Indian subcontinent Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 100 2 3 341 362 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muntiacus BBC Wales Nature Muntjac deer article nbsp Texts on Wikisource Muntjac New International Encyclopedia 1905 Muntjac Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed 1911 Muntjac Collier s New Encyclopedia 1921 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Muntjac amp oldid 1218398188, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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