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Baháʼí Faith in Greater Boston

October 19, 2023

The Baháʼí Faith in Greater Boston, a combined statistical area, has had glimpses of the religion in the 19th century arising to its first community of religionists at the turn of the century. Early newspaper accounts of events were followed by papers on the precursor Bábí religion by Dr. Rev. Austin H. Wright were noted, materials donated, and lost, and then other scholars began to write about the religion. The community began to coalesce being near to Green Acre, founded by Sarah Farmer, who publicly espoused the religion from 1901. From then on, the institution would progressively be associated with Baháʼís - a place where both locals and people from afar came to learn of the religion, and who officially took over controlling interest from 1913. Leaders rising to national prominence with a national level of organization soon arose after ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, then head of the religion, traveled through the area for about 40 days and across the United States for some 239 days. Most prominent were Harlan Ober, William Henry Randall, and Alfred E. Lunt, who served in events in the Boston area, Green Acre boards, and national institutions of the religion. In addition to national leaders in the religion, a number of notable individuals joined the religion and were increasingly visible - such as Urbain Ledoux, Sadie and Marby Oglesby, James Ferdinand Morton Jr., Nancy Bowditch, and Guy Murchie. The community moved from beginning to host public meetings to systematically support a presence in a Center in Boston with services and presentations on the religion as well as a racially integrated community since 1935. Starting about the 1950s and broadening into the 1960s, there was wider recognition of the Baháʼís themselves. Sometimes this took the form of noting their persecution in Morocco and then Iran and other times noting local concerts and fairs with their participation. The modern community, albeit a tiny fraction of the wider population, is present in some concentrations and thin areas throughout the greater Boston area. Over the last couple of decades, it has been systematically pursuing programs of neighborhood community-building activities of study circles, children's classes, junior youth groups, and devotional meetings among the activities and observances of the religion.

Firsts Edit

Mention of Bábí period Edit

The first mention related to the history of the Baháʼí Faith known in Massachusetts concerns news of Bábism in Qajar Persia, which Baháʼís hold as a direct precursor akin to the relationship between John the Baptist and Jesus.[1] This was a newspaper article printed in the Boston Courier December 29, 1845, reporting on events from the previous June.[2] It is an echo of the original published in the London Times Nov 1, 1845.[3][4] This Boston mention repeated January 1846 in the Boston Evening Transcript,[5] the Christian Witness and Church Advocate,[6] In February in the Christian Journal out of Exeter, New Hampshire,[7] and then again later in June 1847.[8] In Baháʼí records this event is reported in The Dawn-Breakers following Quddús' arrival in Shiraz after the pilgrimage of the Báb.[9] The next newspaper reference to events of this period was in November 1850,[10] echoing newspaper articles as early as the previous July.[11]

Austin Wright Edit

The first "paper" on events of this period is a letter written to the American Oriental Society[4] which was holding its meeting in Boston, and the library of materials was held at the Boston Athenæum.[12] The letter was originally published as part of the minutes of the Society in The Literary World of June 14, 1851,[13] as an untitled entry whose first quote is "notice of a singular character, who has for some years past played a prominent part on the stage of Persian life" dated February 10, 1851, by Dr. Rev. Austin H. Wright. It is considered the first paper to give an account on Bábism, though it makes mistakes typical of the period.[4] See also Josephus on Jesus. It was subsequently also published in a Vermont newspaper June 26, 1851,[14] and a translation was published in a German newspaper.[4] Wright, father of Lucy Myers Wright Mitchell[15] and John Henry Wright, was a medical missionary from New England to Persia among the Nestorian Christians.[16]

Wright followed up with another paper/letter, "A short chapter in the history of Bâbeeism in Persia," to the Society published in May 1853.[17] Donations to the Society, while mentioned in the first paper, are not listed actually being cataloged, however another donation in 1856 is noted when another set was sent.[18] The library of materials of the period was first kept under Charles Folsom at the Boston Athenæum until 1855, then the materials were moved to New Haven and accepted at Yale University in July. The collection was dispersed and then regathered, purged and organized in 1905 by Hanns Oertel.[12] By 1930 the only Bábí related texts in the collection were later works that had been gathered by E. G. Browne.[19]

Wright died in what was then called Urumiah, in Qajar Persia, January 14, 1865.[4]

Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch Edit

Bostonian Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch wrote about the religion following the work of Frenchman Ernst Renan who wrote The Origins of Christianity: The Apostles in 1866.[20][21] Bulfinch had been a Unitarian minister since 1830 but resigned circa 1860 when he accepted the Trinity Doctrine.[22] Across some 11 pages, Bulfinch made comparisons between the Báb and Jesus mostly positive though he also calls the religion a "delusion".[23]

He marks the court examination of the claims of the Báb like the examination of Jesus (suggesting the account may, in fact, have been copied), then after a while continues:

In various respects, the history of Mirza Ali Mohammed, surnamed the Báb, presents startling resemblance to that of the Savior. Claiming descent from an ancient prophet king, he was yet, like Jesus, born in a lowly station; still he was regarded by his followers as the sovereign of his nation and of mankind, whose advent had been long foretold and ardently expected. After leading a life of purity, and uttering words of wisdom, he was put to death, through the hostility of his own government, but by the hands of foreign soldiers; and, before his execution, he was denied by some of his most prominent followers; nay, the very form of contumely with which they were compelled to treat him, was the same which had been used towards the Savior in the hall of the high priest. It is high honor for a teacher of wisdom thus to bear in his own history a resemblance to that of the Redeemer and we would fain believe that Mirza Ali Mohammed was worthy of the distinction. But we cannot forget that the claim was made for him, that he was "the Gate of Truth, the Imam of Islam," the subject of ancient prophecy, the worker of present miracles, and the destined possessor of universal empire ...[23]

James T. Bixby Edit

Though later than the Bábí period perse, Unitarian minister born, educated, and worked often in Massachusetts, James Thompson Bixby wrote about the religion in 1897[24] and made a student journal of Boston College doing so.[25] He also later lectured on the religion in 1901 at Green Acre.[26] Bixby also turned his attention to the Baháʼí period. He published an article on the religion in August 1912 in the North American Review,[27][28] after he had offered it to the Baháʼís to review.[29] Objecting to it, an interview with ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was subsequently arranged in April 1912 and published in Star of the West in August as well.[29]

Bahá´í period firsts Edit

Though the religion was established in the United States before 1900, by then no more than a dozen Baháʼís were in New England.[30] Compared to the early growth in other places, and massive growth in South Carolina decades later, the region had relatively little Millennium interests - see Second and Third Great Awakening and the Burned-over district. Nevertheless, individuals from, educated in, or lived their lives in, Greater Boston were among the first Baháʼís of the United States. At the same time, some perhaps well-meaning if inaccurate reviews or even misinformed views of the Bábist/Baháʼí views were done as early as 1900.[31]

Thornton Chase (February 22, 1847 – September 30, 1912) was born in Springfield, Massachusetts[30] and was a U.S. businessman and writer; he was commonly recognized as the first convert to the Baháʼí Faith of Occidental background. During his life, he organized many Baháʼí activities in Chicago and Los Angeles and is considered a prominent Baháʼí.

In 1895 Kate Ives, née Cowan, of Orleans, Massachusetts, may have been the first woman born in the United States to accept the Baháʼí Faith,[32][33][34]: p.3  and was the first Baháʼí to move to Boston in 1899.[35][36]

Sarah Farmer, Green Acre and the first Baháʼí community of Boston Edit

See also: Green Acre Baháʼí School and Mary Hanford Ford

The Green Acre Baháʼí School is established in Eliot, Maine, at the northern edge of Greater Boston becoming an important learning center for Baháʼís and non-Baháʼís in Greater Boston and across the United States. Maria P. Wilson was in the company of Sarah Farmer on a trip overseas when they learned of the religion in 1900 from Josephine Locke and Elizabeth Knudson.[37] Farmer was publicly linked with the religion in June 1901 after she had found truth in various religions and quasi-religious groups.[38] But of the Baháʼí Faith, it was explained, "... she has found the common faith in which all devout souls may unite and yet be free."[38] It was then announced Green Acre would be a place to learn of the religion, run in parallel with the other classes already established, but for free.[39] Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl, among the most scholarly trained Baháʼís of the time, was there.[38][40][41] Ali Kuli Khan, to serve as his translator, arrived in the United States in June.[42] Abu'l-Faḍl had accompanied Anton Haddad, the first Baháʼí to live in the United States, on his return trip to America. They had been sent by then head of the religion, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.[41] The later well-known Baháʼí Agnes Baldwin Alexander was also there.[43] News of the Boston area community began to be noted in the newspapers.[44] It was at these classes with Abu'l-Faḍl Mary Hanford Ford is considered to have joined the religion.[40][45] Ford moved to the Boston area for a couple of years.[45][46] It was not her first time in Boston.[47] She, Ali Kuli Khan, and the Breeds, whom she introduced to the religion,[48] were soon active as a community in Boston area. By December 1901 Baháʼís in Chicago knew she was a Baháʼí and working with Sarah Farmer on projects.[49] Ford was noted in Boston in November 1903 giving her talk on "The Holy Grail",[50] and news of the mistreatment of Bábís/Baha'is in Persia was noted in August 1903.[51] Khan was soon visible living in Boston in 1904,[52] and Khan had married Bostonian Baháʼí,[53] Florence Breed in 1904.[54] Alice Ives Breed, Florence's mother, originally from Pavilion, Illinois, born Jan 15, 1853, was a leading philanthropist socialite of the area.[48][55][56][57] Ford would return for a talk a decade later.[58]

 
 
Springfield
 
Boston
 
Green Acre
 
Cambridge
class=notpageimage|
Locations of early Baháʼís

Other Baháʼís noted in the period are:[30] Oscar S. Greenleaf was the first Baha'i in Springfield, Massachusetts, Henry Goodale, and Maria P. Wilson soon moved to Boston, Massachusetts in 1902.[37] Professional singer[59] Mary Lucas who went on Baháʼí pilgrimage[60] with Nathan Fitz-Gerald[61] in January–February 1905 and meet ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, then head of the religion. Nebraskan/Illinoian Albert Ross Vail attended Harvard Divinity School, a center of Unitarian training, for 3 years.[62] Vail studied with William James on pragmatist philosophy.[62][63] In 1906, he served as president of the Unitarian student group as well as the Harvard Divinity School Unitarian Club in his final year there.[64][65] It is unknown if he was ever aware of Ali Kuli Khan's appearance at Harvard as a guest of James in 1905,[66] but he moved to Urbana, Illinois and served a Unitarian congregation near the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, arriving in September 1906.[65] The first known connection with Baháʼís is when Vail's group hosted "Amir Ullah Fareed", who was listed as a student of the Medical College of the University, and who spoke on April 28, 1907.[67] Fareed circulated some early printed prayers visible in Boston[37] and would serve as one of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's translators in 1912.[68]

Growing community Edit

After marrying in 1904, Khan gave a talk at Alice Ives Breed's home in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[69] By 1905, regular Baháʼí meetings were established in Boston, whether in homes or in public venues.[35] Khan was visible at a women's club meeting in March 1905 at Sewall Hall.[70] Baháʼís began to be profiled in the news in 1909.[71] Mary Lucas published an account of her pilgrimage in 1909.[60] Lucas would be visible at occasional Baháʼí events[72] until her death in 1934.[73]

 
Harlan Ober in 1907
 
Alfred E. Lunt (1910)

Harlan Ober and Alfred E. Lunt were Bostonians who joined the religion in the summer of 1905 at Green Acre[74] with Ober learning of the religion first through Alice Buckton,[75] and then Lunt learned of the religion from Ober.[76] Ober had been in shipping interests.[75] Ober and Lunt were leaders in Republican party politics on college campuses,[77][78] in the era of the Fourth Party System also known as the Progressive Era. Ober's parents lived in Beverly, Massachusetts,[79] and Lunt was a Harvard Law school graduate.[80] Picture of Lunt[81]

In the summer of 1906, Stanwood Cobb learned of the religion from a series of articles in the Boston Transcript and went to Green Acre to learn more about the religion.[82] He successively conversed with Sarah Farmer[83] and Mary Lucas. Thornton Chase was also there giving a series of talks.[84] It was on that occasion that Cobb joined the religion.[85]

By the winter of 1906 Louis Bourgeois, later architect of the Baháʼí House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois, and his wife had joined the religion after having "come into association with the Baha'i [sic] Faith through Marie Watson and Mary Hanford Ford."[86] Khan and his family went on Baháʼí pilgrimage in 1906.

Circa early 1907 or late 1906, Ober went on Baháʼí pilgrimage and was asked to go with Hooper Harris on a trip to India promulgating the religion, an effort noted as lasting "... no less than seven months, in India and Burma, visiting Bombay, Poona, Lahore, Calcutta, Rangoon, and Mandalay."[87][88] ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's guidance to them amounted to behaving very differently than Christian missionaries.[89] Ober returned and was visible at Green Acre late summer of 1907.[90][91] Ober went on a second pilgrimage in May 1909 with the MacNutt family and others.[90] One early joke in the history of the religion comes from Ober about whether he was going to India or America ...

One day in the Holy Land He told Harlan Ober, an American Baháʼí, that he was to go to India. Harlan Ober did travel far and wide in the interests of the Faith, but at that particular time he did not cherish making that journey. A few days later ʻAbdu'l-Bahá told him to go to America. "But Master," Ober said, "I thought I was going to India." "So did Christopher Columbus," ʻAbdu'l-Bahá replied.[92]

Lunt continued to be active in Republican politics in 1908[93][94] and was visible at Green Acre in 1909.[95]

The Khans returned and he was visible in Boston by 1908.[96] That year, the first Baháʼí governing board was elected, the forerunner of the first Local Spiritual Assembly of Boston.[35][97] The community sent a delegate to the first national convention in 1909,[98] and the existence of the community was noted in a national journal.[97] The first known meeting in a public meeting space was held on November 7, 1909.[37] The following were present: Harriet Sprague, Lily Ostburg, Frances Godard, Helen Campbell, Francis Harding, Anise Rideout, Julia Culver, Raffie Esphahani, Althea Dorr, George Ostburg, Maria P. Wilson, Alice Ives Breed. On March 24, 1910, the assembly was composed of:[37] officers Harlan Ober, Grace Robarts, Julia Culver, George Ostburg, and members Mrs. H. Sprague; Mrs. F. Goddard, Alice Ives Breed, Helen Campbell, and Mrs. E. Flees. Notable speakers at events in the Boston community included Stanwood Cobb, Lua Getsinger, and Edna McKinney.[37]

Khan was then appointed Iranian Charge D'Affaires in Washington D. C. in 1910.[99]

In 1911 Lunt was visible as a solicitor for Beverly, Mass.,[100] member of the national executive board of the Baháʼís,[101] and participating in a Bostonian Baháʼí Naw-Rúz commemoration with guests.[102]

Fannie Fern Andrews of Boston was the second vice president of the Persian Educational Society in 1912 with strong connections to the religion.[103]

ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in the area Edit

 
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, during his trip to the United States
Main article: ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's journeys to the West

ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, then head of the religion, embarked on travels to the West following release from imprisonment and was anticipated to come to Boston.[104]

Arrival in United States Edit

Before coming to Boston, on 23 April 1912, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá attended several events.[105] One was a reception in Washington D. C. by the Persian Charge D'Affaires Ali Kuli Khan, and the Turkish Ambassador;[106] at this reception ʻAbdu'l-Bahá moved the place-names such that the only African-American present, Louis G. Gregory, was seated at the head of the table next to himself, an event that was highly noted at the time and since.[106][107] One of the early versions of the story of this event was told by Harlan Ober.[105]

Newspaper reporters in Boston asked ʻAbdu'l-Bahá why he had come to America, and he stated that he had come to participate in conferences on peace and that just giving a warning messages is not enough.[108] A full page summary of the religion was printed in the New York Times.[109] A booklet on the religion was published late April out of Boston.[110]

 
Mohonk Mountain House, a resort hotel located on the Shawangunk Ridge

On 14 May ʻAbdu'l-Bahá went to northern New York state to Lake Mohonk addressing the Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration and stayed at the Mohonk Mountain House.[105][111][112][113][114][115]

His talk was covered by many publications including one from Boston,[116][117][118][119][120] and began

When we consider history, we find that civilization is progressing, but in this century its progress cannot be compared with that of past centuries. This is the century of light and of bounty. In the past, the unity of patriotism, the unity of nations and religions was established; but in this century, the oneness of the world of humanity is established; hence this century is greater than the past.[114]

Harlan Ober and Grace Robarts (who had learned of the religion from Lua Getsinger,)[76] were married in July 1912 with ʻAbdu'l-Bahá attending.[121][122] Grace served as housekeeper and hostess for ʻAbdu'l-Bahá during his journeys in America.[123]

First Boston visit Edit

ʻAbdu'l-Bahá left New York City on the 22nd of May for Boston where he would be for four days. On the evening of his arrival, he addressed a Unitarian convention, then went on.[107] There was an audience of some three thousand including hundreds of Unitarian ministers.[124] On the 23rd he visited a Greek-Syrian relief agency, a special meeting at the University of Worcester, Massachusetts,[107] and a party for his birthday was held during which he spoke of the importance of the Báb though he also lamented the cake, which had flags of United States, Persia, and the UK, wasn't big enough to hold flags from all countries. On the 24th, he met with individuals, a talk before some Unitarians, another in Brookline, and then a talk at the home of a Baháʼí.[107] On the 25th, he met with individuals.[107] Sometime during this visit is the incident where William Randall delivered grape juice for ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.[125]

Second Boston visit Edit

ʻAbdu'l-Bahá arrived for the second time in Boston on July 23 but sent most of the entourage ahead to Dublin, NH.[107] That evening, he addressed an audience at a hotel as well as a later one in the home of the Breeds. On the 24th, he spoke with individual visitors and for a talk before a club. Some from the club followed him back from that talk, and on return, there was also a line of people waiting for him at the hotel that evening. He also spoke to the Boston Theosophical Society. On the 25th, he met with individuals before he left for Dublin.[107]

Dublin, NH Edit

From July 26 to August 16, he was in Dublin.[107] He often met with individuals and small groups or made short trips to visit nearby Baha'is and a camp for youth. He also carried on corresponding through letter across the United States and Europe. One evening he announced the betrothal of Louis G. Gregory and Louisa Mathew and astonished the crowd.[107] Elders with ear trumpets listened. Once he took his Persian entourage aside and spoke comparing feasts of kings that were brilliant but had no enthusiasm while there they ate modestly and in hard circumstances, or so it seemed, but everywhere there was real enthusiasm of the heart.[107] On August 11, he was noted speaking to a local Unitarian church with answers to questions of such length and detail that it was claimed he must have memorized the answers beforehand. He compared his yearning to see the audience to the Apostles that traveled far to see people. From there, he left for Green Acre on August 16.

