ROKS Cheonan sinking

This article is about the March 2010 Baengnyeong incident.

"2010 Baengnyeong incident" redirects here. For the January 2010 artillery duel, see Northern Limit Line.

"Baengnyeong incident" redirects here. For other incidents on or around Baengnyeong-do, see Baengnyeong.

ROKS Cheonan sinking
Part of the Korean conflict
Four photos show damage to ROKS Cheonan — clockwise from upper left: (1) a damaged stack; (2) front portion (port side) showing the break point; (3) a large fragment is lifted from the sea; (4) water pressure marks on the hull bottom.
Date 26 March 2010 Location Near Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea Result Sinking of ROKS Cheonan under disputed circumstances South Korean-led investigation concluded that Cheonan was sunk by unknown submarine North Korea denies involvement
Belligerents
South Korea  Republic of Korea Navy	North Korea (presumed)  Korean People's Navy
Commanders and leaders
Choi Won-il	Unknown
Strength
1 Pohang-class corvette	1 Yono-class submarine
Casualties and losses
46 killed 58 wounded ROKS Cheonan sunk	None

ROKS Cheonan sinking

Date	26 March 2010
Time	21:22 Korea Standard Time
Participants	Republic of Korea Navy (ROK) Korean People's Navy (DPRK)
Property damage	1 ROKN corvette sunk, 46 personnel killed, 58 personnel wounded
Inquiries	International investigation convened by ROK government, Russian Navy investigation
Charges	ROK-convened (JIG) investigation concludes that DPRK sank the corvette using a midget submarine-launched torpedo. Investigation results are disputed. North Korea denies involvement.

ROKS Cheonan sinking
Hangul	천안함피격사건
Hanja	天安艦被擊事件
Revised Romanization	Cheonanham Pigyeok Sageon
McCune–Reischauer	Ch'ŏnanham Pigyŏk Sagŏn

The ROKS Cheonan sinking occurred on 26 March 2010, when Cheonan, a Pohang-class corvette of the Republic of Korea Navy, carrying 104 personnel, sank off the country's west coast near Baengnyeong Island in the Yellow Sea, killing 46 seamen. The cause of the sinking remains in dispute.

A South Korean-led official investigation carried out by a team of international experts from South Korea, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Sweden^[1][2] presented a summary of its investigation on 20 May 2010, concluding that the warship had been sunk by a North Korean torpedo^[3][4] fired by a midget submarine.^[5] The conclusions of the report resulted in significant controversy within South Korea. Following the sinking, South Korea imposed sanctions against North Korea, known as the May 24 measures.

North Korea denied that it was responsible for the sinking.^[6] North Korea's further offer to aid an open investigation was disregarded.^[7] China dismissed the official scenario presented by South Korea and the United States as not credible.^[8] The results of an investigation by the Russian Navy were not made public. The United Nations Security Council made a Presidential Statement condemning the attack but without identifying the attacker.^[9]

Background

 

The location of the sinking.

Main article: North Korea–South Korea relations

Baengnyeong Island is a South Korean island in the Yellow Sea, off the Ongjin peninsula in North Korea. It lies less than 10 miles (16 km) from the North Korean coast, and is over 100 miles (160 km) from the South Korean mainland. The island is to the south and west of the Northern Limit Line, the de facto maritime boundary dividing South Korea (ROK) from North Korea (DPRK).

 

The disputed maritime border between North and South Korea in the West Sea:^[10]
  A: United Nations-created Northern Limit Line, 1953^[11]
  B: North Korea-declared "Inter-Korean MDL", 1999^[12] The locations of specific islands are reflected in the configuration of each maritime boundary, including

1. Yeonpyeong Island
2. Baengnyeong Island
3. Daecheong Island

---

Other map features

4-Jung-gu (Incheon Intl. Airport), 5-Seoul, 6-Incheon, 7-Haeju, 8-Kaesong, 9-Ganghwa County, 10-Bukdo Myeon, 11-Deokjeokdo, 12-Jawol Myeon, 13-Yeongheung Myeon

The area is the site of considerable tension between the two states; although it was provided in the armistice agreement for the stalemate of the Korean war that the islands themselves belonged to the South, the sea boundary was not covered by the armistice, and the sea is claimed by the North.

The situation is further complicated by the presence of a rich fishing ground used by DPRK and Chinese fishing vessels, and there have been numerous clashes over the years between naval vessels from both sides attempting to police what both sides regard as their territorial waters. These have been referred to as "crab wars".^[13]

History of ship sinkings on both sides

In late May 2010, Bruce Cumings, a University of Chicago expert on Korean affairs, commented that the sinking should be regarded as part of long-running tensions in a naval no-man's land.^[14] He noted a confrontation in November 2009 in which several North Korean sailors died, and an incident in 1999 when 30 North Koreans were killed and 70 wounded when their ship sank.^[14]

In both incidents, the North Koreans were the first to open fire.^[14] In the 1999 incident the South Koreans escalated matters by initiating a campaign of boat 'bumping' in order to stop what the South saw as a violation of its maritime borders. Considering these previous incidents, Cumings said that the Cheonan sinking was "ripped out of context, the context of a continuing war that has never ended."^[14]

Military concerns

General Walter L. Sharp, Commander of the South Korea-U.S. Combined Forces Command at the time had, on 24 March, testified before the US House Appropriations Committee, in part, on the need to strengthen the ROK-U.S. alliance, the need for on-site advanced training of the Air Force, the need to improve the quality of life and provide tour normalization for troops serving one-year tours, planned relocation of bases, and the scheduled 2012 transition of Operational Control (OPCON) to ROK hands. He also warned of the possibility that North Korea could "even launch an attack on the ROK."^[15]

Sinking of Cheonan

 

Thermal image of Cheonan sinking

 

Another Pohang-class corvette, Sinsung

On the night of the sinking, the U.S. and South Korean navies were engaged in joint anti-submarine warfare exercises 75 miles (121 km) away.^[16][17][18] This was part of the annual Key Resolve/Foal Eagle war exercise, described as "one of the world's largest simulated exercises", involving many U.S. and South Korean warships.^[19][20]