Green Acre Edit

 
Photograph of Abdul-Baha visiting Green Acre, United States, in 1912

He then went to Eliot, Maine from 16 to 23 Aug, where he stayed in Green Acre.[105][111] Some five[107] or eight hundred people were there to hear the first talk.[126] The talk was about ways of knowing the truth - he disavowed individual approaches like pure reason, simple authority, individual inspiration, etc., but affirmed:

[A] statement presented to the mind accompanied by proofs which the senses can perceive to be correct, which the faculty of reason can accept, which is in accord with traditional authority and sanctioned by the promptings of the heart, can be adjudged and relied upon as perfectly correct, for it has been proved and tested by all the standards of judgment and found to be complete.[126]

Some in the audience repudiated their former beliefs of inspiration as pure truth.[107] At other talks, audience members wept during his prayers or fainted. He spoke to a girls club camp group by the river on August 19.

Fred Mortensen arrived August 20.[107][127] Mortensen had been a criminal that fled arrest - his lawyer was Baháʼí Albert Hall of Minnesota from whom he learned of the religion. Mortensen rode trains from Minneapolis to Cleveland and on to Green Acre - all by way of Freighthopping. Being introduced in a crowd, he was embarrassed at his dirty appearance and then was told to sit down amid the company of people in fine dress and wait, but soon ʻAbdu'l-Bahá returned and began to speak closely with Mortensen. His inquiry revealed how Mortisen had traveled and Mortisen felt kindness from ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Mortisen had arrived on a day ʻAbdu'l-Baha had arranged as a feast.[107] On the last day at Green Acre he met with individuals and left on the 23rd.

Malden, Massachusetts Edit

His final destination in New England was Malden, Massachusetts at the home of Maria P. Wilson, originally of Boston, where he stayed from 23 to 29 August.[107] In Malden, he spoke to various groups[107] - a New Thought movement,[128] a women's suffrage group,[129] a metaphysical thought group,[130] and a theosophical group.[107] He also attended a marriage ceremony of Clarence Johnson and Ruby Breed, daughter of Alice Breed and sister to Florence Breed Khan.[107]

Albert Vail accompanied William H. Randall meeting ʻAbdu'l-Bahá there in late August.[131] Vail would later mark this as a pivotal point for his life[132] but at first, he didn't remark on it publicly. Later he said:

Six years ago I met a servant of God named Abdul Baha, so universal in mind, brilliant in utterance, so pure, so radiant with universal love, so majestic in the power of his holy spirit that I became convinced he and his equally perfect and glorious father, Baha o'llah, were God's own messengers of light and salvation to our modern world ...[132]

ʻAbdu'l-Bahá then left for Montreal, arriving near midnight on 30 August 1912.

After effects of the visit Edit

A number of individuals and institutions became more prominent after ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's travels through the region.

Albert Vail Edit

As early as January 1913, Albert Vail, then a Unitarian Minister, was visibly promulgating the religion,[133] and was listed as the delegate to the "Bahai Temple Unity" national convention from the Urbana Baháʼí community.[134] He reported on developments in Urbana, Illinois of study of the Baháʼí teachings and seems to quote the Writings saying: "It is remarkable to observe how the Spirit seems to catch and hold one, and the whole life seems set aflame as to the Truth. There is a mystery, a force in the Cause far above the ken of men and angels." and then spoke with an eloquence that moved and thrilled the audience. In a separate account of the convention, it was noted he was the final speaker of the meeting and that his "discourse was unique in penetrating power and beauty of utterance among all the eloquent addresses of the Convention" and that the chair had stopped reviewing the watch to limit speakers.[135] Both accounts lamented that the speech was not written down, but one said it traced the proofs of Manifestation, noting the martyrdoms of Persia, the need for divine authority to solve human problems, and the lives of the Central Figures of the Faith.

Vail was officially recognized to have joined the religion years later,[136] after the majority of his congregation insisted he stop promoting the religion.[137][132]

Green Acre and contributing to the national leadership Edit

Further information: Baháʼí administration and Green Acre

In the summer of 1913, Baháʼís felt the strength of organization to attempt to win control of the board of Green Acre.[138][139] Following this, Kate Ives, the first Baháʼí of Boston, wrote a letter to the editor inviting Portsmouth residents to a talk on the religion.[140] In 1914, Alfred E. Lunt was Secretary of the annual convention to elect the national leadership and was himself then elected[141] along with William Henry Randall.[142]

In Spring 1915 Baháʼís gathered for the Panama–Pacific International Exposition - among them were Harlan Ober and Alfred E. Lunt.[143] ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wrote a letter about Expo thanking those that gathered.[144] Following this, Randall and Ober and others were visible at Green Acre.[145] Sarah Farmer changed her will to bequeath Green Acre to the Baháʼís in the event of her death and her family involuntarily committed her to a mental institution[76][146] - in 1915, Randall lead the idea of rescuing her executed in combination by Randal, Ledoux, and Montford Mills,[76][147] ultimately gathering a chief of police and a judge to accompany a court order to effect her freedom.[148][149] Meanwhile, Lunt again served on the national board of Baháʼís[150] this time as president,[151] with Ober as secretary.[152] Meanwhile, Ober wrote a letter to the editor of the Boston Post about the religion and Green Acre.[153] Farmer died, shortly after being released, in 1916.[154] Kate Ives read the eulogy, and attending were Lunt, Ober, and Randall, and others from Boston and the area. Ober was noted as an officer of Green Acre along with Lunt.[155]

The Baháʼís held meetings for the 1917 national convention at Green Acre[150][156] and Boston.[157]

Alfred E. Lunt Edit

Lunt was on the summer schedule at Green Acre in 1917,[158] and performed a funeral program there in July 1918.[159] Lunt gave a series of talks in Chicago in May 1919,[160] as well as on the question of the minimum wage in 1922.[161]

Lunt was noted on the board of trustees of Green Acre 1925,[162] and served on the national assembly in 1928.[163] In 1930 Lunt gave a talk in New York,[164] and published "The Supreme Affliction: A Study in Baháʼí Economics and Socialization".[165] Lunt was at a Temple dedication in 1931.[166] In 1937, Lunt was visible giving a talk in New York again.[167]

William Randall Edit

In 1917 Randall was noted speaking in Montreal in March.[168] Randall was again elected to the national board, and that year he was elected as president of the board.[169] Randall was again elected, this time as national treasurer, in 1918.[170] In 1919, Randall accompanied Vail on pilgrimage and his account was read verbatim to the national convention in the United States.[171] He was listed as the contact for announcing events and reserving rooms at Green Acre in 1920 by Albert Vail.[172]

Randall was appointed to the supervisory board of the Baháʼí periodical Star of the West in 1922,[173] and contributed an article on Green Acre.[174] In 1923, he was noted as chairman of the board of Green Acre[175] while continuing as treasurer for the national community[176] for the newly designated National Spiritual Assembly.[177] In 1925, it was announced the administrative offices of the religion would be run from Green Acre.[178]

Randall also took part in the 1928 Race Amity Convention held at Green Acre.[179] Perhaps Randall's final appearance was August 1928 at a commemoration of the visit of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá to Green Acre.[180]

Randall died February 11, 1929, and a cable from Shoghi Effendi, then head of the religion, stated: "Grief stricken passing Harry Randall. Distinguished and Beloved Servant of Baháʼu'lláh. Assure family and friends fervent prayers, heartfelt condolences in behalf Holy Leaves and myself. Hold befitting Memorials -signed Shoghi."[37][75]

The Obers Edit

Harlan Ober was elected to the national executive board in 1917,[181] and was at the 1919 national convention held in New York[182] at which the Tablets of the Divine Plan, a series of letters about promulgating the religion intra-and-internationally following World War I were officially presented,[183] following which he gave a talk at a Chicago meeting in May.[184] Letters suggesting that Baháʼís take up "deeds, not words" following the Red Summer (1919) race riots arrived at Ober and soon there were Race Amity Conventions.[185]

In 1920 Ober was present in Syria for the Knighting of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.[186] Randall was elected to the national board again in 1920[187] as treasurer[188] and addressed the convention.[189]

In 1928 Ober gave a talk in Brooklyn,[190] and Grace hosted an evening social at Green Acre.[191] Ober gave a talk in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1929.[192] In 1930 Ober returned to Pennsylvania to give another talk,[193] and was also noticed in Brooklyn.[194]

1931 Ober was with Louis Gregory for a talk.[195]

The Ober family purchased a home near Green Acre in 1932[196] and Harlan soon was reading on the radio at WHEB weekly after noon from Spring into the Fall from 1933 into 1935,(with occasional gaps.)[197] Grace spoke at the Portsmouth chapter of Hadassah[198] and Harlan was also visible at other events - a funeral,[199] and several series of talks in 1933.[200][201][202] In 1933, he also gave a program series on "Psychology and Life" for Alpha Beta sorority[203] and a ladies club.[204][205]

In November 1934, Ober gave a talk in Eliot for the Christian Endeavor Society,[206] a Zeta Alpha Men's Club of a Baptist church.[207] The family wintered in New York to February 1935,[208] and their college student daughter visited them in the summer of 1935.[209]

Ober was a substitute speaker in January 1936 at Green Acre,[210] and lead a funeral there.[211]

Grace died immediately after giving a talk at the Chicago Baha'i national convention in April 1938 - Harlan was then serving on the national spiritual assembly after traveling in Louisville, Kentucky.[212] Harlan gave his next talk at Green Acre that July, (noted as a radio personality too,)[213] toured universities in December 1938,[214] and served on the Green Acre summer committee for the school in 1939.[215] That fall he was in the Golden Gate International Exposition in October with Louis G. Gregory,[216] and spoke at an evening meeting.[217] In 1940 he gave a talk at the Baháʼí Temple,[218][219] and was again elected to the national assembly.[220]

In 1941 he is noted among the Green Acre management for the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States and Canada (as it was then).[221] Their son married at the later summer.[222] In July 1942 he gives talk at Green Acre,[223] followed by a series of talks.[224][225]

He was in a Green Acre race Amity meeting in August 1942,[226] and directly after was at a general session at Green Acre.[227][228]

Ober was one among several present in a 1943 series of talks at Green Acre.[229][230] A 1944 series included Ober and Bostonian Nancy Bowditch[231] and he gave a later series at Portsmouth Baháʼí Center.[232][233]

In 1945 Ober took a trip to Montana, where he gave a talk,[234] Ottawa in 1946,[235] and tried to make an impression on Prince Edward Island (without much success).[236] In 1947, he was in Utah giving a talk.[237]

He stayed home in the summer of 1951,[238] and officiated at funeral of Louis G. Gregory,[239] which he followed up with a series of talks at Green Acre[240] as well as other opportunities.[241][242][243] For a few years, the public mentions of him are a couple of funerals he oversaw,[244][245] but in 1956 he gave a series of talks.[246]

In the summer of 1961, a Baháʼí pioneer met Ober, who was on a trip in Africa at the time.[247]

Some individuals Edit

Nancy Bowditch Edit

Main article: Nancy Douglas Bowditch

Also known as Mrs. Harold Bowditch, (July 4, 1890 – May 1, 1979,) Nancy was the daughter of George de Forest Brush who was active in Dublin, New Hampshire as well as Europe.[248][249][250]

The Brush family interacted with ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and the Baháʼís while in Dublin in July and August 1912, especially during an annual out-of-doors play as well as a visit to their farm,[249][251][252] but her first husband died unexpectedly in September.[253] Nancy moved from place to place until she married Harvard graduate[254] Dr. Harold Bowditch October 1916.[249][254]

Bowditch became more involved with costume work for theatre productions.[249] While her life was going well she also felt "something was wanting in my existence and couldn't put a finger on ... I then began to seek for that missing link, going to most every church and attending various meetings ... (and) hearing of a meeting to be held in Boston about the Baháʼí Faith."[249]

I'll never forget entering the large hall and seeing around me such a different type of gathering from the usual Boston crowd. Here were both rich and poor, along with every race. Many were black. I listened to a wonderful talk on the Faith by Mr. Harry Randall and was so thrilled! Afterwards I made my way straight to the table where books were being sold in order to learn more about the subject. I picked out as many as could be comfortably carried home on the streetcar, then found to my dismay that I didn't have enough money with which to pay for them! The person at the book stand told me it was all right to take them home and pay at the next meeting.[249]

This may have been an event the Boston Baháʼí community hosted called a "World Unity Conference" as part of a series sponsored by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States and covered in the Boston Evening Transcript.[35] Randall helped organize and spoke at it.[255] She then credits Randall, Louise Drake Wright and her sister Mrs. George Nelson as aiding her inquiry into the religion while she read books like Baháʼu'lláh and the New Era.[249] She officially joined the religion in 1929.[249] She was visible in the 1930 Race Amity Convention held at Green Acre,[256] and left on Baháʼí pilgrimage in late March 1931 with her then 19 yr. old daughter.[249] They spent three weeks in the area of Haifa and left by way of Jerusalem taking in Christian paths of pilgrimage.[249] She then attended the 1931 national convention reporting on events in Boston as the Chair of the Boston Assembly.[257] She wrote of her pilgrimage in Star of the West in July 1931,[258] and spoke of it in August.[259]

She would continue working with the religion with occasional gaps in public mention.[260] In 1948 she was listed as the corresponding secretary of the Baháʼí group of Brookline, Massachusetts,[261]

The Bowditch's moved to Peterborough, New Hampshire in the south of the state in 1959,[262] and attended the 1963 Baháʼí World Congress with a granddaughter,[249] and in 1965 Nancy is pictured on the first local Spiritual Assembly.[263]

Harold died in August 1964 and their home at 12 Pine Street became the official Baháʼí Center of the community in 1967 at which Guy Murchie gave a talk for the opening ceremony.[249]

In 1970 she was at the official presentation of a Baháʼí book to then Governor Walter R. Peterson Jr.[264] and published a book on her father.[265]

1972 she was noted for a Portsmouth Friends of the Library,[266] spoke at Meriden Connecticut on her memory of meeting ʻAbdu'l-Bahá,[267] and aided in costumes for play at Keene State College.[268]

Urbain Ledoux Edit

Main article: Urbain Ledoux

Urbain J. Ledoux, (August 13, 1874 – April 8, 1941,) later known as "Mr. Zero", referring to his not wanting his own name to be prominent, was motivated early in his quest of service to humanity.[269] After various stages of a career of service to others he reached the stage of a career diplomat.[148][270][271] His approach of advocating for business development as a means to promote the interests of humanity was challenged, that it would be fruitless for higher aims unless personal transformation were brought to bear.[269] He quit the diplomatic service and sought to work with non-governmental organizations for both business and peace interests. Soon he was working with the Baháʼís[148] and present during the conflict over the status of Sarah Farmer as noted above.[272] After that he then began to found institutions seeking to aide humanity, making news first with the unemployment after the First World War among workers and veterans with a breadline in 1919.[273][274]

He advocated for the Baháʼí Faith but was often misunderstood,[148][275][276] though he did so with a limited understanding of the principles of the religion and proceeded to set up events aimed at raising awareness of the suffering of the unemployed in New York and Boston.[148][275] His efforts were seen as too confrontational and his events were repeatedly shut down even when he sought to be less confrontational and have discussions with leaders. The work was renewed with greater intensity during the Great Depression but he was in his 60s already and died soon after. Some of his work and antics were recorded in pictures and newsreels.[277][278] He died in 1941.[279]

Sadie and Marby Oglesby Edit

Main article: Sadie and Marby Oglesby

African-Americans Sadie (April 10, 1881[280] - Feb 1956[281]) and Marby Oglesby (January 14, 1870[282] - May 19, 1945[283]) became interested in the religion in 1913, joined it in 1917,[283] were visible in newspapers giving talks on the religion since the 1920s through most of their lives,[284] and Sadie went on Baháʼí pilgrimage in March 1927 during which race issues were a prominent part of the conversations and that Sadie should take a more engaged effort towards encouraging whites towards that unity as well as blacks.[285] Sadie was the third black pilgrim, the first black woman, the first black pilgrim to meet Shoghi Effendi as head of the religion.[286][283] Mabry was a railroad Pullman porter[287] and president of the Boston chapter of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in 1936.[288] Sadie also worked and taught as a nurse.[289] The couple had married in Washington DC in 1901[290] Both were also elected to the Boston Spiritual Assembly over many years where Sadie often served as secretary and occasionally as treasurer.[283][291] Louis G. Gregory commented that the Boston Baháʼí community was integrated by 1935 with a large proportion being colored and largely through the work of Sadie.[292]

James Ferdinand Morton Edit

Main article: James Ferdinand Morton Jr.