On Friday, 26 March 2010, an explosion was reported to have occurred near Cheonan, a Pohang-class corvette,^[21] near the stern of the ship at 9:22 pm local time (12:22 pm GMT/UTC).^[22][23] This caused the ship to break in half five minutes afterward, sinking at approximately 9:30 pm about 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) off the south-west coast of Baengnyeong Island.^[24][25][26]

Some initial reports suggested that the ship was hit by a North Korean torpedo, and that the South Korean vessel had returned fire.^[27] However, the South Korean Ministry of Defense stressed in the first press briefings after the sinking that there was "no indication of North Korean involvement".^[28][29] Cheonan was operating its active sonar at the time, which did not detect any nearby submarine.^[16] Several theories have subsequently been put forth by various agencies as to the cause of the sinking.^[30][31] Early reports also suggested that South Korean navy units had shot at an unidentified ship heading towards North Korea, but a defense official later said that this target may have been a flock of birds misidentified on radar.^[32]

The ship had a crew of 104 men at the time of sinking, and 58 crewmembers were rescued by 11:13 pm local time.^[23] The remaining 46 crew died.^[33]

The stern of Cheonan settled on its left side in 130-metre (430 ft) deep water, close to the coordinates at which the hull broke up, whereas the bow section took longer to sink, before settling, overturned, in water 20 metres (66 ft) deep, 6.4 kilometres (3.5 nmi) away, with a small part of the hull remaining visible.^[25][33][34]

Rescue efforts

 

Vice Admiral Kim Jung-du, commander for the Republic of Korea Navy salvage efforts, and Rear Admiral Richard Landolt, on scene commander of U.S. support to South Korean salvage efforts, discuss salvage operations aboard the ROKS Dokdo

Initially six South Korean navy and two South Korean coast guard ships assisted in the rescue as well as aircraft from the Republic of Korea Air Force.^[35] It was reported on March 27 that hopes of finding the 46 missing crew alive were fading. Survival time in the water was estimated at two hours and large waves were hampering rescue attempts.^[36][37] After the sinking, President Lee Myung-bak said that recovery of survivors was the main priority. Air was pumped into the ship to keep any survivors alive.^[38]

Over 24 military vessels were involved over course of the search-and-rescue effort,^[39] including four U.S. Navy vessels: USNS Salvor, USS Harpers Ferry, USS Curtis Wilbur, and USS Shiloh.^[18][34][40]

On 30 March 2010 it was reported that one South Korean naval diver (ROKN UDT/SEAL CWO Han Ju-ho) had died after losing consciousness while searching for survivors, and another had been hospitalised.^[41]

On 3 April 2010, South Korean officials said that a private fishing boat involved in the rescue operations had collided with a Cambodian freighter, sinking the fishing boat and killing at least two people, with seven reported missing.^[42] The same day, the Joint Chiefs of Staff of South Korea said that the body of one of the 46 missing sailors had been found.^[42][43]

Later on 3 April 2010 South Korea called off the rescue operation for the missing sailors, after families of the sailors asked for the operation to be suspended for fear of further casualties among the rescue divers. The military's focus then shifted towards salvage operations, which were predicted to take up to a month to complete.^[42]

Recovery

 

A South Korean and U.S. diver during the recovery phase

 

The first, stern section, recovery site

On 15 April 2010, the stern section of the ship was winched from the seabed by a large floating crane, drained of water and placed on a barge for transportation to the Pyongtaek navy base.^[44] On 23 April 2010, the stack was recovered,^[23] and on 24 April the bow portion was raised.^[45] The salvaged parts were taken to Pyongtaek navy base for an investigation into the cause of the sinking by both South Korean and foreign experts.^[44]

The bodies of 40 personnel out of 46 who went down with the ship were recovered.^[46] Their bodies were laid to rest at the Daejeon National Cemetery.

Cause of sinking

Investigation

 

South Korean and U.S. Navy admirals inspecting the wreckage of Cheonan at Pyeongtaek on 13 September 2010.

After raising the ship, South Korea and the United States formed a joint investigative team to discover the cause of the sinking.^[47] Later South Korea announced that it intended to form an international group to investigate the sinking including Canada, Britain, Sweden and Australia.^[48][49]

On 16 April 2010, Yoon Duk-yong, co-chairman of the investigation team, said "In an initial examination of Cheonan's stern, South Korean and U.S. investigators found no traces showing that the hull had been hit directly by a torpedo. Instead, we've found traces proving that a powerful explosion caused possibly by a torpedo had occurred underwater. The explosion might have created a bubble jet that eventually generated an enormous shock wave and caused the ship to break in two."^[50] Traces of an explosive chemical substance used in torpedoes, RDX, were later found in May 2010.^[51]

The Washington Post reported on 19 May 2010, that a team of investigators from Sweden, Australia, Britain, and the United States had concluded that a North Korean torpedo sank the ship. The team found that the torpedo used was identical to a North Korean torpedo previously captured by South Korea.^[52] On 25 April 2010, the investigative team announced that the cause of the sinking was a non-contact underwater explosion.^[53]

On 7 May 2010, a government official said that a team of South Korean civilian and military experts^[54] had found traces of RDX, a high explosive more powerful than TNT and used in torpedoes.^[55] On 19 May 2010, the discovery of a fragment of metal containing a serial number similar to one on a North Korean torpedo salvaged by South Korea in 2003 was announced.^[56]

In their summary for the United Nations Security Council, the investigation group was described as the "Joint Civilian-Military Investigation Group of the Republic of Korea with the participation of international experts from Australia, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States, and the Multinational Combined Intelligence Task Force, comprising the Republic of Korea, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States," which consisted of "25 experts from 10 top Korean expert agencies, 22 military experts, 3 experts recommended by the National Assembly, and 24 foreign experts constituting 4 support teams".^[1]

Joint Civilian-Military Investigation Group (JIG) report

Summary

On 20 May the South Korean-led investigation group released a summary of their report^[2][23][57] in which they concluded that the sinking of the warship was the result of a North Korean torpedo attack, commenting that "The evidence points overwhelmingly to the conclusion that the torpedo was fired by a North Korean submarine." The inquiry also alleged that a group of small submarines, escorted by a support ship, departed from a North Korean naval base a few days before the sinking.^{[3][58][59][60]} The specific weapon used was alleged to be a North Korean manufactured CHT-02D torpedo, of which substantial parts were recovered.^[61]

According to the Chosun Ilbo, South Korean investigators told their journalists that they believe that one or two North Korean submarines, a Yono-class submarine and the other a Sang-O-class submarine, departed a naval base at Cape Bipagot accompanied by a support ship on 23 March 2010. One of the submarines, according to the report, detoured around to the west side of Baengnyeong Island, arriving on 25 March 2010. There, it waited about 30 metres (98 ft) under the ocean's surface in waters 40 to 50 metres (130 to 160 ft) deep for Cheonan to pass by.^[5]

Investigators were reported to believe that the submarine fired the torpedo from about 3 km away, timed for a period when tidal forces in the area were slow. The North Korean vessel returned to port on 28 March 2010.^[5] Such detailed information on the North Korean submarine movements, and attack position, was not in the official summary or final report.^[62]

 

CHT-02D torpedo propulsion section showing 1번 marking

The torpedo parts recovered at the site of the explosion by a dredging ship on 15 May which include the 5×5 bladed contra-rotating propellers, propulsion motor and a steering section, was claimed to match the schematics of the CHT-02D torpedo included in introductory brochures provided to foreign countries by North Korea for export purposes. An incorrect, though similar, torpedo schematic had by mistake been shown at the televised RIG briefing for comparison with the recovered parts.^[63]

The correct schematic has never been made public. The markings in Hangul, which reads "1번" ("No. 1" in English), found inside the end of the propulsion section, is consistent with the marking of a previously obtained North Korean torpedo, but inconsistent with one found seven years ago, which is marked "4호."^[64] Critics have pointed out that '호" is the term used most often in the North, rather than "번."^[64] Russian and Chinese torpedoes are marked in their respective languages. The CHT-02D torpedo manufactured by North Korea utilizes acoustic/wake homing and passive acoustic tracking methods.^[2]

Simulations indicated that 250 kg (550 lb) of TNT equivalent explosive at 6 to 9 metres (20 to 30 ft) depth, 3 metres (9.8 ft) to the port of the center line, would result in the damage seen to Cheonan.^[65]

The full report had not been released to the public at this time,^[66] though the South Korean legislature was provided with a five-page synopsis of the report.^[67]

Full report

A draft copy of the report was obtained by Time magazine in early August 2010, before the final report was released. According to Time, the report assessed in detail ten possible alternative scenarios, with extensive discussion and explanation of why those ten were not possible. It finally settled on the eleventh explanation, which was a North Korean attack, which it said was a "high possibility."^[66]

In support of this conclusion, the report says that witnesses had reported seeing flashes of light or sounds of an explosion, as well as that the US Navy analysis of the wreck concluded that a torpedo containing 250 kilograms of explosives had collided with Cheonan six to nine meters below the waterline. Damage to the hull supported this conclusion, while inconsistent with what would be expected if the ship had run aground or had been hit with a missile.^[66]

On 13 September 2010, the full report was released.^[62] It concluded that Cheonan had been sunk due to a torpedo explosion, which, while not having contacted the ship, exploded several meters from the hull of the ship and caused a shockwave and bubble effect of sufficient strength to severely damage and sink the ship.^[68]

 

CHT-02D torpedo wreckage on display at the War Memorial of Korea, 23 March 2011

South Korean opinions

According to a survey conducted by Seoul National University's Institute for Peace and Unification Studies, less than one third of South Koreans trust the findings of the multinational panel.^[69][70] A later survey by the JoongAng Ilbo newspaper in 2011 found that 68 percent of South Koreans trusted the government's report that Cheonan was sunk by a North Korean submersible.^[71]

Lee Jung Hee, a lawmaker with the opposition Democratic Labor Party, was sued for defamation by seven people at South Korea's Joint Chiefs of Staff. Lee said during a speech in the national assembly that while the Defense Ministry had said there was no feed from a thermal observation device showing the moment the warship's stern and bow split apart, such a video did exist. Prosecutors then questioned Shin Sang-cheol, who served on the panel that investigated the incident and also runs Seoprise, over his assertion that Cheonan sank in an accident^[72] and that the evidence linking the North to the torpedo was tampered with.

The Defense Ministry asked the National Assembly to eject Shin from the panel for "arousing public mistrust."^[73][74] Shin stated that he doubted the official conclusion on the sinking, saying that when he looked at the dead sailors' bodies, they bore no signs of an explosion.^[67] Shin wrote a letter addressed to US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton showing the evidence for his contention that the ship ran aground and then collided with another vessel.^[75]

Russian Navy experts assessment

 

Rear of the torpedo, with a clamshell fragment inside one of screw hub holes^[76]

Near the end of May a team of Russian Navy submarine and torpedo experts visited South Korea to conduct an assessment of the South Korean led investigation. The team returned to Russia with samples for further physical-chemical analysis.^[77] No official statement on the assessment has been made. It was claimed that the assessment concluded Cheonan was not sunk by a North Korean bubble jet torpedo, but did not come to any firm conclusion about the cause of the sinking.^[78] The Hindu quoted a Russian Navy source stating that "after examining the available evidence and the ship wreckage Russian experts came to the conclusion that a number of arguments produced by the international investigation in favour of the DPRK's involvement in the corvette sinking were not weighty enough".^[79]

On 27 July 2010, The Hankyoreh published what it claimed was a detailed summary of the Russian Navy expert team's analysis.^[80] According to The Hankyoreh, the Russian investigators concluded that Cheonan touched the sea floor and damaged one of its propellers prior to a non-contact explosion, possibly caused by setting off a mine while the ship was trying to maneuver into deeper water. Visual examination of the torpedo parts South Korea found purportedly indicated that it had been in the water for more than 6 months.^[81] On the following day South Korean officials responded with "a full-scale refutation".^[82]

On 3 August 2010 Russian UN ambassador Vitaly Churkin stated that his country's investigative report's conclusions into the sinking would not be made public.^[83] Withholding the investigation results was seen as insensitive by South Korea, but avoided political damage to a number of states.^[84]