Beginning in 1907 James Ferdinand Morton, (October 18, 1870 – October 7, 1941,) published a series of articles under "Fragments of a Mental Autobiography" in a journal named Libra[293] which outlines his religious background beginning with Baptist family heritage, goes through Unitarian relatives, and Theosophy exploration,[294] (he was president of the Boston Theosophical Society in 1895)[295] and placing Jesus and the Buddha among those on the highest level of his admiration even if he found fault with all scripture and organized religion.[294] In this period Morton was an avid "evangelist" atheist,[296] and often spoke out against religion,[297] but he had already encountered the Baháʼí Faith which:

At first, I regarded it with amused interest, as one of many little cults; but gradually I found myself drawn into closer and closer relation with it. There was a wideness in its attitude which I had not found elsewhere. It held place for what was best in Christianity, Judaism, Mohammedanism, Buddhism, Freethought and all the rest, warring with none of these, but finding each of them definitely serviceable to the larger spiritual plan of the universe. It is the great reconciler and harmonizer. I have discovered in it an abiding-place which I had sought in vain for many restless years. It increases, rather than decreases, my eagerness to continue the investigation of truth without bias, and to labor energetically in all branches of human service. I have no fault to find with the differing conclusions of other truth-lovers, and am ready to work with them all as occasion offers.[294] (near 1910)[298]

He became a convert to the religion in later life.[296][299] Morton is visibly in Baháʼí circles from 1915 on the program of presenters at Green Acre.[300]

Progress of the local community Edit

In 1913 the Boston Baháʼí community rented a room on Huntington Avenue for its weekly public meetings followed in 1914 when it moved to the S.S. Pierce building in Copley Square.[35]

In 1917 greater Boston communities were noted sending delegates to the national convention:[301] a combined Beverly-Salem MA delegation (Clarence H. Lunt, Edw. D. Struven), Boston proper (W. H. Randall, A. W. Randall), Cambridge (M. A. Doer), Dublin, NH (Frank A. Chant, Leona St. C Barnitz), Eliot, ME (Kate C. Ives), and Worcester, MA (Howard Stuven, Helen C Greene).

News of the survival of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá near the end of World War I made the Boston Post, October 1918.[302]

In 1919 the Boston Baháʼí community rented a twelve-room house[35] at 120 Charles St. which continued in early 1920.[303] In July a meeting was held at Hotel Victoria.[304] Baháʼí pilgrims returning by the end of the year were noted in the Boston Post included Mrs. C H Cooper., H. S. Goodall, and A. J. Frankland.[305] By early 1921 a more sustained series of meetings are held at Chauncy Hall at 585 Boylston St, (former home of local suffrage meetings,)[306] Sunday evenings.[307] And there was December coverage of the death of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in neighboring Fritchburg.[308]

In 1926 the Boston Baháʼí community hosted a "World Unity Conference"[35] as noted above where Nancy Bowditch learned of the religion. The first day long meeting was held at Steinert Hall, the second at the Second Unitarian Church, and third at the Church of the Redemption where Randall chaired the day.[255]

In 1939 Louise Erickson took a trip around New England promoting the religion.[309]

In 1940 the Local Spiritual Assembly of Boston was incorporated,[35] and the community held its own "Race Unity Day" in 1945.[35]

In 1950 the Boston Baháʼí Center was established at 116 Commonwealth Avenue[35] and a regional conference was held August 1951 in Fritchburg with Baháʼís from the region and beyond.[310] In March/April 1952 the Baháʼí Spiritual Assembly of Boston was interviewed for the show "Our Believing World" on station WBZ-TV.[311]

Guy Murchie Edit

Main article: Guy Murchie

Guy Murchie (Jr.), (25 January 1907 - 8 July 1997,) the son of Ethel A. and Guy Murchie Sr.[312][313] Sr Murchie was close to President Theodore Roosevelt such that while sitting as president Theodore Roosevelt and his wife attended Guy Jr.'s christening.[314] Guy Jr was raised as an Episcopalian,[315] attended Kent School, which at the time was just "for Boys", graduated from Harvard in 1929.[316] Murchie's interest in the Baháʼí Faith began when he was tasked with writing an article about the Baháʼí House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois around 1938,[313][317][318] and then officially joined the religion 1939.[319] He had been impressed with the unique qualities of the temple being a blend of east and west styles, and extended his interest when his insights of the biological unity of humanity was raised to a spiritual affirmation.[313] In 1946 Murchie and then wife Barbara Cooney moved to Pepperell, Massachusetts and worked with the high school.[320] though Cooney and Murchie divorced in 1947.[321] In 1954 Murchie toured Iran visiting several sites holy to Baháʼís.[322] Diary notes of his travels became the basis of a series of articles in the 1960s and later. But starting in 1955 he began to be more public with his choice of religion[323] - several news stories in the wider media noted it which were closely followed by Baháʼís.[324] However it wasn't until the passing of his father in 1958[325] that he became even more public - not least was his own public statement in 1958 in the Chicago Tribune "I am a Baháʼí".[315]

Matthew Bullock Sr Edit

Main article: Matthew W. Bullock

Matthew Washington Bullock (September 11, 1881 in Dabney, North Carolina - December 17, 1972 , Detroit, Michigan) rose to distinction in many fields mostly in the greater Boston area for much of his life, and many of them with instances of racism in opposition to his life and skill, through which he persevered as a pioneer for justice and humanity.[326][327][328][329] He began with American football playing and coaching achieving firsts, degrees from Dartmouth(1904) and Harvard Law School,(1907) service in Morehouse College and Alabama A & M University and during World War I, then on various appointed positions in Massachusetts State government totaling some 26 years, most notably the State Parole Board including 5 years as its chair, was locally and then nationally known as a member of the National Urban League and the leadership of the Massachusetts Bar Association. While several of these were ongoing he joined the Bahá'í Faith in 1940 after membership in different Christian Churches. Without electioneering in Bahá'í administration,[330] in a decade and a year after serving on the Boston Bahá'í Spiritual Assembly and the Regional Teaching Committee he was elected to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States. On his second term, after pilgrimage and taking part in the Intercontinental Bahá'í Conference in Uganda, being of service in Africa and the dedication of the Bahá'í House of Worship in Wilmette, he resigned along with many of his co-members to pioneer during the Ten Year Crusade for which he was named a Knight of Bahá'u'lláh because he chose a virgin territory. After returning home he undertook tours in the North and South in America promoting the religion, a final year of service with state government, and then was given two honorary degrees - first from Harvard Law School and second from Dartmouth College. He's buried in Boston.[331][332]

Increasing recognition Edit

In 1960 Hand of the Cause, a prominent and renowned Baháʼí, Amatu'l-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum visited the Boston Baháʼí community and offered several talks during her visit.[35]

The Harvard Crimson's first article noting the religion seems to have been concerning the Baháʼí persecution in Morocco,[333] followed by notice of Harvard Baháʼís attending the first Baháʼí World Congress, both in 1963,[334] including Sam McClellan, nephew of Albert Vail.[63]

In 1965 the first assembly is noted in Fitchburg.[335]

In 1966 another regional conference held.[336]

In 1967 the Boston Baháʼís move their Center to 40 St. Botolph Street.[35]

Boston College had a class on the religion circa 1968.[337]

Quiet since 1963, the Harvard Crimson's next mention of the religion was in 1970.[338] It was followed up in 1971[339] and 1973.[340]

A number of Portsmouth New Hampshire Baháʼís - Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Milden with children Steve and Laugel, Elizabeth Frazier and Ruth Silva - left to attend a conference of Baháʼís in South Carolina in Spring 1970 right at the beginning of a period of intense growth of the religion there.[341]

Local Unitarian Universalist held a meeting on the religion in 1971 and Dwight W. Allen, then of the University of Massachusetts School of Education, was among speakers on the religion.[342]

In 1974 local 'Old Ipswich Days' fair of Ipswich, Massachusetts had Baháʼí participants,[343] while Baháʼís Seals and Crofts played at the Boston Music Hall in March.[344]

In 1977 the Boston Baháʼí Center established a lending library as well as regular programming for children and collective activities to promote awareness of the religion.[35]

Circa 1983 the Harvard-Radcliffe Baháʼí Association (college club) was noted having 12 members.[345] The club was more profiled in 1987.[346]

In 1986 the city council of Cambridge and Mayor released a proclamation recommending that the whole city read and take to heart: The Promise of World Peace, written by the Universal House of Justice, then and current head of the religion.[35][347] An article also ran in The Heights profiling a college student from Iran at Boston College,[348] and a campus meeting about the religion.[349]

In 1988 the national assembly of the United States picked Boston among its four foci for expansion of the religion and a conference of some 800 Baháʼís gathered.[350]

In 1990 the Boston Baháʼís move their Center to 495 Columbus Avenue and it is moved again in 1993 to its current location at 595 Albany Street.[35]

Modern community Edit

In the 1990s, Baháʼís attending Harvard were occasionally noted in The Harvard Crimson, whether commenting about issues on campus,[351] or being profiled about the persecution of Baháʼís in Iran.[352] In 2002, Baháʼí words were included in a 9/11 commemoration on campus.[353] In 2004, a student who had converted in high school during a year abroad in the Czech Republic was profiled in The Harvard Crimson.[354] In 2005, the Baha'i association co-sponsored "Belief in Action", a day devoted to service projects,[355] and also supported interfaith discussions.[356] In 2006, without referencing the Baháʼí club, campus groups turned out in support of an Iran Freedom Concert on the Harvard campus,[357] and noted a number issues related to the Baháʼí Institute for Higher Education, in Iran.[358] Baháʼís were noted as Abrahamic in 2006.[359] The club was again profiled by The Harvard Crimson in 2007, when it was only six members and two overseas,[360] reporting that it was still active in supporting interfaith events.[361] In 2011, Rainn Wilson's support of events related to freedom of education in Iran, including the Baháʼí Institute for Higher Education, was noted on the Harvard campus.[362]

From 1996 to the present, the Greater Boston Baháʼí community adopted a systematic approach to grassroots community development taking root in Baháʼí communities all over the world, based around four core activities: study circles, children's classes, junior youth groups, and devotional meetings.[35]

In 2008, the Boston Baháʼí community participated in the Stamford, Connecticut regional conferences convened by the Baháʼí Universal House of Justice.[363] In 2011 and 2012, Boston University and MIT were among the cites for a campaign about the barriers to college education in Iran, to which the Baháʼí Institute for Higher Education was a response.[350] A youth regional conference was also held in 2013.[364] The reformed Race Amity Convention system was re-established by the National Center for Race Amity starting in 2010,[365] which helped establish the Masschusettes observance of Race Amity Day in 2015,[366] and its continued observance,[367] as well as a nationally telecast documentary on positive race relations, An American story : Race Amity and the other tradition[368] and another project of conferences in Tennessee, Texas, and Georgia,[369] and a youtube channel.[370]

Demographics Edit

There is no county approaching 1% Baháʼís in the region but there are more Baháʼís per capita in southern New Hampshire.[371] less in Massachusetts,[372] Within that broad pattern there are significant variations - counties where the county level per capita count of Baháʼís is several times above or below the average. In Franklin County, Massachusetts[373] and Hampshire County, Massachusetts[374] there are 5x higher concentration of Baháʼís than that state's average, and down to Bristol County, Massachusetts[375] and Plymouth County, Massachusetts[376] at about half the average. On one end of the greater area, for Rhode Island, per capita Baháʼí counts range from a bit above Rhode Island average in Newport, Rhode Island,[377] to a low in Bristol County, Rhode Island at half that state's average.[378] And on the other end of the greater area in southern New Hampshire, per capita Baháʼí counts range from a high in Belknap County, New Hampshire[379] to a low of near a third of that in Rockingham County, New Hampshire.[380]

In Massachusetts, in addition to Boston, today there are Local Spiritual Assemblies, the local administrative body, in Brookline, Cambridge, Malden, Medford, Newton, Somerville, Waltham, and Watertown.[36]

See also Edit

Further reading Edit

  • Anne Gordon Perry; Rosanne Adams-Junkins; Robert Atkinson; Richard Grover; Diane Iverson; Robert H Stockman; Burton W.F. Trafton Jr. (2012) [1991]. Green Acre on the Piscataqua (3rd ed.). Baha'i Publishing Trust. ISBN 978-0-87743-364-4.
  • Bahiyyih Randall Winckler (1 September 1996). William Henry Randall: Disciple of ʻAbdu'l-Baha'. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-85168-124-2.
  • M. Hussein Ahdieh (1987). ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in New York: The City of the Covenant. Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the City of New York.
  • O. Z. Whitehead (1 January 1976). Some Early Baha'is of the West. Ronald. ISBN 978-0-85398-065-0.