Chinese statements

During talks between the American and Chinese governments in late May 2010, Chinese officials were reported by Yoichi Shimatsu, a commentator for the Chinese state-run CCTV-9, to have stated that the sinking of Cheonan had been as a result of an American rising mine, which was moored to the seabed and propels itself into a ship detected by sound or magnetics, planted during anti-submarine exercises that were conducted by the South Korean and US navies shortly before the sinking. To back up their statements, the Chinese said that North Korean submarines such as the one believed to have sunk Cheonan were incapable of moving undetected within South Korean waters, and a rising mine would have damaged the ship by splitting the hull, as was done to Cheonan, rather than simply holing the vessel as a conventional torpedo does. A conventional torpedo traveling at 40–50 knots (74–93 km/h; 46–58 mph) would also be completely destroyed upon impact, which was stated to contradict the torpedo parts found later.^[8]

Other international research

A separate investigation conducted by scientists at the University of Manitoba yielded results that conflict with the official investigation's findings. According to the leader of the investigation, residue on the hull of the ship that was claimed to have been aluminum oxide, which is a byproduct of explosions such as that of a torpedo, had a far higher ratio of oxygen to aluminum, leading the researchers to conclude that "we cannot say that the substance adhering to the Cheonan was the explosion byproduct of aluminum oxide."^[85] The South Korean Ministry of Defense issued a rebuttal to the findings, saying, "The detonation of explosives containing aluminum occurs within hundreds of thousandths of a second under high temperatures of more than 3,000 degrees Celsius and high pressures of more than 200,000 atm, and most of it becomes noncrystalline aluminum oxide."^[85]

A report published online by Nature on 8 July 2010 noted several instances of groups or individuals disagreeing with the official report.^[30][86] The article also notes the rebuttal of those disagreements by analysts and government officials, with one analyst arguing that the sinking was "consistent with North Korea's behaviour in the past."^[30]

In 2013, an academic paper was published analysing the available seismic data. It calculated that the seismic data recorded would be accounted for by a 136 kg (300 lb) TNT-equivalent charge, similar to the explosive yield of land control mines which had been abandoned in the vicinity.^[87][88] In 2014, an academic paper was published analysing the spectra of the seismic signals and hydroacoustic reverberation waves generated. The paper found it doubtful that the vibrations of the water column were caused by an underwater explosion, instead finding that the recorded seismic spectra were consistent with the natural vibration frequencies of a large submarine with a length of around 113 metres (371 ft). This raised the possibility that the sinking was caused by a collision with a large submarine, rather than an explosion.^[89]

Reaction

South Korea

South Korean President Lee Myung-bak convened an emergency meeting of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Orders were given to the military to concentrate on rescuing the survivors. In Seoul, police were put on alert. At the time, a spokesman for the South Korean military stated that there was no evidence that North Korea had been involved in the incident.^[24] A large group of relatives of the missing sailors protested outside the navy base at Pyeongtaek over the lack of information provided to them.^[36]

On 28 March relatives were taken to the site of the sunken vessel. Some relatives stated that survivors had claimed that the Cheonan had been in a poor state of repair.^[26] The Korean media have raised the issue of why the sister ship Sokcho, which was operating nearby, did not come to the rescue of the sinking ship but instead fired shots at radar images which were later confirmed to be migratory birds.^[90]

On 5 April 2010, President Lee Myung-bak visited Baengnyeong Island. He reiterated that it was risky to speculate over the cause, and the joint military and civilian investigation team would determine the cause. He said, "We have to find the cause in a way that satisfies not only our people but also the international community".^[91] The president of South Korea had mourned the victims and said that he will respond "resolutely" to the sinking without yet laying blame for its cause.^[92]

On 24 May Lee Myung-bak said the South would "resort to measures of self-defense in case of further military provocation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea." He also supported readopting the official description of the North as the "main enemy."^[93]

South Korea pursued measures from the United Nations Security Council after the incident, although the language used in the country's statements towards such measures became progressively weaker. In announcements made soon after the sinking, the government said that any draft presented by South Korea would explicitly state that North Korea was responsible for the incident, but by early July, the language had been reduced to only referring to "those responsible," in response to concerns from Russia.^[94]

Diplomatic

Since the incident, the South Korean government has been reluctant to engage in further diplomacy with North Korea over disputes such as North Korea's nuclear weapons program. In response to a request by China, in April 2011 South Korea agreed to talks, but South Korean government officials commented that an apology from North Korea for the sinking would probably be necessary to facilitate any significant progress in the dialogues.^[95]

Military

On 2 May it was reported that South Korea's naval minister vowed "retaliation" against those responsible.^[96] Admiral Kim Sung-chan, at a publicly televised funeral for Cheonan's dead crew members in Pyeongtaek, stated that, "We will not sit back and watch whoever caused this pain for our people. We will hunt them down and make them pay a bigger price."^[97]

On 4 May President Lee proposed "extensive reformations" for the South Korean military regarding the sinking incident.^[98] After the official report was released South Korea has said that it will take strong countermeasures against the North.^[99]

Societal

Writing in The New York Times, Korea scholar Brian Reynolds Myers stated that there was not much anger or outrage among ordinary South Koreans over the sinking.^[100] He stated that due to the inherently ethnic nature of Korean nationalism, there was no major uproar over the incident in South Korean society because of ethnic solidarity with North Koreans that many South Koreans feel, which Myers said overruled patriotism towards South Korea in many cases involving North Korea.^[100]

Trade

On 24 May 2010, South Korea announced it would stop nearly all its trade with North Korea as a result of the official report blaming North Korea for the sinking. South Korea also announced it would prohibit North Korean vessels from using its shipping channels.^[101] According to the New York Times, the trade embargoes were "the most serious action" South Korea could take short of military action.^[102] The United States openly supported South Korea's decision.^[103] The embargo is expected to cost the North Korean economy roughly $200 million a year.^[104] The decision to cease trade was followed up with the United States and South Korea announcing they would conduct joint naval exercises in response to the sinking.^[105]