References Edit

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October 19, 2023
baháʼí, faith, greater, boston, combined, statistical, area, glimpses, religion, 19th, century, arising, first, community, religionists, turn, century, early, newspaper, accounts, events, were, followed, papers, precursor, bábí, religion, austin, wright, were,. The Bahaʼi Faith in Greater Boston a combined statistical area has had glimpses of the religion in the 19th century arising to its first community of religionists at the turn of the century Early newspaper accounts of events were followed by papers on the precursor Babi religion by Dr Rev Austin H Wright were noted materials donated and lost and then other scholars began to write about the religion The community began to coalesce being near to Green Acre founded by Sarah Farmer who publicly espoused the religion from 1901 From then on the institution would progressively be associated with Bahaʼis a place where both locals and people from afar came to learn of the religion and who officially took over controlling interest from 1913 Leaders rising to national prominence with a national level of organization soon arose after ʻAbdu l Baha then head of the religion traveled through the area for about 40 days and across the United States for some 239 days Most prominent were Harlan Ober William Henry Randall and Alfred E Lunt who served in events in the Boston area Green Acre boards and national institutions of the religion In addition to national leaders in the religion a number of notable individuals joined the religion and were increasingly visible such as Urbain Ledoux Sadie and Marby Oglesby James Ferdinand Morton Jr Nancy Bowditch and Guy Murchie The community moved from beginning to host public meetings to systematically support a presence in a Center in Boston with services and presentations on the religion as well as a racially integrated community since 1935 Starting about the 1950s and broadening into the 1960s there was wider recognition of the Bahaʼis themselves Sometimes this took the form of noting their persecution in Morocco and then Iran and other times noting local concerts and fairs with their participation The modern community albeit a tiny fraction of the wider population is present in some concentrations and thin areas throughout the greater Boston area Over the last couple of decades it has been systematically pursuing programs of neighborhood community building activities of study circles children s classes junior youth groups and devotional meetings among the activities and observances of the religion Contents 1 Firsts 1 1 Mention of Babi period 1 1 1 Austin Wright 1 1 2 Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch 1 1 3 James T Bixby 1 2 Baha i period firsts 1 2 1 Sarah Farmer Green Acre and the first Bahaʼi community of Boston 2 Growing community 2 1 ʻAbdu l Baha in the area 2 1 1 Arrival in United States 2 1 2 First Boston visit 2 1 3 Second Boston visit 2 1 4 Dublin NH 2 1 5 Green Acre 2 1 6 Malden Massachusetts 2 2 After effects of the visit 2 2 1 Albert Vail 2 2 2 Green Acre and contributing to the national leadership 2 2 2 1 Alfred E Lunt 2 2 2 2 William Randall 2 2 2 3 The Obers 2 3 Some individuals 2 3 1 Nancy Bowditch 2 3 2 Urbain Ledoux 2 3 3 Sadie and Marby Oglesby 2 3 4 James Ferdinand Morton 2 4 Progress of the local community 2 4 1 Guy Murchie 2 4 2 Matthew Bullock Sr 2 5 Increasing recognition 3 Modern community 3 1 Demographics 4 See also 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External linksFirsts EditMention of Babi period Edit The first mention related to the history of the Bahaʼi Faith known in Massachusetts concerns news of Babism in Qajar Persia which Bahaʼis hold as a direct precursor akin to the relationship between John the Baptist and Jesus 1 This was a newspaper article printed in the Boston Courier December 29 1845 reporting on events from the previous June 2 It is an echo of the original published in the London Times Nov 1 1845 3 4 This Boston mention repeated January 1846 in the Boston Evening Transcript 5 the Christian Witness and Church Advocate 6 In February in the Christian Journal out of Exeter New Hampshire 7 and then again later in June 1847 8 In Bahaʼi records this event is reported in The Dawn Breakers following Quddus arrival in Shiraz after the pilgrimage of the Bab 9 The next newspaper reference to events of this period was in November 1850 10 echoing newspaper articles as early as the previous July 11 Austin Wright Edit The first paper on events of this period is a letter written to the American Oriental Society 4 which was holding its meeting in Boston and the library of materials was held at the Boston Athenaeum 12 The letter was originally published as part of the minutes of the Society in The Literary World of June 14 1851 13 as an untitled entry whose first quote is notice of a singular character who has for some years past played a prominent part on the stage of Persian life dated February 10 1851 by Dr Rev Austin H Wright It is considered the first paper to give an account on Babism though it makes mistakes typical of the period 4 See also Josephus on Jesus It was subsequently also published in a Vermont newspaper June 26 1851 14 and a translation was published in a German newspaper 4 Wright father of Lucy Myers Wright Mitchell 15 and John Henry Wright was a medical missionary from New England to Persia among the Nestorian Christians 16 Wright followed up with another paper letter A short chapter in the history of Babeeism in Persia to the Society published in May 1853 17 Donations to the Society while mentioned in the first paper are not listed actually being cataloged however another donation in 1856 is noted when another set was sent 18 The library of materials of the period was first kept under Charles Folsom at the Boston Athenaeum until 1855 then the materials were moved to New Haven and accepted at Yale University in July The collection was dispersed and then regathered purged and organized in 1905 by Hanns Oertel 12 By 1930 the only Babi related texts in the collection were later works that had been gathered by E G Browne 19 Wright died in what was then called Urumiah in Qajar Persia January 14 1865 4 Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch Edit Bostonian Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch wrote about the religion following the work of Frenchman Ernst Renan who wrote The Origins of Christianity The Apostles in 1866 20 21 Bulfinch had been a Unitarian minister since 1830 but resigned circa 1860 when he accepted the Trinity Doctrine 22 Across some 11 pages Bulfinch made comparisons between the Bab and Jesus mostly positive though he also calls the religion a delusion 23 He marks the court examination of the claims of the Bab like the examination of Jesus suggesting the account may in fact have been copied then after a while continues In various respects the history of Mirza Ali Mohammed surnamed the Bab presents startling resemblance to that of the Savior Claiming descent from an ancient prophet king he was yet like Jesus born in a lowly station still he was regarded by his followers as the sovereign of his nation and of mankind whose advent had been long foretold and ardently expected After leading a life of purity and uttering words of wisdom he was put to death through the hostility of his own government but by the hands of foreign soldiers and before his execution he was denied by some of his most prominent followers nay the very form of contumely with which they were compelled to treat him was the same which had been used towards the Savior in the hall of the high priest It is high honor for a teacher of wisdom thus to bear in his own history a resemblance to that of the Redeemer and we would fain believe that Mirza Ali Mohammed was worthy of the distinction But we cannot forget that the claim was made for him that he was the Gate of Truth the Imam of Islam the subject of ancient prophecy the worker of present miracles and the destined possessor of universal empire 23 James T Bixby Edit Though later than the Babi period perse Unitarian minister born educated and worked often in Massachusetts James Thompson Bixby wrote about the religion in 1897 24 and made a student journal of Boston College doing so 25 He also later lectured on the religion in 1901 at Green Acre 26 Bixby also turned his attention to the Bahaʼi period He published an article on the religion in August 1912 in the North American Review 27 28 after he had offered it to the Bahaʼis to review 29 Objecting to it an interview with ʻAbdu l Baha was subsequently arranged in April 1912 and published in Star of the West in August as well 29 Baha i period firsts Edit Though the religion was established in the United States before 1900 by then no more than a dozen Bahaʼis were in New England 30 Compared to the early growth in other places and massive growth in South Carolina decades later the region had relatively little Millennium interests see Second and Third Great Awakening and the Burned over district Nevertheless individuals from educated in or lived their lives in Greater Boston were among the first Bahaʼis of the United States At the same time some perhaps well meaning if inaccurate reviews or even misinformed views of the Babist Bahaʼi views were done as early as 1900 31 Thornton Chase February 22 1847 September 30 1912 was born in Springfield Massachusetts 30 and was a U S businessman and writer he was commonly recognized as the first convert to the Bahaʼi Faith of Occidental background During his life he organized many Bahaʼi activities in Chicago and Los Angeles and is considered a prominent Bahaʼi In 1895 Kate Ives nee Cowan of Orleans Massachusetts may have been the first woman born in the United States to accept the Bahaʼi Faith 32 33 34 p 3 and was the first Bahaʼi to move to Boston in 1899 35 36 Sarah Farmer Green Acre and the first Bahaʼi community of Boston Edit See also Green Acre Bahaʼi School and Mary Hanford Ford The Green Acre Bahaʼi School is established in Eliot Maine at the northern edge of Greater Boston becoming an important learning center for Bahaʼis and non Bahaʼis in Greater Boston and across the United States Maria P Wilson was in the company of Sarah Farmer on a trip overseas when they learned of the religion in 1900 from Josephine Locke and Elizabeth Knudson 37 Farmer was publicly linked with the religion in June 1901 after she had found truth in various religions and quasi religious groups 38 But of the Bahaʼi Faith it was explained she has found the common faith in which all devout souls may unite and yet be free 38 It was then announced Green Acre would be a place to learn of the religion run in parallel with the other classes already established but for free 39 Mirza Abu l Faḍl among the most scholarly trained Bahaʼis of the time was there 38 40 41 Ali Kuli Khan to serve as his translator arrived in the United States in June 42 Abu l Faḍl had accompanied Anton Haddad the first Bahaʼi to live in the United States on his return trip to America They had been sent by then head of the religion ʻAbdu l Baha 41 The later well known Bahaʼi Agnes Baldwin Alexander was also there 43 News of the Boston area community began to be noted in the newspapers 44 It was at these classes with Abu l Faḍl Mary Hanford Ford is considered to have joined the religion 40 45 Ford moved to the Boston area for a couple of years 45 46 It was not her first time in Boston 47 She Ali Kuli Khan and the Breeds whom she introduced to the religion 48 were soon active as a community in Boston area By December 1901 Bahaʼis in Chicago knew she was a Bahaʼi and working with Sarah Farmer on projects 49 Ford was noted in Boston in November 1903 giving her talk on The Holy Grail 50 and news of the mistreatment of Babis Baha is in Persia was noted in August 1903 51 Khan was soon visible living in Boston in 1904 52 and Khan had married Bostonian Bahaʼi 53 Florence Breed in 1904 54 Alice Ives Breed Florence s mother originally from Pavilion Illinois born Jan 15 1853 was a leading philanthropist socialite of the area 48 55 56 57 Ford would return for a talk a decade later 58 nbsp nbsp Springfield nbsp Boston nbsp Green Acre nbsp Cambridgeclass notpageimage Locations of early Bahaʼis Other Bahaʼis noted in the period are 30 Oscar S Greenleaf was the first Baha i in Springfield Massachusetts Henry Goodale and Maria P Wilson soon moved to Boston Massachusetts in 1902 37 Professional singer 59 Mary Lucas who went on Bahaʼi pilgrimage 60 with Nathan Fitz Gerald 61 in January February 1905 and meet ʻAbdu l Baha then head of the religion Nebraskan Illinoian Albert Ross Vail attended Harvard Divinity School a center of Unitarian training for 3 years 62 Vail studied with William James on pragmatist philosophy 62 63 In 1906 he served as president of the Unitarian student group as well as the Harvard Divinity School Unitarian Club in his final year there 64 65 It is unknown if he was ever aware of Ali Kuli Khan s appearance at Harvard as a guest of James in 1905 66 but he moved to Urbana Illinois and served a Unitarian congregation near the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign arriving in September 1906 65 The first known connection with Bahaʼis is when Vail s group hosted Amir Ullah Fareed who was listed as a student of the Medical College of the University and who spoke on April 28 1907 67 Fareed circulated some early printed prayers visible in Boston 37 and would serve as one of ʻAbdu l Baha s translators in 1912 68 Growing community EditAfter marrying in 1904 Khan gave a talk at Alice Ives Breed s home in Cambridge Massachusetts 69 By 1905 regular Bahaʼi meetings were established in Boston whether in homes or in public venues 35 Khan was visible at a women s club meeting in March 1905 at Sewall Hall 70 Bahaʼis began to be profiled in the news in 1909 71 Mary Lucas published an account of her pilgrimage in 1909 60 Lucas would be visible at occasional Bahaʼi events 72 until her death in 1934 73 nbsp Harlan Ober in 1907 nbsp Alfred E Lunt 1910 Harlan Ober and Alfred E Lunt were Bostonians who joined the religion in the summer of 1905 at Green Acre 74 with Ober learning of the religion first through Alice Buckton 75 and then Lunt learned of the religion from Ober 76 Ober had been in shipping interests 75 Ober and Lunt were leaders in Republican party politics on college campuses 77 78 in the era of the Fourth Party System also known as the Progressive Era Ober s parents lived in Beverly Massachusetts 79 and Lunt was a Harvard Law school graduate 80 Picture of Lunt 81 In the summer of 1906 Stanwood Cobb learned of the religion from a series of articles in the Boston Transcript and went to Green Acre to learn more about the religion 82 He successively conversed with Sarah Farmer 83 and Mary Lucas Thornton Chase was also there giving a series of talks 84 It was on that occasion that Cobb joined the religion 85 By the winter of 1906 Louis Bourgeois later architect of the Bahaʼi House of Worship in Wilmette Illinois and his wife had joined the religion after having come into association with the Baha i sic Faith through Marie Watson and Mary Hanford Ford 86 Khan and his family went on Bahaʼi pilgrimage in 1906 Circa early 1907 or late 1906 Ober went on Bahaʼi pilgrimage and was asked to go with Hooper Harris on a trip to India promulgating the religion an effort noted as lasting no less than seven months in India and Burma visiting Bombay Poona Lahore Calcutta Rangoon and Mandalay 87 88 ʻAbdu l Baha s guidance to them amounted to behaving very differently than Christian missionaries 89 Ober returned and was visible at Green Acre late summer of 1907 90 91 Ober went on a second pilgrimage in May 1909 with the MacNutt family and others 90 One early joke in the history of the religion comes from Ober about whether he was going to India or America One day in the Holy Land He told Harlan Ober an American Bahaʼi that he was to go to India Harlan Ober did travel far and wide in the interests of the Faith but at that particular time he did not cherish making that journey A few days later ʻAbdu l Baha told him to go to America But Master Ober said I thought I was going to India So did Christopher Columbus ʻAbdu l Baha replied 92 Lunt continued to be active in Republican politics in 1908 93 94 and was visible at Green Acre in 1909 95 The Khans returned and he was visible in Boston by 1908 96 That year the first Bahaʼi governing board was elected the forerunner of the first Local Spiritual Assembly of Boston 35 97 The community sent a delegate to the first national convention in 1909 98 and the existence of the community was noted in a national journal 97 The first known meeting in a public meeting space was held on November 7 1909 37 The following were present Harriet Sprague Lily Ostburg Frances Godard Helen Campbell Francis Harding Anise Rideout Julia Culver Raffie Esphahani Althea Dorr George Ostburg Maria P Wilson Alice Ives Breed On March 24 1910 the assembly was composed of 37 officers Harlan Ober Grace Robarts Julia Culver George Ostburg and members Mrs H Sprague Mrs F Goddard Alice Ives Breed Helen Campbell and Mrs E Flees Notable speakers at events in the Boston community included Stanwood Cobb Lua Getsinger and Edna McKinney 37 Khan was then appointed Iranian Charge D Affaires in Washington D C in 1910 99 In 1911 Lunt was visible as a solicitor for Beverly Mass 100 member of the national executive board of the Bahaʼis 101 and participating in a Bostonian Bahaʼi Naw Ruz commemoration with guests 102 Fannie Fern Andrews of Boston was the second vice president of the Persian Educational Society in 1912 with strong connections to the religion 103 ʻAbdu l Baha in the area Edit nbsp ʻAbdu l Baha during his trip to the United StatesMain article ʻAbdu l Baha s journeys to the West ʻAbdu l Baha then head of the religion embarked on travels to the West following release from imprisonment and was anticipated to come to Boston 104 Arrival in United States Edit Before coming to Boston on 23 April 1912 ʻAbdu l Baha attended several events 105 One was a reception in Washington D C by the Persian Charge D Affaires Ali Kuli Khan and the Turkish Ambassador 106 at this reception ʻAbdu l Baha moved the place names such that the only African American present Louis G Gregory was seated at the head of the table next to himself an event that was highly noted at the time and since 106 107 One of the early versions of the story of this event was told by Harlan Ober 105 Newspaper reporters in Boston asked ʻAbdu l Baha why he had come to America and he stated that he had come to participate in conferences on peace and that just giving a warning messages is not enough 108 A full page summary of the religion was printed in the New York Times 109 A booklet on the religion was published late April out of Boston 110 nbsp Mohonk Mountain House a resort hotel located on the Shawangunk RidgeOn 14 May ʻAbdu l Baha went to northern New York state to Lake Mohonk addressing the Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration and stayed at the Mohonk Mountain House 105 111 112 113 114 115 His talk was covered by many publications including one from Boston 116 117 118 119 120 and began When we consider history we find that civilization is progressing but in this century its progress cannot be compared with that of past centuries This is the century of light and of bounty In the past the unity of patriotism the unity of nations and religions was established but in this century the oneness of the world of humanity is established hence this century is greater than the past 114 Harlan Ober and Grace Robarts who had learned of the religion from Lua Getsinger 76 were married in July 1912 with ʻAbdu l Baha attending 121 122 Grace served as housekeeper and hostess for ʻAbdu l Baha during his journeys in America 123 First Boston visit Edit ʻAbdu l Baha left New York City on the 22nd of May for Boston where he would be for four days On the evening of his arrival he addressed a Unitarian convention then went on 107 There was an audience of some three thousand including hundreds of Unitarian ministers 124 On the 23rd he visited a Greek Syrian relief agency a special meeting at the University of Worcester Massachusetts 107 and a party for his birthday was held during which he spoke of the importance of the Bab though he also lamented the cake which had flags of United States Persia and the UK wasn t big enough to hold flags from all countries On the 24th he met with individuals a talk before some Unitarians another in Brookline and then a talk at the home of a Bahaʼi 107 On the 25th he met with individuals 107 Sometime during this visit is the incident where William Randall delivered grape juice for ʻAbdu l Baha 125 Second Boston visit Edit ʻAbdu l Baha arrived for the second time in Boston on July 23 but sent most of the entourage ahead to Dublin NH 107 That evening he addressed an audience at a hotel as well as a later one in the home of the Breeds On the 24th he spoke with individual visitors and for a talk before a club Some from the club followed him back from that talk and on return there was also a line of people waiting for him at the hotel that evening He also spoke to the Boston Theosophical Society On the 25th he met with individuals before he left for Dublin 107 Dublin NH Edit From July 26 to August 16 he was in Dublin 107 He often met with individuals and small groups or made short trips to visit nearby Baha is and a camp for youth He also carried on corresponding through letter across the United States and Europe One evening he announced the betrothal of Louis G Gregory and Louisa Mathew and astonished the crowd 107 Elders with ear trumpets listened Once he took his Persian entourage aside and spoke comparing feasts of kings that were brilliant but had no enthusiasm while there they ate modestly and in hard circumstances or so it seemed but everywhere there was real enthusiasm of the heart 107 On August 11 he was noted speaking to a local Unitarian church with answers to questions of such length and detail that it was claimed he must have memorized the answers beforehand He compared his yearning to see the audience to the Apostles that traveled far to see people From there he left for Green Acre on August 16 Green Acre Edit nbsp Photograph of Abdul Baha visiting Green Acre United States in 1912He then went to Eliot Maine from 16 to 23 Aug where he stayed in Green Acre 105 111 Some five 107 or eight hundred people were there to hear the first talk 126 The talk was about ways of knowing the truth he disavowed individual approaches like pure reason simple authority individual inspiration etc but affirmed A statement presented to the mind accompanied by proofs which the senses can perceive to be correct which the faculty of reason can accept which is in accord with traditional authority and sanctioned by the promptings of the heart can be adjudged and relied upon as perfectly correct for it has been proved and tested by all the standards of judgment and found to be complete 126 Some in the audience repudiated their former beliefs of inspiration as pure truth 107 At other talks audience members wept during his prayers or fainted He spoke to a girls club camp group by the river on August 19 Fred Mortensen arrived August 20 107 127 Mortensen had been a criminal that fled arrest his lawyer was Bahaʼi Albert Hall of Minnesota from whom he learned of the religion Mortensen rode trains from Minneapolis to Cleveland and on to Green Acre all by way of Freighthopping Being introduced in a crowd he was embarrassed at his dirty appearance and then was told to sit down amid the company of people in fine dress and wait but soon ʻAbdu l Baha returned and began to speak closely with Mortensen His inquiry revealed how Mortisen had traveled and Mortisen felt kindness from ʻAbdu l Baha Mortisen had arrived on a day ʻAbdu l Baha had arranged as a feast 107 On the last day at Green Acre he met with individuals and left on the 23rd Malden Massachusetts Edit His final destination in New England was Malden Massachusetts at the home of Maria P Wilson originally of Boston where he stayed from 23 to 29 August 107 In Malden he spoke to various groups 107 a New Thought movement 128 a women s suffrage group 129 a metaphysical thought group 130 and a theosophical group 107 He also attended a marriage ceremony of Clarence Johnson and Ruby Breed daughter of Alice Breed and sister to Florence Breed Khan 107 Albert Vail accompanied William H Randall meeting ʻAbdu l Baha there in late August 131 Vail would later mark this as a pivotal point for his life 132 but at first he didn t remark on it publicly Later he said Six years ago I met a servant of God named Abdul Baha so universal in mind brilliant in utterance so pure so radiant with universal love so majestic in the power of his holy spirit that I became convinced he and his equally perfect and glorious father Baha o llah were God s own messengers of light and salvation to our modern world 132 ʻAbdu l Baha then left for Montreal arriving near midnight on 30 August 1912 After effects of the visit Edit A number of individuals and institutions became more prominent after ʻAbdu l Baha s travels through the region Albert Vail Edit As early as January 1913 Albert Vail then a Unitarian Minister was visibly promulgating the religion 133 and was listed as the delegate to the Bahai Temple Unity national convention from the Urbana Bahaʼi community 134 He reported on developments in Urbana Illinois of study of the Bahaʼi teachings and seems to quote the Writings saying It is remarkable to observe how the Spirit seems to catch and hold one and the whole life seems set aflame as to the Truth There is a mystery a force in the Cause far above the ken of men and angels and then spoke with an eloquence that moved and thrilled the audience In a separate account of the convention it was noted he was the final speaker of the meeting and that his discourse was unique in penetrating power and beauty of utterance among all the eloquent addresses of the Convention and that the chair had stopped reviewing the watch to limit speakers 135 Both accounts lamented that the speech was not written down but one said it traced the proofs of Manifestation noting the martyrdoms of Persia the need for divine authority to solve human problems and the lives of the Central Figures of the Faith Vail was officially recognized to have joined the religion years later 136 after the majority of his congregation insisted he stop promoting the religion 137 132 Green Acre and contributing to the national leadership Edit Further information Bahaʼi administration and Green Acre In the summer of 1913 Bahaʼis felt the strength of organization to attempt to win control of the board of Green Acre 138 139 Following this Kate Ives the first Bahaʼi of Boston wrote a letter to the editor inviting Portsmouth residents to a talk on the religion 140 In 1914 Alfred E Lunt was Secretary of the annual convention to elect the national leadership and was himself then elected 141 along with William Henry Randall 142 In Spring 1915 Bahaʼis gathered for the Panama Pacific International Exposition among them were Harlan Ober and Alfred E Lunt 143 ʻAbdu l Baha wrote a letter about Expo thanking those that gathered 144 Following this Randall and Ober and others were visible at Green Acre 145 Sarah Farmer changed her will to bequeath Green Acre to the Bahaʼis in the event of her death and her family involuntarily committed her to a mental institution 76 146 in 1915 Randall lead the idea of rescuing her executed in combination by Randal Ledoux and Montford Mills 76 147 ultimately gathering a chief of police and a judge to accompany a court order to effect her freedom 148 149 Meanwhile Lunt again served on the national board of Bahaʼis 150 this time as president 151 with Ober as secretary 152 Meanwhile Ober wrote a letter to the editor of the Boston Post about the religion and Green Acre 153 Farmer died shortly after being released in 1916 154 Kate Ives read the eulogy and attending were Lunt Ober and Randall and others from Boston and the area Ober was noted as an officer of Green Acre along with Lunt 155 The Bahaʼis held meetings for the 1917 national convention at Green Acre 150 156 and Boston 157 Alfred E Lunt Edit Lunt was on the summer schedule at Green Acre in 1917 158 and performed a funeral program there in July 1918 159 Lunt gave a series of talks in Chicago in May 1919 160 as well as on the question of the minimum wage in 1922 161 Lunt was noted on the board of trustees of Green Acre 1925 162 and served on the national assembly in 1928 163 In 1930 Lunt gave a talk in New York 164 and published The Supreme Affliction A Study in Bahaʼi Economics and Socialization 165 Lunt was at a Temple dedication in 1931 166 In 1937 Lunt was visible giving a talk in New York again 167 William Randall Edit In 1917 Randall was noted speaking in Montreal in March 168 Randall was again elected to the national board and that year he was elected as president of the board 169 Randall was again elected this time as national treasurer in 1918 170 In 1919 Randall accompanied Vail on pilgrimage and his account was read verbatim to the national convention in the United States 171 He was listed as the contact for announcing events and reserving rooms at Green Acre in 1920 by Albert Vail 172 Randall was appointed to the supervisory board of the Bahaʼi periodical Star of the West in 1922 173 and contributed an article on Green Acre 174 In 1923 he was noted as chairman of the board of Green Acre 175 while continuing as treasurer for the national community 176 for the newly designated National Spiritual Assembly 177 In 1925 it was announced the administrative offices of the religion would be run from Green Acre 178 Randall also took part in the 1928 Race Amity Convention held at Green Acre 179 Perhaps Randall s final appearance was August 1928 at a commemoration of the visit of ʻAbdu l Baha to Green Acre 180 Randall died February 11 1929 and a cable from Shoghi Effendi then head of the religion stated Grief stricken passing Harry Randall Distinguished and Beloved Servant of Bahaʼu llah Assure family and friends fervent prayers heartfelt condolences in behalf Holy Leaves and myself Hold befitting Memorials signed Shoghi 37 75 The Obers Edit Harlan Ober was elected to the national executive board in 1917 181 and was at the 1919 national convention held in New York 182 at which the Tablets of the Divine Plan a series of letters about promulgating the religion intra and internationally following World War I were officially presented 183 following which he gave a talk at a Chicago meeting in May 184 Letters suggesting that Bahaʼis take up deeds not words following the Red Summer 1919 race riots arrived at Ober and soon there were Race Amity Conventions 185 In 1920 Ober was present in Syria for the Knighting of ʻAbdu l Baha 186 Randall was elected to the national board again in 1920 187 as treasurer 188 and addressed the convention 189 In 1928 Ober gave a talk in Brooklyn 190 and Grace hosted an evening social at Green Acre 191 Ober gave a talk in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania in 1929 192 In 1930 Ober returned to Pennsylvania to give another talk 193 and was also noticed in Brooklyn 194 1931 Ober was with Louis Gregory for a talk 195 The Ober family purchased a home near Green Acre in 1932 196 and Harlan soon was reading on the radio at WHEB weekly after noon from Spring into the Fall from 1933 into 1935 with occasional gaps 197 Grace spoke at the Portsmouth chapter of Hadassah 198 and Harlan was also visible at other events a funeral 199 and several series of talks in 1933 200 201 202 In 1933 he also gave a program series on Psychology and Life for Alpha Beta sorority 203 and a ladies club 204 205 In November 1934 Ober gave a talk in Eliot for the Christian Endeavor Society 206 a Zeta Alpha Men s Club of a Baptist church 207 The family wintered in New York to February 1935 208 and their college student daughter visited them in the summer of 1935 209 Ober was a substitute speaker in January 1936 at Green Acre 210 and lead a funeral there 211 Grace died immediately after giving a talk at the Chicago Baha i national convention in April 1938 Harlan was then serving on the national spiritual assembly after traveling in Louisville Kentucky 212 Harlan gave his next talk at Green Acre that July noted as a radio personality too 213 toured universities in December 1938 214 and served on the Green Acre summer committee for the school in 1939 215 That fall he was in the Golden Gate International Exposition in October with Louis G Gregory 216 and spoke at an evening meeting 217 In 1940 he gave a talk at the Bahaʼi Temple 218 219 and was again elected to the national assembly 220 In 1941 he is noted among the Green Acre management for the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States and Canada as it was then 221 Their son married at the later summer 222 In July 1942 he gives talk at Green Acre 223 followed by a series of talks 224 225 He was in a Green Acre race Amity meeting in August 1942 226 and directly after was at a general session at Green Acre 227 228 Ober was one among several present in a 1943 series of talks at Green Acre 229 230 A 1944 series included Ober and Bostonian Nancy Bowditch 231 and he gave a later series at Portsmouth Bahaʼi Center 232 233 In 1945 Ober took a trip to Montana where he gave a talk 234 Ottawa in 1946 235 and tried to make an impression on Prince Edward Island without much success 236 In 1947 he was in Utah giving a talk 237 He stayed home in the summer of 1951 238 and officiated at funeral of Louis G Gregory 239 which he followed up with a series of talks at Green Acre 240 as well as other opportunities 241 242 243 For a few years the public mentions of him are a couple of funerals he oversaw 244 245 but in 1956 he gave a series of talks 246 In the summer of 1961 a Bahaʼi pioneer met Ober who was on a trip in Africa at the time 247 Some individuals Edit Nancy Bowditch Edit Main article Nancy Douglas Bowditch Also known as Mrs Harold Bowditch July 4 1890 May 1 1979 Nancy was the daughter of George de Forest Brush who was active in Dublin New Hampshire as well as Europe 248 249 250 The Brush family interacted with ʻAbdu l Baha and the Bahaʼis while in Dublin in July and August 1912 especially during an annual out of doors play as well as a visit to their farm 249 251 252 but her first husband died unexpectedly in September 253 Nancy moved from place to place until she married Harvard graduate 254 Dr Harold Bowditch October 1916 249 254 Bowditch became more involved with costume work for theatre productions 249 While her life was going well she also felt something was wanting in my existence and couldn t put a finger on I then began to seek for that missing link going to most every church and attending various meetings and hearing of a meeting to be held in Boston about the Bahaʼi Faith 249 I ll never forget entering the large hall and seeing around me such a different type of gathering from the usual Boston crowd Here were both rich and poor along with every race Many were black I listened to a wonderful talk on the Faith by Mr Harry Randall and was so thrilled Afterwards I made my way straight to the table where books were being sold in order to learn more about the subject I picked out as many as could be comfortably carried home on the streetcar then found to my dismay that I didn t have enough money with which to pay for them The person at the book stand told me it was all right to take them home and pay at the next meeting 249 This may have been an event the Boston Bahaʼi community hosted called a World Unity Conference as part of a series sponsored by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahaʼis of the United States and covered in the Boston Evening Transcript 35 Randall helped organize and spoke at it 255 She then credits Randall Louise Drake Wright and her sister Mrs George Nelson as aiding her inquiry into the religion while she read books like Bahaʼu llah and the New Era 249 She officially joined the religion in 1929 249 She was visible in the 1930 Race Amity Convention held at Green Acre 256 and left on Bahaʼi pilgrimage in late March 1931 with her then 19 yr old daughter 249 They spent three weeks in the area of Haifa and left by way of Jerusalem taking in Christian paths of pilgrimage 249 She then attended the 1931 national convention reporting on events in Boston as the Chair of the Boston Assembly 257 She wrote of her pilgrimage in Star of the West in July 1931 258 and spoke of it in August 259 She would continue working with the religion with occasional gaps in public mention 260 In 1948 she was listed as the corresponding secretary of the Bahaʼi group of Brookline Massachusetts 261 The Bowditch s moved to Peterborough New Hampshire in the south of the state in 1959 262 and attended the 1963 Bahaʼi World Congress with a granddaughter 249 and in 1965 Nancy is pictured on the first local Spiritual Assembly 263 Harold died in August 1964 and their home at 12 Pine Street became the official Bahaʼi Center of the community in 1967 at which Guy Murchie gave a talk for the opening ceremony 249 In 1970 she was at the official presentation of a Bahaʼi book to then Governor Walter R Peterson Jr 264 and published a book on her father 265 1972 she was noted for a Portsmouth Friends of the Library 266 spoke at Meriden Connecticut on her memory of meeting ʻAbdu l Baha 267 and aided in costumes for play at Keene State College 268 Urbain Ledoux Edit Main article Urbain Ledoux Urbain J Ledoux August 13 1874 April 8 1941 later known as Mr Zero referring to his not wanting his own name to be prominent was motivated early in his quest of service to humanity 269 After various stages of a career of service to others he reached the stage of a career diplomat 148 270 271 His approach of advocating for business development as a means to promote the interests of humanity was challenged that it would be fruitless for higher aims unless personal transformation were brought to bear 269 He quit the diplomatic service and sought to work with non governmental organizations for both business and peace interests Soon he was working with the Bahaʼis 148 and present during the conflict over the status of Sarah Farmer as noted above 272 After that he then began to found institutions seeking to aide humanity making news first with the unemployment after the First World War among workers and veterans with a breadline in 1919 273 274 He advocated for the Bahaʼi Faith but was often misunderstood 148 275 276 though he did so with a limited understanding of the principles of the religion and proceeded to set up events aimed at raising awareness of the suffering of the unemployed in New York and Boston 148 275 His efforts were seen as too confrontational and his events were repeatedly shut down even when he sought to be less confrontational and have discussions with leaders The work was renewed with greater intensity during the Great Depression but he was in his 60s already and died soon after Some of his work and antics were recorded in pictures and newsreels 277 278 He died in 1941 279 Sadie and Marby Oglesby Edit Main article Sadie and Marby Oglesby African Americans Sadie April 10 1881 280 Feb 1956 281 and Marby Oglesby January 14 1870 282 May 19 1945 283 became interested in the religion in 1913 joined it in 1917 283 were visible in newspapers giving talks on the religion since the 1920s through most of their lives 284 and Sadie went on Bahaʼi pilgrimage in March 1927 during which race issues were a prominent part of the conversations and that Sadie should take a more engaged effort towards encouraging whites towards that unity as well as blacks 285 Sadie was the third black pilgrim the first black woman the first black pilgrim to meet Shoghi Effendi as head of the religion 286 283 Mabry was a railroad Pullman porter 287 and president of the Boston chapter of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in 1936 288 Sadie also worked and taught as a nurse 289 The couple had married in Washington DC in 1901 290 Both were also elected to the Boston Spiritual Assembly over many years where Sadie often served as secretary and occasionally as treasurer 283 291 Louis G Gregory commented that the Boston Bahaʼi community was integrated by 1935 with a large proportion being colored and largely through the work of Sadie 292 James Ferdinand Morton Edit Main article James Ferdinand Morton Jr Beginning in 1907 James Ferdinand Morton October 18 1870 October 7 1941 published a series of articles under Fragments of a Mental Autobiography in a journal named Libra 293 which outlines his religious background beginning with Baptist family heritage goes through Unitarian