Psychological warfare

The South Korean military announced that it would resume psychological warfare directed at North Korea. This would include both loudspeaker and FM radio propaganda broadcasts across the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). Daily NK, a South Korean based news website, has claimed that a North Korean commander has stated, "If South Korea establishes new psychological warfare services, we will fire against them in order to eliminate them".^[106]

South Korea began propaganda broadcasts into North Korea by radio on 25 May. North Korea responded by putting its troops on high alert, and severed most remaining ties and communications with South Korea in response to what it called a "smear campaign" by Seoul. South Korean military propaganda FM broadcasts were resumed at 18:00 (local time) starting with the song "HuH" by K-pop band 4minute.^[107][108]

As part of the propaganda broadcasts, South Korea reinstalled loudspeakers at eleven places along the DMZ. There was originally a plan to also use electronic signs, although due to cost, the plan was reportedly being reconsidered. On 13 June, South Korean media announced that the South Korean Defense Minister, Kim Tae-young, had said that anti-North Korea broadcasts were planned to resume.^[109]

Suppressing internal dissent

Discourse over the events leading to the sinking of Cheonan was tightly controlled by the South Korean government in the months after the incident. On 8 May 2010, a former senior presidential secretary who served under Roh Moo-hyun, Park Seon-won,^[110] was charged with libel by South Korea's Defense Minister, Kim Tae-young, over comments he made during a 22 April interview on MBC radio asking for greater disclosure from the military and government. Park Seon-won's response to the charge was: "I asked for the disclosure of information for a transparent and impartial investigation into the cause of the Cheonan sinking;" he added that "the libel suit seeks to silence public suspicion over the incident."^[111]

South Korea's Minister of Public Administration and Security, Maeng Hyung-kyu, announced on 20 May 2010 that the government was stepping up efforts to prosecute people who spread "groundless rumors" over the internet: "Anyone who makes false reports or articles about the incident could seriously damage national security. We will not let these be the basis of any risks the nation faces." Moreover, he announced the government would step up efforts to prevent "illegal gatherings" regarding the sinking of Cheonan.^[112]

A South Korean military oversight board, the Board of Inspection and Audit, has accused senior South Korean naval leaders of lying and hiding information. Said the board, "Military officers deliberately left out or distorted key information in their report to senior officials and the public because they wanted to avoid being held to account for being unprepared."^[67]

In 2013, a documentary film named Project Cheonan Ship was released in South Korea about the sinking, including a number of possible alternative causes for the sinking. Members and relatives of the South Korean navy sought a court injunction to block the film's release on the basis that the film distorted the facts. The injunction was denied in court, however, a major cinema chain, Megabox, withdrew the film after warnings from conservative groups that they planned to picket showings the film.^[113][114]

North Korea

North Korea's Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) released an official response to the investigation on 28 May 2010 stating that part of a torpedo doing so much damage to a ship would not survive:

Besides, the assertion that the screw shaft and engine remained undamaged and unchanged in shape is also a laughing shock. Even U.S. and British members of the international investigation team, which had blindly backed the South Korean regime in its 'investigation', were perplexed at the exhibit in a glass box.^[115]

On 17 April 2010, it was reported that North Korea officially denied having had anything to do with the sinking. An article from KCNA entitled "Military Commentator Denies Involvement in Ship Sinking" stated that the event was an accident.

... we have so far regarded the accident as a regretful accident that should not happen in the light of the fact that many missing persons and most of rescued members of the crew are fellow countrymen forced to live a tiresome life in the puppet army.^[116]

On 21 May 2010, North Korea offered to send their own investigative team to review the evidence compiled by South Korea,^[117] and the Hankyoreh quoted Kim Yeon-chul, professor of unification studies at Inje University, commenting on the offer: "It is unprecedented in the history of inter-Korean relations for North Korea to propose sending an investigation team in response to an issue that has been deemed a 'military provocation by North Korea,'"and thus "The Cheonan situation has entered a new phase."^[118]

According to the New Zealand based news website, Stuff, North Korea also warned of a wide range of hostile reactions to any move by South Korea to hold it accountable for the sinking.

If the South puppet group comes out with 'response' and 'retaliation', we will respond strongly with ruthless punishment including the total shutdown of North-South ties, abrogation of the North-South agreement on non-aggression and abolition of all North-South cooperation projects.^[119]

On 24 May, new reports indicated Kim Jong-il had ordered the armed forces of North Korea to be ready for combat a week before.^[120] North Korea released a list of measures that it will take in response to South Korea's sanctions. This would include the cutting of all ties and communications, except for the Kaesong industrial complex. They would revert to a wartime footing in regard to South Korea and disallow any South Korean ships or aircraft to enter the territory of North Korea.^[121]

On 27 May, North Korea announced that it would scrap an agreement aimed at preventing accidental naval clashes with South Korea. It also announced that any South Korean vessel found crossing the disputed maritime border would be immediately attacked.^[122]

On 28 May, KCNA stated that "it is the United States that is behind the case of Cheonan. The investigation was steered by the U.S. from its very outset." It also accused the United States of manipulating the investigation and named the administration of US President Barack Obama directly of using the case for "escalating instability in the Asia-Pacific region, containing big powers and emerging unchallenged in the region."^[123]

On 29 May, North Korea warned the United Nations to be wary of evidence presented in the international investigation, likening the case to the claims of weapons of mass destruction that the United States used to justify its war against Iraq in 2003 and stated that "the U.S. is seriously mistaken if it thinks it can occupy the Korean Peninsula just as it did Iraq with sheer lies." The North Korea foreign minister warned the United Nations Security Council of risks of being "misused". It also accused the United States of joining South Korea in putting "China into an awkward position and keep hold on Japan and South Korea as its servants."^[74]

High ranking North Korean military officials denounced the international investigation and said North Korea does not have the type of submarines that supposedly carried out the attack. They also dismissed claims regarding writings on the torpedo and clarified that "when we put serial numbers on weapons, we engrave them with machines." South Korea's Yonhap News Agency quoted South Korean officials as saying that North Korea has about ten of the Yono-class submarine.^[74]

On 2 November, KCNA published a detailed rebuttal of the South Korean joint investigative team report.^[124]