relatives and Theosophy exploration 294 he was president of the Boston Theosophical Society in 1895 295 and placing Jesus and the Buddha among those on the highest level of his admiration even if he found fault with all scripture and organized religion 294 In this period Morton was an avid evangelist atheist 296 and often spoke out against religion 297 but he had already encountered the Bahaʼi Faith which At first I regarded it with amused interest as one of many little cults but gradually I found myself drawn into closer and closer relation with it There was a wideness in its attitude which I had not found elsewhere It held place for what was best in Christianity Judaism Mohammedanism Buddhism Freethought and all the rest warring with none of these but finding each of them definitely serviceable to the larger spiritual plan of the universe It is the great reconciler and harmonizer I have discovered in it an abiding place which I had sought in vain for many restless years It increases rather than decreases my eagerness to continue the investigation of truth without bias and to labor energetically in all branches of human service I have no fault to find with the differing conclusions of other truth lovers and am ready to work with them all as occasion offers 294 near 1910 298 He became a convert to the religion in later life 296 299 Morton is visibly in Bahaʼi circles from 1915 on the program of presenters at Green Acre 300 Progress of the local community Edit In 1913 the Boston Bahaʼi community rented a room on Huntington Avenue for its weekly public meetings followed in 1914 when it moved to the S S Pierce building in Copley Square 35 In 1917 greater Boston communities were noted sending delegates to the national convention 301 a combined Beverly Salem MA delegation Clarence H Lunt Edw D Struven Boston proper W H Randall A W Randall Cambridge M A Doer Dublin NH Frank A Chant Leona St C Barnitz Eliot ME Kate C Ives and Worcester MA Howard Stuven Helen C Greene News of the survival of ʻAbdu l Baha near the end of World War I made the Boston Post October 1918 302 In 1919 the Boston Bahaʼi community rented a twelve room house 35 at 120 Charles St which continued in early 1920 303 In July a meeting was held at Hotel Victoria 304 Bahaʼi pilgrims returning by the end of the year were noted in the Boston Post included Mrs C H Cooper H S Goodall and A J Frankland 305 By early 1921 a more sustained series of meetings are held at Chauncy Hall at 585 Boylston St former home of local suffrage meetings 306 Sunday evenings 307 And there was December coverage of the death of ʻAbdu l Baha in neighboring Fritchburg 308 In 1926 the Boston Bahaʼi community hosted a World Unity Conference 35 as noted above where Nancy Bowditch learned of the religion The first day long meeting was held at Steinert Hall the second at the Second Unitarian Church and third at the Church of the Redemption where Randall chaired the day 255 In 1939 Louise Erickson took a trip around New England promoting the religion 309 In 1940 the Local Spiritual Assembly of Boston was incorporated 35 and the community held its own Race Unity Day in 1945 35 In 1950 the Boston Bahaʼi Center was established at 116 Commonwealth Avenue 35 and a regional conference was held August 1951 in Fritchburg with Bahaʼis from the region and beyond 310 In March April 1952 the Bahaʼi Spiritual Assembly of Boston was interviewed for the show Our Believing World on station WBZ TV 311 Guy Murchie Edit Main article Guy Murchie Guy Murchie Jr 25 January 1907 8 July 1997 the son of Ethel A and Guy Murchie Sr 312 313 Sr Murchie was close to President Theodore Roosevelt such that while sitting as president Theodore Roosevelt and his wife attended Guy Jr s christening 314 Guy Jr was raised as an Episcopalian 315 attended Kent School which at the time was just for Boys graduated from Harvard in 1929 316 Murchie s interest in the Bahaʼi Faith began when he was tasked with writing an article about the Bahaʼi House of Worship in Wilmette Illinois around 1938 313 317 318 and then officially joined the religion 1939 319 He had been impressed with the unique qualities of the temple being a blend of east and west styles and extended his interest when his insights of the biological unity of humanity was raised to a spiritual affirmation 313 In 1946 Murchie and then wife Barbara Cooney moved to Pepperell Massachusetts and worked with the high school 320 though Cooney and Murchie divorced in 1947 321 In 1954 Murchie toured Iran visiting several sites holy to Bahaʼis 322 Diary notes of his travels became the basis of a series of articles in the 1960s and later But starting in 1955 he began to be more public with his choice of religion 323 several news stories in the wider media noted it which were closely followed by Bahaʼis 324 However it wasn t until the passing of his father in 1958 325 that he became even more public not least was his own public statement in 1958 in the Chicago Tribune I am a Bahaʼi 315 Matthew Bullock Sr Edit Main article Matthew W Bullock Matthew Washington Bullock September 11 1881 in Dabney North Carolina December 17 1972 Detroit Michigan rose to distinction in many fields mostly in the greater Boston area for much of his life and many of them with instances of racism in opposition to his life and skill through which he persevered as a pioneer for justice and humanity 326 327 328 329 He began with American football playing and coaching achieving firsts degrees from Dartmouth 1904 and Harvard Law School 1907 service in Morehouse College and Alabama A amp M University and during World War I then on various appointed positions in Massachusetts State government totaling some 26 years most notably the State Parole Board including 5 years as its chair was locally and then nationally known as a member of the National Urban League and the leadership of the Massachusetts Bar Association While several of these were ongoing he joined the Baha i Faith in 1940 after membership in different Christian Churches Without electioneering in Baha i administration 330 in a decade and a year after serving on the Boston Baha i Spiritual Assembly and the Regional Teaching Committee he was elected to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha is of the United States On his second term after pilgrimage and taking part in the Intercontinental Baha i Conference in Uganda being of service in Africa and the dedication of the Baha i House of Worship in Wilmette he resigned along with many of his co members to pioneer during the Ten Year Crusade for which he was named a Knight of Baha u llah because he chose a virgin territory After returning home he undertook tours in the North and South in America promoting the religion a final year of service with state government and then was given two honorary degrees first from Harvard Law School and second from Dartmouth College He s buried in Boston 331 332 Increasing recognition Edit In 1960 Hand of the Cause a prominent and renowned Bahaʼi Amatu l Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum visited the Boston Bahaʼi community and offered several talks during her visit 35 The Harvard Crimson s first article noting the religion seems to have been concerning the Bahaʼi persecution in Morocco 333 followed by notice of Harvard Bahaʼis attending the first Bahaʼi World Congress both in 1963 334 including Sam McClellan nephew of Albert Vail 63 In 1965 the first assembly is noted in Fitchburg 335 In 1966 another regional conference held 336 In 1967 the Boston Bahaʼis move their Center to 40 St Botolph Street 35 Boston College had a class on the religion circa 1968 337 Quiet since 1963 the Harvard Crimson s next mention of the religion was in 1970 338 It was followed up in 1971 339 and 1973 340 A number of Portsmouth New Hampshire Bahaʼis Mr and Mrs Daniel Milden with children Steve and Laugel Elizabeth Frazier and Ruth Silva left to attend a conference of Bahaʼis in South Carolina in Spring 1970 right at the beginning of a period of intense growth of the religion there 341 Local Unitarian Universalist held a meeting on the religion in 1971 and Dwight W Allen then of the University of Massachusetts School of Education was among speakers on the religion 342 In 1974 local Old Ipswich Days fair of Ipswich Massachusetts had Bahaʼi participants 343 while Bahaʼis Seals and Crofts played at the Boston Music Hall in March 344 In 1977 the Boston Bahaʼi Center established a lending library as well as regular programming for children and collective activities to promote awareness of the religion 35 Circa 1983 the Harvard Radcliffe Bahaʼi Association college club was noted having 12 members 345 The club was more profiled in 1987 346 In 1986 the city council of Cambridge and Mayor released a proclamation recommending that the whole city read and take to heart The Promise of World Peace written by the Universal House of Justice then and current head of the religion 35 347 An article also ran in The Heights profiling a college student from Iran at Boston College 348 and a campus meeting about the religion 349 In 1988 the national assembly of the United States picked Boston among its four foci for expansion of the religion and a conference of some 800 Bahaʼis gathered 350 In 1990 the Boston Bahaʼis move their Center to 495 Columbus Avenue and it is moved again in 1993 to its current location at 595 Albany Street 35 Modern community EditIn the 1990s Bahaʼis attending Harvard were occasionally noted in The Harvard Crimson whether commenting about issues on campus 351 or being profiled about the persecution of Bahaʼis in Iran 352 In 2002 Bahaʼi words were included in a 9 11 commemoration on campus 353 In 2004 a student who had converted in high school during a year abroad in the Czech Republic was profiled in The Harvard Crimson 354 In 2005 the Baha i association co sponsored Belief in Action a day devoted to service projects 355 and also supported interfaith discussions 356 In 2006 without referencing the Bahaʼi club campus groups turned out in support of an Iran Freedom Concert on the Harvard campus 357 and noted a number issues related to the Bahaʼi Institute for Higher Education in Iran 358 Bahaʼis were noted as Abrahamic in 2006 359 The club was again profiled by The Harvard Crimson in 2007 when it was only six members and two overseas 360 reporting that it was still active in supporting interfaith events 361 In 2011 Rainn Wilson s support of events related to freedom of education in Iran including the Bahaʼi Institute for Higher Education was noted on the Harvard campus 362 From 1996 to the present the Greater Boston Bahaʼi community adopted a systematic approach to grassroots community development taking root in Bahaʼi communities all over the world based around four core activities study circles children s classes junior youth groups and devotional meetings 35 In 2008 the Boston Bahaʼi community participated in the Stamford Connecticut regional conferences convened by the Bahaʼi Universal House of Justice 363 In 2011 and 2012 Boston University and MIT were among the cites for a campaign about the barriers to college education in Iran to which the Bahaʼi Institute for Higher Education was a response 350 A youth regional conference was also held in 2013 364 The reformed Race Amity Convention system was re established by the National Center for Race Amity starting in 2010 365 which helped establish the Masschusettes observance of Race Amity Day in 2015 366 and its continued observance 367 as well as a nationally telecast documentary on positive race relations An American story Race Amity and the other tradition 368 and another project of conferences in Tennessee Texas and Georgia 369 and a youtube channel 370 Demographics Edit There is no county approaching 1 Bahaʼis in the region but there are more Bahaʼis per capita in southern New Hampshire 371 less in Massachusetts 372 Within that broad pattern there are significant variations counties where the county level per capita count of Bahaʼis is several times above or below the average In Franklin County Massachusetts 373 and Hampshire County Massachusetts 374 there are 5x higher concentration of Bahaʼis than that state s average and down to Bristol County Massachusetts 375 and Plymouth County Massachusetts 376 at about half the average On one end of the greater area for Rhode Island per capita Bahaʼi counts range from a bit above Rhode Island average in Newport Rhode Island 377 to a low in Bristol County Rhode Island at half that state s average 378 And on the other end of the greater area in southern New Hampshire per capita Bahaʼi counts range from a high in Belknap County New Hampshire 379 to a low of near a third of that in Rockingham County New Hampshire 380 In Massachusetts in addition to Boston today there are Local Spiritual Assemblies the local administrative body in Brookline Cambridge Malden Medford Newton Somerville Waltham and Watertown 36 See also EditBahaʼi Faith in North America Bahaʼi Faith in South Carolina Religion in Massachusetts Boston 1 Boston 2 Alex Rocco a Bahaʼi actor from Boston area who found the religion when in California 381 Further reading EditAnne Gordon Perry Rosanne Adams Junkins Robert Atkinson Richard Grover Diane Iverson Robert H Stockman Burton W F Trafton Jr 2012 1991 Green Acre on the Piscataqua 3rd ed Baha i Publishing Trust ISBN 978 0 87743 364 4 Bahiyyih Randall Winckler 1 September 1996 William Henry Randall Disciple of ʻAbdu l Baha Oneworld Publications ISBN 978 1 85168 124 2 M Hussein Ahdieh 1987 ʻAbdu l Baha in New York The City of the Covenant Spiritual Assembly of the Bahaʼis of the City of New York O Z Whitehead 1 January 1976 Some Early Baha is of the West Ronald ISBN 978 0 85398 065 0 References Edit Christopher Buck August 2004 The eschatology of globalization the multiple messiahship of Bahaʼu llah revisited PDF In Moshe Sharon W J Hanegraaff P Pratap Kumar eds Studies in Modern Religions and Religious Movements and the Babi Baha i Faiths Mumen Book Series Studies in the history of religions Vol CIV Brill Academic Publishers pp 143 173 ISBN 9789004139046 A Mahometan Schism Boston Courier Boston Massachusetts Dec 29 1845 p 4 compiled by Steven Kolins 2013 First newspaper story of the events of the Babi Fait Bahai Library com Retrieved June 10 2017 a b c d e Momen Moojan 1981 The Babi and Baha i Religions 1844 1944 Some Contemporary Western Accounts Oxford England George Ronald pp 3 4 10 73 528 ISBN 0 85398 102 7 Mahometan Schism Boston Evening Transcript Boston Massachusetts Jan 21 1846 p 4 Mahommedan Schism Christian Witness and Church Advocate Boston Massachusetts Jan 23 1846 p 2 Mahommedan Schism Christian Journal Exeter New Hampshire Feb 5 1846 p 3 Punishment for apostasy Massachusetts Spy Worcester Massachusetts June 2 1847 p 3 Nabil i Zarandi 1932 1890 The Bab s stay in Shiraz after the pilgrimage Interrogation by Husayn Khan of Mulla Sadiq In Shoghi Effendi translator ed The Dawn Breakers Nabil s Narrative Wilmette Illinois USA Bahaʼi Publishing Trust pp 146 8 ISBN 0 900125 22 5 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a editor has generic name help A new religious sect Christian Alliance and Family Visiter Boston Massachusetts Nov 29 1850 p 3 compiled by Ralph Wagner Steven Kolins Sep 17 2010 Early mention of Babis in western newspapers summer 1850 Bahai Library com Retrieved June 10 2017 a b Andrew Keogh 1930 Preface In Elizabeth Strout ed Catalogue of the library of the American oriental society New Haven Connecticut Yale University Library pp iii v American Oriental Society The Literary World 8 228 470 June 14 1851 Retrieved Dec 11 2017 Austin H Wright June 26 1851 Daniel Pierce Thompson ed A New Prophet PDF Green Mountain Freeman Montpelier Vermont p 1 Retrieved March 12 2015 Stephen L Dyson April 13 2005 Lucy Wright Mitchell 1845 1888 PDF Classics Department University of Buffalo Retrieved March 11 2015 Justin Perkins February 8 1965 The beloved physician a sermon occasioned by the death of the Rev Austin H Wright M D Oroomiah Persia NIH Retrieved March 12 2015 Rev Austin H Wright May 18 19 1853 A Short Chapter in the History of Babeeism in Persia Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Oriental Society Boston MA American Oriental Society 10 11 Whitney William D 1856 Additions to the Library and Cabinet of the American Oriental Society September 1855 October 1856 PDF Journal of the American Oriental Society 5 xxiii xliii JSTOR 592219 Archived from the original on July 12 2015 Retrieved Aug 15 2021 registration required Elizabeth Strout ed 1930 Catalogue of the library of the American oriental society New Haven Connecticut Yale University Library pp 202 205 Ernest Renan 1866 The Origins of Christianity The apostles Carleton pp 299 301 see also Under Some New Books vi PDF The Sun New York New York September 11 1898 p 22 Retrieved June 2 2015 Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch 1809 1870 NetHymnal Jan 18 2013 Archived from the original on October 22 2012 Retrieved June 2 2015 Zach Reisch August 11 2011 Diary Offers a Unique Glimpse of the Civil War Official Website of the Massachusetts Historical Society Retrieved June 1 2015 a b Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch 1869 Babism Studies in the evidences of Christianity Boston Massachusetts William V Spencer pp 129 140 James T Bixby December 1897 Babism and the Bab The New World A Quarterly Review of Religion Ethics and Theology 6 24 722 750 Various new publications In The New World The Sacred Heart Review Vol 19 no 1 Boston Massachusetts 1 January 1898 p 19 Retrieved June 2 2015 Conference School of Comparative Religion Cambridge Tribune Cambridge Massachusetts 11 May 1901 p 5 Retrieved June 1 2015 James T Bixby June 1912 What is Behaism North American Review 195 679 833 846 JSTOR 25119778 Retrieved July 11 2015 What is Behaism The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Brooklyn New York 9 Aug 1912 p 12 Retrieved July 11 2015 a b Howard MacNutt Aug 1 1912 Interview at Hotel Ansonia New York City April 13 1912 Abdu l Baha Rev J T Bixby and Rev Howard Colby Ives Star of the West Vol 3 no 8 pp 5 8 Retrieved July 11 2015 a b c The Baha i Faith in America Origins 1892 1900 vol 1 by Robert Stockman 1985 pp 4 5 36 37 95 130 131 209 A weird sect The Davenport Democrat and Leader Davenport Iowa 1 Nov 1900 p 8 Retrieved June 2 2015 Literary Notes The Saint Paul Globe Saint Paul Minnesota 7 Nov 1900 p 4 Retrieved June 2 2015 Chronology of the Babi and Bahaʼi Faiths and related history Bahai library com 2015 Retrieved June 2 2015 Will C van den Hoonaard 30 October 2010 The Origins of the Bahaʼi Community of Canada 1898 1948 Wilfrid Laurier Univ Press p 25 ISBN 978 1 55458 706 3 Anne Gordon Perry Rosanne Adams Junkins Robert Atkinson Richard Grover Diane Iverson Robert H Stockman Burton W F Trafton Jr 2012 1991 Green Acre on the Piscataqua 3rd ed Baha i Publishing Trust ISBN 978 0 87743 364 4 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Timeline of the Bahaʼi Faith in Greater Boston PDF Pluralism org Jan 28 2010 Archived from the original PDF on April 17 2015 Retrieved June 2 2015 a b The Bahaʼi Faith in Greater Boston Pluralism org Feb 3 2010 Archived from the original on April 24 2015 Retrieved June 2 2015 a b c d e f g Early History of the Bahaʼi Community in Boston Massachusetts by Anise Rideout date before 1982 see citation 88 in Moojan Momen 1982 Studies in Babi and Bahaʼi History Kalimat Press p 212 ISBN 978 1 890688 45 5 a b c Lillian Gray 22 Jun 1901 Sarah Farmer and the Greenacre cult The Wilkes Barre Record Wilkes Barre Pennsylvania p 12 Retrieved April 25 2015 Lillian Gray 22 Jun 1901 Sarah Farmer and the Green Acre Cult Evening Report Lebanon Pennsylvania p 6 Retrieved April 25 2015 Lillian Gray 23 Jun 1901 Sarah Farmer and the Greenacre Cult The Fort Wayne Journal Gazette Fort Wayne Indiana p 11 Retrieved April 25 2015 Lillian Gray 23 Jun 1901 Sarah Farmer and the Greenacre cult San Antonio Express San Antonio Texas p 14 Retrieved April 25 2015 Lillian Gray Jun 23 1901 Sarah Farmer and the Greenacre cult The Pittsburgh Press Pittsburgh Pennsylvania p 16 Retrieved April 25 2015 Richardson Robert P March 1931 The Rise and Fall of the Parliament of Religions at Greenacre The Open Court 45 3 129 166 Retrieved Nov 4 2014 a b Robert H Stockman 1985 The Bahaʼi Faith in America Early expansion 1900 1912 Bahaʼi Pub Trust pp 80 145 147 190 ISBN 978 0 85398 388 0 a b Peculiar faith of the Babist