The Rodong Sinmun claimed that the "probability of a torpedo attack on (the) Cheonan Warship" was 0%.^[125]

International

Main article: Reactions to the 2010 ROKS Cheonan sinking

When the official report on the sinking was released on 20 May there was widespread international condemnation of North Korea's actions. China was one of few exceptions, simply terming the incident "unfortunate" and "urged stability on the peninsula". This was speculated to be China's concern for instability in the Korean Peninsula.^[99] Researchers at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, drawing on interviews with Chinese officials and foreign policy experts, later argued that there existed an "inability of the top leadership to reach a consensus on how to react" to the issue, contributing to its comparatively restrained response.^[126]

On 14 June 2010, South Korea presented the results of its investigation to United Nations Security Council members.^[1][127] In a subsequent meeting with council members North Korea stated that it had nothing to do with the incident.^[128] On 9 July 2010 the United Nations Security Council made a Presidential Statement condemning the attack but without identifying the attacker.^[9][129] China had resisted U.S. calls for a tougher line against North Korea.^[130]

Later reports

A member of the North Korean cabinet who defected to the south in 2011 said on 7 December 2012 that the crew of the North Korean submarine which sank Cheonan had been honored by the North Korean military and government. The defector, known by the alias "Ahn Cheol-nam", stated that the captain, co-captain, engineer, and boatswain of the mini-sub which sank Cheonan had been awarded "Hero of the DPRK" in October 2010.^[131]

Literature

• McGlynn, John; Politics in Command: The "International" Investigation into the Sinking of the Cheonan and the Risk of a New Korean War; Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, Vol. 8, Iss. 24, Art. 3372

See also

• Bombardment of Yeonpyeong
• Korean Air Flight 858
• Korean War
• List of border incidents involving North Korea