sect as revealed by a woman The Inter Ocean Chicago Illinois 1 Dec 1901 p 48 Retrieved April 25 2015 Visit to the Babist Chief PDF The Sun New York New York Nov 24 1901 p 6 Retrieved April 25 2015 Came on the Minnehaha The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Brooklyn New York June 24 1901 p 24 Retrieved April 25 2015 Alexander Agnes Baldwin 1977 Barbara Sims ed History of the Bahaʼi Faith in Japan 1914 1938 Osaka Japan Japan Bahaʼi Publishing Trust p 21 Miss Arline Peck and the Babists The Inter Ocean Chicago Illinois 7 Jul 1901 p 36 Retrieved June 2 2015 Miss Arline Peck and the Babists Oakland Tribune Oakland California 20 Jul 1901 p 9 Retrieved June 2 2015 a b Whitehead O Z 1983 Some Baha is to Remember George Ronald pp 145 152 ISBN 0 85398 148 5 Archived from the original on 2016 05 17 Retrieved 2015 07 11 John William Leonard Albert Nelson Marquis 1901 Who s who in America Marquis Who s Who p 390 Mrs Mary H Ford of Chicago Kansas City Journal Kansas City Missouri 31 Aug 1899 p 7 Retrieved April 18 2015 a b Marzieh Gail 1991 Arches of the Years George Ronald ISBN 978 0 85398 325 5 Stockman Robert 1986 Notes 1903 1904 American Baha i History 1892 1912 Robert Stockman s Notes in the National Bahaʼi Archives Retrieved April 25 2015 Mrs Mary Hanford Ford of Boston will give Boston Globe Boston Massachusetts November 1 1903 p 85 Retrieved April 18 2015 Subscription required With Russia wiping out The Wilmington Messenger Wilmington North Carolina 7 Aug 1903 p 6 Retrieved June 2 2015 Gave up all for religion The Columbus Journal Columbus Nebraska 23 Nov 1904 p 3 Retrieved June 2 2015 Ali Kuli Khan a Persian nobleman The Scranton Truth Scranton Pennsylvania 8 Nov 1904 p 4 Retrieved June 2 2015 An American Sultana The Pioneer Bemidji Minnesota 6 Jul 1911 p 3 Retrieved June 2 2015 Persian weds American Bisbee Daily Review Bisbee Arizona 6 Nov 1904 p 8 Retrieved June 2 2015 A society woman The Sun Chanute Kansas 22 Nov 1896 p 6 Retrieved June 2 2015 Mrs Alice Ives Breed The Washington Herald Washington District of Columbia 2 Mar 1912 p 5 Retrieved June 2 2015 Frances Elizabeth Willard Mary Ashton Rice Livermore 1893 A Woman of the Century Fourteen Hundred seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life Moulton p 118 ISBN 9780722217139 Militants try an American Boston Evening Transcript Boston Massachusetts Apr 26 1913 p 4 Retrieved May 4 2015 R Jackson Armstrong Ingram 1987 Juan R Cole Moojan Momen eds Music devotions and Mashriqu l Adhkar PDF Studies in Babi and Baha i history Vol 4 revised ed Kalimat Press p 18 ISBN 0 933770 16 2 a b http bahai library com pdf l lucas my visit acca pdf A brief account of my visit to Acca by Mary L Lucas Nathan Ward Fitz Gerald 1905 The new revelation its marvelous message p 259 a b Sue Carson 27 September 1963 Children flock to learn from Dr Albert Vail Philosophy class is unique The News Palladium Benton Harbor Michigan p 4 Retrieved June 2 2015 a b Dr Vail Philosopher dies at 85 The News Palladium Benton Harbor Michigan 21 May 1966 p 12 Retrieved June 2 2015 Unitarian Year Book American Unitarian Association 1904 pp 100 104 110 a b Jane C Anderson 2000 1979 A history of Channing Murray Foundation and its Red Herring PDF Channing Murray Foundation Unitarian Universalist ISBN 0 932884 25 3 Archived from the original on November 5 2013 Harvard alumni aghast The New York Press New York New York Feb 10 1905 p 1 Retrieved Apr 24 2021 Persian medic delivers address on Bahaism Daily Illini Urbana Illinois 1 May 1907 p 1 Retrieved June 2 2015 Abdu l baha walking on the grounds of Green Acre National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahaʼis of the United States 2011 Retrieved June 2 2015 To leave for Persia The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 2 Apr 1906 p 4 Retrieved June 2 2015 Women s Clubs right col A distinguished company gathered Boston Evening Transcript Boston Massachusetts Mar 18 1905 p 30 Retrieved June 28 2015 Lillian Whiting 11 Apr 1909 Boston Days The Times Democrat New Orleans Louisiana p 38 Retrieved May 10 2016 Events of Eliot The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 6 Jul 1909 p 1 Retrieved June 28 2015 Events of Eliot The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 1 Sep 1909 p 1 Retrieved June 28 2015 At Green Acre this morning The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 19 Jul 1910 p 1 Retrieved June 28 2015 Green Acre conferences The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 6 Jul 1912 p 6 Retrieved June 28 2015 At Green Acre The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 27 Aug 1924 p 5 Retrieved June 28 2015 The congress Tuesday evening Bahaʼi News No 6 August 1925 p 5 Retrieved June 28 2015 Harlan Ober August 1925 The Baha i congress at Green Acre Star of the West Vol 16 no 5 p 529 Retrieved June 28 2015 In memoriam Bahaʼi News No 81 Feb 1934 p 7 Retrieved June 28 2015 Robert H Stockman 1 May 1995 The Baha i Faith in America Early Expansion 1900 1912 George Ronald Publisher Limited pp 218 219 ISBN 978 0 85398 387 3 a b c Ruth Wales Randall April 1929 William H Randall 1863 1929 Star of the West Vol 20 no 1 pp 22 24 Retrieved June 19 2015 a b c d Muriel Ives Barrow Newhall 1998 1970 Mother s stories and Stories of Abdu l Baha as told by Mother PDF Bahai Library com Retrieved June 1 2015 Forming College Clubs The Inter Ocean Chicago Illinois 22 Sep 1908 p 2 Retrieved 26 Feb 2014 Mounts to Marshall spellbinders The Inter Ocean Chicago Illinois 27 Aug 1904 p 3 Retrieved 7 Jun 2015 Harlan Ober and family The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 1 Dec 1934 p 5 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Weston Flint visits parents The Washington Times Washington District of Columbia 3 Mar 1905 p 6 Retrieved 7 Jun 2015 Republican college league leaders The Coffeyville Daily Journal Coffeyville Kansas 25 Oct 1910 p 4 Retrieved 7 Jun 2015 Stanwood Cobb 1989 Memories of ʻAbdu l Baha 1908 1910 1912 1913 In His Presence Visits to ʻAbdu l Baha Kalimat Press pp 25 29 ISBN 0 933770 71 5 Leigh Eric Schmidt 6 August 2012 Restless Souls The Making of American Spirituality University of California Press p 218 ISBN 978 0 520 95411 3 Robert Stockman 1986 Robert Stockman s Notes in the National Bahaʼi Archives h net org Retrieved June 28 2015 Ruth L Dunbar 1986 In Memoriam Stanwood Cobb 1881 1982 The Bahaʼi World Vol 18 Bahaʼi World Centre pp 814 816 Bourgeois Jean Baptiste Louis 1856 1930 Designer of Mashriqu l Adhkar at Wilmette Illinois United States of America R Jackson Armstrong Ingram Research Notes in Shaykhi Babi and Baha i Studies Vol 1 no 7 September 1997 Effendi Shoghi 1944 God Passes By Wilmette Illinois USA Bahaʼi Publishing Trust ISBN 0 87743 020 9 Hooper Harris The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 30 Jul 1934 p 8 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Robert H Stockman 2005 The Baha i Faith and Globalization 1900 1912 PDF In Margit Warburg Annika Hvithamar Morten 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American Bahais in first session The Washington Times Washington District of Columbia 21 Mar 1909 p 16 Retrieved June 21 2015 Prominent Bahai Devotees who are here attending annual convention The Inter Ocean Chicago Illinois 21 Mar 1909 p 3 Retrieved 27 Jan 2014 Persia s new envoy The New York Times New York New York 2 Sep 1910 p 4 Retrieved June 2 2015 Alfred E Lunt city solicitor for Beverly Mass The Washington Herald Washington District of Columbia 6 Jan 1911 p 4 Retrieved June 19 2015 Orient Occident Unity Star of the West Vol 2 no 1 March 21 1911 p 6 Retrieved June 19 2015 United States Boston Mass Star of the West Vol 2 no 3 April 28 1911 p 9 Retrieved June 19 2015 Seeks trade of Asia The Washington Post Washington District of Columbia 17 Mar 1912 p 11 Retrieved 11 Aug 2014 Bahais and ʻAbbas Effendi from the Boston Herald The Charlotte Observer Charlotte North Carolina 21 Feb 1912 p 3 Retrieved June 21 2015 Bahais and ʻAbbas Effendi from the Boston Herald continued The Charlotte 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10 November 2012 Retrieved 29 March 2010 a b Zarqani Mirza Mahmud i 1998 1913 Mahmud s Diary Chronicling ʻAbdu l Baha s Journey to America Oxford UK George Ronald pp 100 103 209 220 ISBN 978 0 85398 418 4 Archived from the original on 28 December 2013 Ives Howard Colby 1983 1937 Portals to Freedom UK George Ronald pp 63 67 196 ISBN 978 0 85398 013 1 Archived from the original on 26 October 2012 Head of New Religion of Peace Atlanta Constitution American Press Association 30 May 1912 p 7 ProQuest 496578595 a b Report of the annual Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration Lake Mohonk Harvard University 1912 pp 42 44 Head of New religion Prominent at Lake Mohonk Conference The Lowell Sun 18 May 1912 p 6 Retrieved 30 April 2010 Subscription required Lacroix Hopson Eliane ʻAbdu l Baha 1987 ʻAbdu l Baha in New York The City of the Covenant NewVistaDesign Archived from the original on 16 December 2013 Elkinton Joseph 30 May 1912 The Mohonk Conference on Peace and International Arbitration of 1912 The Friend A Religious and Literary Journal Edwin P Sellew 85 48 379 Retrieved 27 March 2010 Free Religious Association Boston Mass 1912 Proceedings at the 45th Annual meeting of the Free Religious Association Adams amp Co pp 84 90 Spring Agnes Wright 1944 William Chapin Deming of Wyoming pioneer publisher and state and federal official Arthur H Clark Company p 161 Bixby James T June 1912 What is Behaism The North American Review 195 679 833 846 JSTOR 25119778 Marriage announced The Pittsburgh Post Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 23 Jul 1912 p 5 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 The Wedding of Grace amp Harlan Ober thejourneywest org July 17 2012 Archived from the original on June 16 2015 Retrieved June 16 2015 Zarqani Mirza Mahmud i 1998 1913 Mahmud s Diary Chronicling ʻAbdu l Baha s Journey to America Oxford UK George Ronald ISBN 978 0 85398 418 4 Archived from the original on 22 July 2014 Hear prophet from orient Boston Evening Transcript Boston Massachusetts May 23 1912 p 14 Retrieved June 28 2015 Caitlin Shayda Jones Jonathan Menon August 29 2012 Jonathan Menon Shahin Sobhani eds William Henry Randall and a Glass of Grape Juice 239 Days in America a social media documentary Retrieved June 20 2015 a b Robert Sockett Jonathan Menon August 17 2012 Jonathan Menon Shahin Sobhani eds The Methods for Investigating Truth 239 Days in America a social media documentary Retrieved June 20 2015 Robert Sockett Jonathan Menon August 20 2012 Jonathan Menon Shahin Sobhani eds Fred Mortensen Rides the Rails 239 Days in America a social media documentary Retrieved June 20 2015 Robert Sockett Jonathan Menon August 24 2012 Jonathan Menon Shahin Sobhani eds The Unmistakable and Universal Reformation 239 Days in America a social media documentary Retrieved June 20 2015 Caitlin Shayda Jones Jonathan Menon August 27 2012 Jonathan Menon Shahin Sobhani eds Women s Work 239 Days in America a social media documentary Retrieved June 20 2015 Caitlin Shayda Jones Jonathan Menon August 28 2012 Jonathan Menon Shahin Sobhani eds The Responsibilities of Oneness 239 Days in America a social media documentary Retrieved June 20 2015 The detailed moment Vail met ʻAbdu l Baha is unknown ʻAbdu l Baha arrived in Malden August 23 Robert Sockett Jonathan Menon August 24 2012 Jonathan Menon Shahin Sobhani eds The Unmistakable and Universal Reformation 239 Days in America a social media documentary Retrieved June 20 2015 and Vail was in Illinois by August 28 In the afternoon The Pantagraph Bloomington Illinois 28 August 1912 p 10 Retrieved 6 Oct 2014 a b c Scott Ethel Forbes 1957 The Unitarian Church in Champaign Urbana 1907 1957 a brief account The Unitarian Church in Urbana Ill pp Vail is mentioned extensively but some pages of priority are p 6 11 13 26 OL 25127899M New religions of Today Daily Illini Urbana Illinois 12 January 1913 p 6 Retrieved June 2 2015 Bahai Temple Unity Convention Star of the West September 1914 pp 147 149 150 151 Retrieved June 2 2015 Alfred Lunt June 5 1914 Six annual Convention of Baha i Temple Unity Star of the West p 71 Retrieved June 2 2015 Moomen Moojan 2004 Esslemont s Survey of the Baha i World 1919 1920 In Smith Peter ed Bahaʼis in the West Kalimat Press pp 63 106 see esp 76 83 ISBN 1 890688 11 8 Jane C Anderson 2000 1979 A history of Channing Murray Foundation and its Red Herring PDF Channing Murray Foundation pp 11 13 ISBN 0 932884 25 3 Archived from the original PDF on November 5 2013 Row over Pagan Temple Arkansas City Daily Traveler Arkansas City Kansas 12 Aug 1913 p 4 Retrieved June 21 2015 Plan for a new colony The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 13 Aug 1913 p 1 Retrieved June 21 2015 At Grange hall The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 16 Aug 1913 p 1 Retrieved June 21 2015 Alfred E Lunt May 17 1914 Sixth annual convention of Bahai Temple Unity Chicago April 25 28 1914 Star of the West Vol 5 no 4 pp 51 53 Retrieved June 19 2015 Alfred E Lunt September 8 1914 Afternoon Session Star of the West Vol 5 no 10 p 150 Retrieved June 19 2015 Beha followers to attend conference continued The Oregon Daily Journal Portland Oregon 15 Apr 1915 p 10 Retrieved 11 Nov 2014 ʻAbdu l Baha September 8 1916 Truly I say Star of the West Vol 7 no 10 Translated by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab p 95 Retrieved June 19 2015 Green Acre happenings The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 14 Aug 1915 p 5 Retrieved 5 Nov 2014 Depositions are being taken The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 25 Jul 1914 p 8 Retrieved July 8 2015 Feb24 Judge Hoyt The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 31 Dec 1914 p 4 Retrieved July 8 2015 Robert P Richardson March 1931 The rise and fall of the parliament of religions at Green Acre The Open Court 46 3 129 166 Retrieved June 19 2015 a b c d e Daniel Leab 15 January 2014 Ledoux Urbain 1874 1941 Encyclopedia of American Recessions and Depressions in 2 volumes ABC CLIO pp 454 457 ISBN 978 1 59884 946 2 Greenacre head taken with force Boston Post Boston Massachusetts Aug 4 1916 p 1 Retrieved Nov 28 2014 a b 300 Bahaists to meet here Boston Post Boston Massachusetts 25 Apr 1917 p 18 Retrieved 24 Mar 2015 Foreword Star of the West Vol 6 no 17 Jan 19 1916 pp 131 132 Retrieved June 19 2015 Louis Gregory July 13 1916 The first session of the Convention and the third session of the Congress Star of the West Vol 7 no 7 pp 53 54 Retrieved June 19 2015 Relating to the Bahai movement Boston Post Boston Massachusetts 27 Aug 1916 p 50 Retrieved 12 Jun 2014 Bahaists bury Miss Farmer Boston Post Boston Massachusetts 27 Nov 1916 p 16 Retrieved 24 Mar 2015 Bahaists bury Miss Farmer Boston Post Boston Massachusetts 27 Nov 1916 p 16 Retrieved 24 Mar 2015 International Bahai congress Laredo Weekly Times Laredo Texas 29 Apr 1917 p 1 Retrieved June 2 2015 Bahaists meet Sunday in Boston The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 25 Apr 1917 p 2 Retrieved 24 Mar 2015 Opening of 24th season at Green Acre The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 7 Jul 1917 p 8 Retrieved 22 Jan 2014 Green Acre activities The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 27 Jul 1918 p 4 Retrieved 19 Aug 2014 Bahai Assembly talks Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Illinois 24 May 1919 p 12 Retrieved 8 Aug 2014 Wage Law The Union Labor Record Wilmington North Carolina 29 Oct 1922 p 4 Retrieved 7 Jun 2015 Improvements at Green Acre are planned The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 11 Aug 1925 p 10 Retrieved 5 Jun 2015 At Green Acre The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 21 Aug 1928 p 6 Retrieved 5 Mar 2015 Baha i Centre The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Brooklyn New York 18 Jan 1930 p 9 Retrieved 7 Jun 2015 The Supreme Affliction A Study in Bahaʼi Economics and Socialization by Alfred E Lunt in The Bahaʼi World vol 4 1930 32 New York Bahaʼi Publishing Committee 1933 pp 435 60 Dedication Temple The Jacksonville Daily Journal Jacksonville Illinois 2 May 1931 p 6 Retrieved 7 Jun 2015 Baha i Centre The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Brooklyn New York 27 Feb 1937 p 7 Retrieved 7 Jun 2015 Mr Randall in Montreal Star of the West Vol 8 no 1 March 21 1917 p 10 Retrieved June 19 2015 William H Randal Oct 16 1917 Letter by the President of the Bahai Temple Unity Star of the West Vol 8 no 12 p 148 Retrieved June 19 2015 Harlan Foster Ober June 24 1918 First meeting of the new board of Bahai Temple Unity Star of the West Vol 9 no 6 p 76 Retrieved June 19 2015 Alfred E Lunt September 27 1920 Monday afternoon session Star of the West Vol 11 no 11 p 176 Retrieved June 19 2015 Green Acre in 1920 Star of the West June 5 1920 pp 92 3 Retrieved June 2 2015 Albert R Windust Gertrude Buikema May 17 1922 Change of management of the Star of the West Star of the West Vol 13 no 4 p 80 Retrieved June 19 2015 William H Randall August 1922 Green Acre Star of the West Vol 13 no 5 pp 110 111 Retrieved June 19 2015 Green Acre for over thirty years Star of the West Vol 14 no 4 July 1923 p 123 Retrieved June 19 2015 Building the Bahai Temple the Universal Way Star of the West Vol 13 no 11 Feb 1923 p 313 Retrieved June 19 2015 Louis G Gregory June 1923 The spirit of the convention Second Day Star of the West Vol 14 no 3 pp 77 78 Retrieved June 19 2015 National Bahai office at Eliot The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 31 Oct 1925 p 2 Retrieved June 2 2015 Louis G Gregory Nov 1928 Can the races harmonize Star of the West Vol 19 no 8 pp 248 252 Retrieved June 19 2015 In Memory of the visit of Abdul Baha The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 21 Aug 1928 p 6 Retrieved 9 Jan 2014 Membership of the Executive Board Star of the West Vol 8 no 9 Aug 20 1917 pp 116 7 Retrieved June 19 2015 Pittsburgers will go to Bahai convention The Pittsburgh Press Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Apr 20 1919 p 3 Retrieved June 11 2015 Tablets Instructions and Words of Explanation Revealed by Abdul Baha ʻAbbas presented in talks given by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab at the eleventh Annual Maskrekol Azkar Convention Bahaʼi Congress And Feast of El Rizwan April Twenty Sixth to April Thirteenth Inclusive Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen Hotel McAlpin New York City Bahai assembly Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Illinois 24 May 1919 p 12 Retrieved 8 Aug 2014 Gwendolyn Etter Lewis Richard Thomas Richard Walter Thomas 2006 Lights of the Spirit Historical Portraits of Black Bahaʼis in North America 1898 2004 Baha i Publishing Trust pp 76 77 184 187 ISBN 978 1 931847 26 1 picture of knighting Harlan is man on far right next to Grace holding the white paper Brent Poirier August 7 2010 Abdu l Baha Invested as a Knight of the British Empire bahai insights blogspot com Retrieved June 1 2015 Louis G Gregory May 17 1920 Third session of the convention Star of the West Vol 11 no 4 pp 72 3 Retrieved June 19 2015 Alfred E Lunt September 27 1920 Thursday Morning Session April 29 1920 Star of the West Vol 11 no 11 p 199 Retrieved June 19 2015 William H Randall April 28 1920 The Doors of the Kingdom are Open Star of the West Vol 11 no 3 pp 43 44 Retrieved June 19 2015 Bahai The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Brooklyn New York 23 Jun 1928 p 5 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Hold Eliot Night at Green Acre The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 1 Sep 1928 p 4 Retrieved 26 Feb 2014 Noted lecturer to speak The Pittsburgh Courier Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 27 Apr 1929 p 6 Retrieved 26 Feb 2014 Mr Harlan Ober lecturer and representative The Pittsburgh Courier Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 18 Jan 1930 p 8 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Bahai The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Brooklyn New York 22 Feb 1930 p 9 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Louis Gregory gives address New Castle News New Castle Pennsylvania 20 Oct 1931 p 13 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Have purchased home in Eliot The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 3 Oct 1932 p 4 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 20 Jan 1933 p 7 