References

1. Park In-kook (4 June 2010), "Letter dated 4 June 2010 from the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF), United Nations Security Council, S/2010/281, retrieved 11 July 2010
2. . Ministry of National Defense R.O.K. 20 May 2010. News item No 592. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
3. . Daily NK. 20 May 2010. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
4. Barrowclough, Anne (20 May 2010). "'All out war' threatened over North Korea attack on warship Cheonan". The Times. London. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
5. "How Did N. Korea Sink The Cheonan?". The Chosun Ilbo. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
6. "Press Conference on Situation in Korean Peninsula: DPRK Permanent Representative to the United Nations Sin Son Ho". Department of Public Information. United Nations. 15 June 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
7. Watson, Paul (19 July 2012). "South Korea good, North Korea bad? Not a very useful outlook". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
8. Yoichi Shimatsu (27 May 2010). . New America Media. Archived from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
9. "Presidential Statement: Attack on Republic of Korea Naval Ship 'Cheonan'". United Nations Security Council. United Nations. 9 July 2010. S/PRST/2010/13. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
10. Ryoo, Moo Bong. (2009). p. 13 or p. 21. Strategy research project at the U.S. Army War College; retrieved 26 November 2010.
11. "Factbox: What is the Korean Northern Limit Line?" Reuters (UK). 23 November 2010; retrieved 26 November 2010.
12. Van Dyke, Jon et al. "The North/South Korea Boundary Dispute in the Yellow (West) Sea," Marine Policy 27 (2003), 143–158; note that "Inter-Korean MDL" is cited because it comes from an academic source, (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (PDF), and the writers were particular enough to include in quotes as we present it. The broader point is that the maritime demarcation line here is NOT a formal extension of the Military Demarcation Line; compare "NLL—Controversial Sea Border Between S.Korea, DPRK, " People's Daily (PRC), 21 November 2002; retrieved 22 December 2010
13. "Northern Limit Line (NLL) West Sea Naval Engagements". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
14. "Historian Bruce Cumings: US Stance on Korea Ignores Tensions Rooted in 65-Year-Old Conflict; North Korea Sinking Could Be Response to November '09 South Korea Attack". Democracy Now!. 27 May 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
15. (PDF). Committee on Appropriation, US House of Representatives. 24 March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
16. Jelinek, Pauline (5 June 2010). "AP Enterprise: Sub attack was near US-SKorea drill - Boston.com". The Boston Globe. Jean H. Lee and Kwang-Tae Kim in Seoul contributed to this report. Boston: NYTC. Associated Press. ISSN 0743-1791. OCLC 66652431. from the original on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
17. . military.com. Associated Press. 5 June 2010. Archived from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
18. . Amphibious Force Seventh Fleet Public Affairs. 4 April 2010. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
19. Lance Cpl. Claudio A. Martinez (11 March 2010). . U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
20. Kim Myong Chol (5 May 2010). . Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
21. "Report: South Korean navy ship sinks". CNN. 27 March 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
22. "Chronology of the Cheonan Sinking". The Korea Times. 29 April 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
23. "Investigation Activities on the Sinking of ROKS "Cheonan" – investigation video". Ministry of National Defense R.O.K. 20 May 2010. Linked from news item No 592. Retrieved 20 May 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}
24. "South Korean navy ship sinks near sea border with North". BBC. 26 March 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
25. "Poor weather halts search of South Korea sunken warship". BBC. 31 March 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
26. Mark TranSi-Young Lee and Hyung-Jin Kim (28 March 2010). "Angry families visit site of sunken SKorean ship". Associated Press. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
27. Kim Sengupta (27 March 2010). "Warship mystery raises Korean tensions". The Independent. London.
28. "South Korea urges restraint over sunken warship". BBC News. 1 April 2010.
29. . Businessweek.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
30. Cyranoski, David (8 July 2010). "Controversy over South Korea's sunken ship". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2010.343. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
31. Gregg, Donald P. (31 August 2010). "Testing North Korean Waters". The New York Times.
32. Tania Branigan and Caroline Davies (26 March 2010). "South Korean naval ship sinks in disputed area after 'explosion'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
33. Evan Ramstad (29 March 2010). "Divers Reach South Korean Wreckage". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
34. Edward Baxter (May 2010). (PDF). Sealift. Military Sealift Command, U.S. Navy. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
35. Crilly, Rob (26 March 2010). "South Korea investigates whether North involved in ship sinking". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
36. "Hopes fading for South Korea sailors". BBC News. 27 March 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
37. Lee, Tae-hoon (28 March 2010). "More Questions Raised Than Answered Over Sunken Ship". The Korea Times. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
38. South Korea rules out navy ship sunk by North Korea, Reuters, Jo Yonghak, 27 March 2010
39. "Sunken section of South Korean naval vessel found". BBC News. 29 March 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
40. "South Koreans hold out hope for sailors missing after ship explosion". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
41. "Diver dies at South Korean warship rescue site". BBC News. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
42. Kwang-Tae Kim (3 April 2010). "SKorea stops underwater search for missing sailors". Associated Press. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
43. "Nine missing as S Korean boat sinks in warship search". BBC News. 3 April 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
44. "Stern of South Korea naval ship lifted from sea bed". BBC News. 15 April 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
45. Lee, Tae-hoon (23 April 2010). "Front Half of Cheonan to Be Raised Today". Retrieved 25 May 2010.
46. "Asia-Pacific — Funeral held for S Korean sailors". Al Jazeera English. 29 April 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
47. "INSIDE JoongAng Daily". Joongangdaily.joins.com. 7 April 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
48. (AFP) – 12 April 2010 (12 April 2010). "AFP: Australians to join probe into S.Korea warship sinking". Retrieved 20 May 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
49. . Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. 16 May 2010. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
50. Jung Sung-ki (19 April 2010). "N. Korean Submarines Pose Grave Threat to Security". The Korea Times. Seoul. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
51. . Xinhua. 10 May 2010. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010.
52. Pomfret, John; Harden, Blaine (19 May 2010). "South Korea to officially blame North Korea for March torpedo attack on warship". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
53. "Cheonan Analysis Reveals Non-Contact Cause". Daily NK. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
54. Excerpts: South Korea ship sinking report, BBC, 20 May 2010
55. Explosives from torpedo found on sunken ship, by Lee Tae-hoon Korea Times, 7 May 2010
56. "Probe IDs torpedo that sunk Cheonan: sources". JoongAng Daily. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
57. Investigation Result on the Sinking of ROKS Cheonan – Press Summary (PDF). The Joint Civilian-Military Investigation Group (Report). Ministry of National Defense R.O.K. / BBC. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
58. Adam Brookes (20 May 2010). "'North Korean torpedo' sank South's navy ship — report". BBC News. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
59. . Sbs.com.au. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
60. "North Korea denies sinking warship; South Korea vows strong response". CNN. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
61. Foster, Peter; Moore, Malcolm (20 May 2010). "North Korea condemned by world powers over torpedo attack". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
62. (PDF), Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of Korea, September 2010, ISBN 978-89-7677-711-9, OCLC 868822578, archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2011, retrieved 4 December 2010
63. Kim Deok-hyun (29 June 2010). "Investigators admit using wrong blueprint to show N. Korean torpedo that attacked Cheonan". Yonhap. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
64. "Questions raised following Cheonan announcement". The Hankyoreh. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
65. ""Smoking Gun" Briefing Slides". South Korean Ministry of Defense. 20 May 2010. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2010. (PDF version of partial slide set)
66. Powell, Bill (13 August 2010). . Time. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
67. Barbara Demick and John M. Glionna (23 July 2010). "Doubts surface on North Korea's role in ship sinking". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
68. "Seoul reaffirms N. Korea's torpedo attack in final report". The Korea Times. 13 September 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
69. "The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition): Daily News from Korea – Most S.Koreans Skeptical About Cheonan Findings, Survey Shows". Retrieved 30 October 2014.
70. "Study: Many South Koreans are skeptical of investigators' report on Cheonan sinking". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
71. Christine Kim (22 March 2011). . JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
72. S. C. Shin (26 May 2010). "Opinion about Accident of PCC-772" (PDF). Seoprise. Retrieved 8 July 2010. (HTML version)
73. Ser Myo-ja (20 May 2010). "Probe member summoned on false rumor allegations". JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
74. South Korea Faces Domestic Skeptics Over Evidence Against North, by Ben Richardson and Saeromi Shin, Bloomberg News, 30 May 2010
75. . Seoprise.com. 26 May 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
76. Kwon Hyuk-chul (5 November 2010). "Clamshell covered in white substance discovered on Cheonan torpedo fragment". The Hankyoreh. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
77. . RIA Novosti. 8 June 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
78. Lee Yeong-in (10 July 2010). "Government protests Russia's Conflicting Cheonan findings". The Hankyoreh. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
79. Vladimir Radyuhin (9 June 2010). "Russian probe undercuts Cheonan sinking theory". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
80. "Russian Navy Expert Team's analysis on the Cheonan incident". The Hankyoreh. 27 July 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
81. "Russia's Cheonan investigation suspects that the sinking Cheonan ship was caused by a mine in water". The Hankyoreh. 27 July 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
82. "Lee administration responds to Russian investigation report". The Hankyoreh. 28 July 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
83. Yonhap, "Moscow Not To Make Public Probe Outcome On Cheonan's Sinking: Amb. Churkin", 5 August 2010.
84. Sunny Lee (12 October 2010). "Why Russia doesn't share its Cheonan results with Seoul". The Korea Times. Seoul. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
85. "Scientists question Cheonan investigation findings". The Hankyoreh. 28 June 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
86. Seunghun Lee and J.J. Suh (15 July 2010). "Rush to Judgment: Inconsistencies in South Korea's Cheonan Report". Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability. Policy Forum 10-039. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
87. So Gu Kim, Yefim Gitterman (10 August 2012). "Underwater Explosion (UWE) Analysis of the ROKS Cheonan Incident". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 170 (4): 547–560. doi:10.1007/s00024-012-0554-9. ISSN 0033-4553. S2CID 140165476.
88. Kang Tae-Ho (14 September 2012). "New evidence that Cheonan was sunk by an old mine". Hankyoreh. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
89. Hwang Su Kim and Mauro Caresta (20 November 2014). "What Really Caused the ROKS Cheonan Warship Sinking?". Advances in Acoustics and Vibration. 2014: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2014/514346.
90. "Military Under Fire – Questions Grow Over Crisis Management Capability". The Korea Times. Seoul. 1 April 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
91. Na Jeong-ju (5 April 2010). "Lee Warns Against Speculation Over Cheonan". The Korea Times. Seoul. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
92. "South Korea mourns victims of ship sinking". BBC News. 26 April 2010.
93. . Archived from the original on 19 November 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
94. "Requested Security Council Cheonan measures weaken considerably". The Hankyoreh. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
95. The Korea Herald, "Seoul Insists on N. Korea Apology Before Dialogue", 18 April 2011; Yonhap, "Seoul Renews Demand For N. Korea's Responsible Steps Over Deadly Attacks", 18 April 2011.
96. . Hindustan Times. 2 May 2010. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
97. The Korea Herald, "Navy Chief Vows Revenge For Cheonan", 30 April 2010.
98. 김 (Kim), 대우 (Dae-u) (4 May 2010). "작전,무기,군대조직,문화도 다바꿔라" 軍 전방위 개혁 예고 ["Change All of Plans, Weapons, Organization, Culture" Military Announces Omni-directional Reform]. Herald Economics (in Korean). Retrieved 5 May 2010.
99. "North Korea accused of sinking ship". 20 May 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
100. Myers, Brian Reynolds (27 May 2010). . The New York Times. New York. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
101. Choe Sang-Hun (24 May 2010). "South Korea cuts trade ties with North over sinking". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
102. Choe Sang-Hun; Shanker, Thom (24 May 2010). "Pentagon and U.N. Chief Put New Pressure on N. Korea". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
103. Lewis, Leo (24 May 2010). "South Korea bans all trade with North over Cheonan attack". The Times. London. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
104. . News.yahoo.com. 26 March 2010. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
105. "US to conduct naval training exercises with S Korea after attack". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 24 May 2010. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
106. Kim So Yeol (24 May 2010). "Psychological Warfare Will Resume". Daily NK. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
107. Lim, Bomi (25 May 2010). . Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
108. "South Korea resumes border propaganda broadcast with 4minute!". Retrieved 30 October 2014.
109. "S. Korea reconsiders installing electronic signboards against N. Korea". Yonhap. 13 June 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
110. Korean newspapers have romanized his name as Park Seon-won; however, papers he published while as a visiting fellow at the Brookings Institution indicate he romanizes his name as Sun-won Park.
111. "Ex-Pres. Secretary Sued for Spreading Cheonan Rumors". 8 May 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
112. "Gov't warns against 'groundless rumors'". 20 May 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
113. "South Korea: Film raises questions about Cheonan sinking". Index on Censorship. 17 September 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
114. Jeyup S. Kwaak (5 September 2013). "Controversial Film About Warship Sinking Opens in Theaters". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
115. "Military Commentator on Truth behind "Story of Attack by North"". (North) Korean News. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
116. "Military Commentator Denies Involvement in Ship Sinking 11 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine", Korean Central News Agency. 17 April 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
117. The Hankyoreh, "N. Korea's Reinvestigation Proposal Alters Cheonan Situation", 21 May 2010.
118. "N. Korea's reinvestigation proposal alters Cheonan situation". Retrieved 30 October 2014.
119. "North Korea declares phase of war with south". Stuff. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
120. "Asia-Pacific – S Korea resumes border broadcasts". Al Jazeera English. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)^{[dead link]}
121. Thatcher, Jonathan (25 May 2010). "Text from North Korea statement". Reuters. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
122. BBC (27 May 2010). "North Korea scraps South Korea military safeguard pact". BBC. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
123. DPRK accuses U.S. of cooking up, manipulating "Cheonan case" 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, by Xiong Tong, Xinhua News Agency, 28 May 2010
124. . KCNA. 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
125. Ri Song Ho (28 June 2012). "Probability of Torpedo Attack on Cheonan Warship: 0%". rodong.rep.kp. Rodong Sinmun. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
126. Jakobson, Linda; Dean, Knox (1 September 2010). New Foreign Policy Actors in China (Report). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. pp. 17–18. China's initial reaction was noncommittal ... According to Chinese researchers, China's silence was due to the inability of the top leadership to reach a consensus on how to react. Within China's civilian leadership, there were those, among others Wang Jiarui (head of the Party's International Department), who supported the military's view that North Korea has legitimate concerns about its security being threatened by the United States and that it is not in China's interests to condemn its ally. Other top civilian leaders were reportedly of the view that China cannot stand by and be seen as tolerating an indiscriminate attack by North Korea on a South Korean vessel.
127. "North Korea – Developments at the UN". Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations. July 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
128. Sin Son Ho (8 June 2010), "Letter dated 8 June 2010 from the Permanent Representative of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF), United Nations Security Council, S/2010/294, retrieved 11 July 2010
129. Harvey Morris (9 July 2010). "North Korea escapes blame over ship sinking". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
130. Andrew Jacobs and David E. Sanger (29 June 2010). "China Returns U.S. Criticism Over Sinking of Korean Ship". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
131. JoongAng Ilbo, N. Korean Sailors Awarded Hero's Title For Attack On S. Korean Warship: Defector, 8 December 2012

Further reading

• Van Dyke, Jon M., Mark J. Valencia and Jenny Miller Garmendia. . Marine Policy 27 (2003), 143–158.

External links

 

Wikinews has related news:

• South Korean navy ship sinks off North Korean coast
• North Korea denies involvement in sinking of South Korean warship
• Clinton warns North Korea of "provocative behavior"
• US and South Korea to conduct naval exercises in response to warship sinking

• Joint Investigation Report On the Attack Against the ROKS Ship Cheonan, Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of Korea, September 2010, ISBN 978-89-7677-711-9
• Investigation Result on the Sinking of ROKS Cheonan, Press Summary by The Joint Civilian-Military Investigation Group
• South Korean Ministry of Defense "Smoking Gun" Briefing Slides 24 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
• Investigation MND briefing slides
• Briefing – the Cheonan Situation 9 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Ambassador Han Duk-soo, 25 May 2010

37°55′45″N 124°36′02″E / 37.92917°N 124.60056°E / 37.92917; 124.60056