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 2 May 1933 p 6 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 9 Jun 1933 p 2 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal statetoions WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 21 Jul 1933 p 9 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 4 Aug 1933 p 9 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 18 Aug 1933 p 7 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 25 Aug 1933 p 7 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 8 Sep 1933 p 7 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 15 Sep 1933 p 7 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 3 Nov 1933 p 8 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 17 Nov 1933 p 8 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 24 Nov 1933 p 7 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 22 Dec 1933 p 2 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 16 Mar 1934 p 7 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 30 Mar 1934 p 9 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 20 Jul 1934 p 8 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 10 Aug 1934 p 8 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 17 Aug 1934 p 10 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 24 Aug 1934 p 8 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 7 Sep 1934 p 6 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 5 Oct 1934 p 9 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 19 Oct 1934 p 10 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 26 Oct 1934 p 10 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 2 Nov 1934 p 10 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 23 Nov 1934 p 8 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 7 Dec 1934 p 9 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 14 Dec 1934 p 9 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 21 Dec 1934 p 9 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 18 Jan 1935 p 8 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Normal Stations WHEB The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 15 Feb 1935 p 9 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Hadassah has fine meeting The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 18 Mar 1933 p 4 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Miss Marguerite B Rogers The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 24 Mar 1933 p 8 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Green Acre Notes continued The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 15 Jul 1933 p 4 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Green Acre notes The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 17 Jul 1933 p 4 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 At Green Acre The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 12 Aug 1933 p 2 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Sorority branch organized here The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 26 Sep 1933 p 2 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Harlan Ober of Eliot The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 30 Sep 1933 p 4 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Kitery Items The Riverside Woman s Club The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 4 Jan 1934 p 5 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Eliot The Christian Endeavor Society The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 17 Nov 1934 p 6 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Speaks before Men s Club The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 13 Dec 1934 p 6 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Mr and Mrs Harlan Ober The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 28 Mar 1935 p 5 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Miss Mary Ober who attends The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 17 Jun 1935 p 5 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Harlan Ober will address The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 11 Jan 1936 p 6 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Col Henry S Culver The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 11 Feb 1936 p 4 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Mrs Grace Ober dies suddenly The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 2 May 1938 p 1 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Funeral notice The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 3 May 1938 p 10 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Mrs Harlan Ober The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 5 May 1938 p 4 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 To give address on Sunday The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 2 Jul 1938 p 8 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Boston speaker to be here Wednesday night The Pantagraph Bloomington Illinois 11 Dec 1938 p 9 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Greenacre program to open July 3 The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 22 Jun 1939 p 7 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 To observe Baha i day tomorrow The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 14 Oct 1939 p 8 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Bahai assembly to hold vesper service Berkeley Daily Gazette Berkeley California Oct 13 1939 p 6 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Baha is attend parley at Center in Wilmette The Milwaukee Journal Milwaukee Wisconsin Jan 20 1940 p 5 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 To speak before Baha i meeting The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 9 Mar 1940 p 8 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Many attend Baha i school The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 27 Aug 1940 p 8 Retrieved 13 Jan 2014 Florence E Schopflocher The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 24 Feb 1941 p 6 Retrieved 13 Jan 2014 Mrs and Mrs Norman S Kennard The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 1 Aug 1941 p 6 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Green Acre Lecturer sees future World Federation The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 14 Jul 1942 p 3 Retrieved 22 Jan 2014 Events of the Week The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 20 Jul 1942 p 2 Retrieved 22 Jan 2014 Prof Christian sees unity of mankind in the future The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 21 Jul 1942 p 6 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Green Acre holds annual Racial Amity Parley Aug 14 17 The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 12 Aug 1942 p 3 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Racial Amity Conference Ends at Green Acre The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 18 Aug 1942 p 6 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 H Ober to lecture at Baha i school The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 22 Aug 1942 p 8 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Baha i lecturer sees future of better standards The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 24 Aug 1942 p 3 Retrieved 13 Jan 2014 Woman s struggle for equality explained at Green Acre by Mrs Mary Coristine The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 10 Aug 1943 p 11 Retrieved 11 Aug 2014 Speaker at Green Acre reviews life of Mohammed The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 1 Sep 1943 p 5 Retrieved 11 Aug 2014 Baha i school opens in Eliot for summer The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 10 Jul 1944 p 2 Retrieved 22 Jan 2014 Mass man to speak at Baha i Center The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 2 Dec 1944 p 3 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Harlan Ober of Beverly speaks to Baha is here The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 5 Dec 1944 p 3 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Baha is to hear Harlan Ober on The New Era The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 6 Jan 1945 p 7 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Baha i group studies security for world The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 22 Jan 1945 p 2 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Harlan Ober world traveler will speak here tonight The Independent Record Helena Montana 28 Aug 1945 p 5 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Harlan Ober The Ottawa Journal Ottawa Ontario Canada 21 Jan 1946 p 10 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Harlan Ober Ottawa Citizen Jan 21 1946 p 2 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Will C van den Hoonaard 30 October 2010 The Origins of the Bahaʼi Community of Canada 1898 1948 Wilfrid Laurier Univ Press p 195 ISBN 978 1 55458 706 3 Baha i leader to lecture in S L today The Salt Lake Tribune Salt Lake City Utah 26 Oct 1947 p 18 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Harlan Ober of The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 19 May 1951 p 6 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Louis G Gregory The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 2 Aug 1951 p 3 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Sermon topics at Green Acre The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 18 Aug 1951 p 3 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Baha i group to hear talk on Caribbean tour The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 30 Aug 1951 p 10 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Baha i lecture The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 17 Sep 1951 p 7 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Baha is meet The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 23 Sep 1952 p 2 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Baha is to hear Mrs Gustafson The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 10 Oct 1952 p 14 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Joseph T Silva The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 5 Jul 1954 p 3 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Mrs Ivy D Edwards The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 25 Nov 1955 p 3 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Green Acre slates open programs The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 1 Aug 1956 p 7 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Baha i Institute teachers listed The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 8 Aug 1956 p 7 Retrieved 11 Jun 2015 Bita Watts 2006 Catharine MacMillan 1926 2013 The Baha i Community of Hamilton Ontario Canada Retrieved June 20 2015 Nancy Bowditch Robert Brown January 19 1974 Oral history interview with Nancy Douglas Bowditch Archives of American Art Retrieved June 19 2015 a b c d e f g h i j k l Nancy Douglas Bowditch 15 February 2015 The Artist s Daughter Memoirs 1890 1979 One Voice Press LLC ISBN 978 1 940135 23 6 Archived from the original on 4 July 2015 Retrieved 11 July 2015 Ann Lee Morgan Former Visiting Assistant Professor University of Illinois at Chicago 27 June 2007 The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists Oxford University Press USA pp 65 66 ISBN 978 0 19 802955 7 Phillip E Tussing 2007 Finishing the Work ʻAbdu l Baha in Dublin New Hampshire 1912 Bahai Library com Retrieved June 1 2015 Morella Menon Jonathan Menon July 30 2012 Jonathan Menon Shahin Sobhani eds George De Forest Brush Lover of Indians 239 Days in America a social media documentary Retrieved June 20 2015 William Morgan 2011 Monadnock Summer The Architectural Legacy of Dublin New Hampshire David R Godine Publisher pp 71 3 ISBN 978 1 56792 422 0 a b Thayer William Roscoe Castle William Richards Pier Arthur Stanwood Voto Bernard Augustine De Morrison Theodore March 1917 Marriages The Harvard Graduates Magazine 25 49 447 Retrieved June 29 2015 a b Ruth Wales Randall Feb 1927 The Hour of Unity Star of the West Vol 17 no 11 pp 339 342 Retrieved June 19 2015 Conference will open here on August 21 The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 19 Aug 1930 p 10 Retrieved 13 Jan 2014 At Green Acre The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 26 Aug 1930 p 4 Retrieved 8 Mar 2014 A conference including most of Bahaʼi News No 47 Jan 1931 pp 7 8 Retrieved June 19 2014 Second New England District Conference Bahaʼi News No 50 April 1931 p 4 Retrieved June 19 2015 Nancy Bowditch July 1931 A visit to Bahji Star of the West Vol 22 no 4 pp 106 111 Retrieved June 19 2015 Nancy Bowditch 1930 A Visit to Bahji Baha i World pp 411 416 Green Acre revised program Bahaʼi News No 54 Aug 1931 p 6 Retrieved June 21 2015 Race Amity Conference on Aug 4 5 The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 1 Aug 1934 p 6 Retrieved 11 Jan 2014 The National Race Amity Committee Bahaʼi News No 87 September 1934 p 4 Retrieved June 21 2015 lt Conference at new Bahai Hall The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 3 Jul 1937 p 4 Retrieved 13 Jun 2015 Green Acre News Bahaʼi News No 117 July 1938 p 2 Retrieved June 21 2015 National Committees Radio Bahaʼi News No 127 July 1939 p 6 Retrieved June 21 2015 Edna M True Dec 1944 Centenary Committee 1943 1944 Bahaʼi News No 172 pp 11 13 Retrieved June 21 2015 Hub artist to speak The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 26 Apr 1944 p 8 Retrieved 22 Jan 2014 Pictures and travel talk The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 28 Apr 1944 p 8 Retrieved June 21 2015 Baha i school opens in Eliot for Summer The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 10 Jul 1944 p 2 Retrieved 22 Jan 2014 Youth on the march Baha i New No 196 June 1947 pp 5 6 Retrieved June 21 2015 Hamilton Mass Bahaʼi News No 214 Dec 1948 p 8 Retrieved June 21 2015 Directory additions amp changes Bahaʼi News No 266 April 1948 p 12 Retrieved June 21 2015 New addresses PDF The News Massachusetts General Hospital No 188 Boston Mass October 1959 p 11 Retrieved June 1 2015 Local spiritual assembly of Petersborough Bahaʼi News No 413 August 1965 p 14 Retrieved 13 Jun 2015 Baha i Presentation The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 5 Aug 1970 p 5 Retrieved 13 Jun 2015 Nancy Douglas Bowditch 1970 George de Forest Brush recollections of a joyous painter Noone House Frank MacDonald elected to heard Library Friends The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth New Hampshire 17 Feb 1972 p 17 Retrieved 13 Jun 2015 Observances of the Ascension of ʻAbdu l Baha Bahaʼi News No 497 September 1972 p 6 Retrieved 13 Jun 2015 Keene State College Nashua Telegraph Nashua New Hampshire 1 Nov 1972 p 33 Retrieved 13 Jun 2015 a b Chenery William L Oct 1 1921 Mr Zero the man who feeds the hungry The Survey 47 1 14 15 Retrieved Nov 28 2014 Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 1958 pp 104 106 Diplomats get new locations The Piqua Daily Call Piqua Ohio Sep 9 1903 p 2 Retrieved Nov 28 2014 Leigh Eric Schmidt 6 August 2012 Restless Souls The Making of American Spirituality University of California Press pp 210 212 ISBN 978 0 520 95411 3 Resume breadline here The New York Times New York NY Apr 1 1919 p 4 Retrieved Nov 25 2014 Kirchwey George W May 1919 Solving the problem of the unemployed American Review of Reviews New York NY 59 5 521 523 Retrieved Nov 28 2014 a b Franklin Folsom 1 October 1996 America Before Welfare NYU Press pp 226 227 ISBN 978 0 8147 2667 9 Alexander Keyssar 31 March 1986 Out of Work The First Century of Unemployment in Massachusetts Cambridge University Press pp 238 249 ISBN 978 0 521 29767 7 Hoboes Shun Bowery Dives to Sip Brew at Philanthropist s Bar New York Films from the 1930s Critical Past Mar 3 1932 Retrieved Nov 25 2014 pappasl Nov 20 2012 Feature Video Thanksgiving 2012 Mr Zero gives to the needy Moving Image Research Collections University of South Carolina Retrieved Nov 25 2014 Brian Busby 14 March 2011 A Gentleman of Pleasure One Life of John Glassco Poet Memoirist Translator and Pornographer MQUP p 327 ISBN 978 0 7735 8628 4 Ancestry com U S Social Security Applications and Claims Index 1936 2007 database on line Provo UT USA Ancestry com Operations Inc 2015 Original data Social Security Applications and Claims 1936 2007 Anise Rideout 1940 Early History of the Bahaʼi Community in Boston Massachusetts Bahai Library com Retrieved May 28 2018 In memorium Baha i News No 300 Feb 1956 p 12 Retrieved May 28 2018 Ancestry com U S Social Security Applications and Claims Index 1936 2007 database on line Provo UT USA Ancestry com Operations Inc 2015 Original data Social Security Applications and Claims 1936 2007 a b c d Louis G Gregory Harlan Ober 1981 1949 In memoriam Mabry C Oglesby PDF The Baha i World 1944 1946 Vol 10 Baha i Publishing Trust pp 542 3 Aldred Windust Gertrude Buikema Zia M Baghdadi eds Feb 7 1920 Minutes of the eleventh annual Mashrekoil Azkar convention continued from page 327 Second session Star of the West Vol 10 no 18 p 332 Retrieved May 27 2018 Baha i Boston Herald Boston MA Apr 3 1920 p 19 Retrieved May 27 2018 subscription required Aldred Windust Gertrude Buikema Zia M Baghdadi eds Aug 20 1920 Activities in the American field extracts from Bulletin n2 July 19 1920 by the Teaching Committee of the US and Canada appointed by the delegates of the convention Star of the West Vol 11 no 9 p 147 Retrieved May 27 2018 Baha i Revelation Boston Herald Boston MA Dec 11 1920 p 17 Retrieved May 27 2018 subscription required Bahai sic Revelation Boston Herald Boston MA Jan 8 1921 p 15 Retrieved May 27 2018 subscription required Baha i Boston Post Boston MA 9 Apr 1921 p 13 Retrieved May 27 2018 Bahai sic Boston Post Boston MA 7 May 1921 p 13 Retrieved May 27 2018 Aldred Windust Gertrude Buikema Zia M Baghdadi eds Mar 21 1922 Some of the Bahai Assemblies in America Star of the West Vol 13 no 1 p 28 Retrieved May 27 2018 Aldred Windust Gertrude Buikema Zia M Baghdadi eds Apr 9 1922 Directory of Bahai assemblies in America Star of the West Vol 13 no 2 p 46 Retrieved May 27 2018 Aldred Windust Gertrude Buikema Zia M Baghdadi eds May 17 1922 Directory of Bahai assemblies in America Star of the West Vol 13 no 4 p 94 Retrieved May 27 2018 Bahai sic advert Boston Herald Boston MA Feb 3 1923 p 16 Retrieved May 27 2018 subscription required Baha i Boston Herald Boston MA Jun 13 1925 p 15 Retrieved May 28 2018 subscription required Bahai sic movement Boston Herald Boston MA Apr 17 1926 p 15 Retrieved May 27 2018 subscription required Bahai sic movement Boston Herald Boston MA Jun 26 1926 p 15 Retrieved May 27 2018 subscription required Louis G Gregory Aug 1927 Amity at Green Acre Star of the West Vol v18 no 5 pp 148 60 Retrieved May 28 2018 Inter Racial Amity Baha i News No 20 Nov 1927 p 3 Retrieved May 28 2018 Bahais sic arrange amity meeting Seeking to Bring About Interracial Peace and Harmony The Chicago Defender Chicago IL 6 Aug 1927 p 4 Recent public Baha i meetings Baha i News No 23 Apr 1928 p 3 Retrieved May 28 2018 An 8 30 o clock breakfast The Portsmouth Herald Portsmouth NH 21 Aug 1928 p 6 Retrieved May 28 2018 Louis G Gregory Nov 1928 Can the races harmonize A significant inter racial conference The Second session Star of the West Vol 19 no 8 pp 251 2 Retrieved May 28 2018 Louis G Gregory Mar 1929 Report of the Twenty First annual convention Spiritual meetings Baha i News No 32 p 4 Retrieved May 28 2018 Louis Gregory Oct 1929 King Amity the Third PDF Star of the West Vol 20 no 7 pp 218 223 Retrieved May 28 2018 Interracial Amity Committee Baha i News No 40 Apr 1930 pp 10 11 Retrieved May 28 2018 Sadie Oglesby 2006 Arrival Haifa March 11 1927 In Gwendolyn Etter Lewis Richard Walter Thomas eds Lights of the Spirit Historical Portraits of Black Bahaʼis in North America 1898 2004 Baha i Publishing Trust pp 277 283 ISBN 978 1 931847 26 1 Louis G Gregory 1939 Race Amity in America An historical review Baha i World 1936 8 Vol 7 Baha i Publishing Committee pp 652 666 Archived from the original on 2016 08 09 Baha i room Boston Herald Boston MA Feb 21 1925 p 13 Retrieved May 27 2018 subscription required The election The New York Age New York NY 7 Nov 1936 p 11 Retrieved May 28 2018 Nurses Training School The New York Age New York NY 26 Mar 1908 p 1 Retrieved May 27 2018 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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