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The command was created as a combined extension of both the AD and RAF. The AD appeared to take care of the organizational side of the command, and so naming it after a memorialized member of the RAF makes sense if they were seeking to at least publicly have a unified front. Both the RAF and the AD were actively pursuing their shared goal of political autonomy within their home countries, with the RAF based in Germany and the AD in France.[4] These groups' goal of political autonomy did not stop with their own countries however, and they often fought against their own countries' governments in the pursuit of what they claimed was 'political autonomy', or political freedom, for the world's working class.[5]
The command had only one claimed attack, the assassination of French Army General René Audran on January 25, 1985.[6] At the time of his death, Audran was a senior-level official in the French Ministry of Defense, specifically the Corps of Armament. The Elisabeth van Dyck Command took credit for the assassination via letter.[5] In the letter the members explained that they had killed Audran because he was the head of French's foreign arms sales and they believed that his "military and economic function is at the heart of the strategic imperialist project".[5] The project being referred to is what the AD and RAF believed to be NATO and its supporting European countries' goal of homogenizing the world into a capitalist culture, and that as they progressed along this goal it would widen the gap in power and wealth between the upper class and working class.[5]
Arrestsedit
In December 1981, AD member Lahouari Benchellal, known as Farid, was arrested for forging traveler's cheques, which were an important income source for the organization, in Helsinki, Finland. He hung himself while in the custody of the Finnish Security Intelligence Service in January 1982. AD did not believe Benchellal killed himself, and they named a direct action group after him.[7]
There is an ongoing campaign by some sections of the French far-left calling for the parole of the still imprisoned AD members, who consider themselves political prisoners. In December 2007, Jean-Marc Rouillan was allowed a state of "semi-liberty", able to leave prison for extended periods. In September 2008, a Parisian court called for the revocation of his status after he declared in an interview with L'Express that "I remain convinced that armed struggle is necessary at certain moments of the revolutionary process".[8][9]
^(fr)Serge Cosseron, Dictionnaire de l'extrême gauche, Larousse, collection À présent, 2007 (ISBN978-2-03-582620-6) p. 61
^Selon la police en 1989 in (en) Michael Dartnell, Action directe: ultra-left terrorism in France, 1979-1987, Paris, 1995, 224 p. (ISBN0714645664, lire en ligne archive), p. 173
^Jack Holland & Henry McDonald, INLA – Deadly Divisions, 1994, p.146-7, p.214-15
^"Direct Action | French extremist group". Encyclopedia Britannica. from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
^ abcd"Kommando Elisabeth van Dyck" (PDF). Social History Portal. February 1985. (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^Terrorist Group Profiles. DIANE Publishing. 1990. p. 44. ISBN9781568068640.
^Simola, Matti (2009). Ratakatu 12 – Suojelupoliisi 1949–2009. Helsinki: WSOY. pp. 123–127. ISBN9789510352434./
^. Libération. 1 October 2008. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Il faut clarifier les choses: le processus de lutte armée tel qu'il est né dans l'après-68, dans ce formidable élan d'émancipation, n'existe plus (...) Mais, en tant que communiste, je reste convaincu que la lutte armée est nécessaire à un moment du processus révolutionnaire." "Il faut clarifier les choses: le processus de lutte armée tel qu'il est né dans l'après-68, dans ce formidable élan d'émancipation, n'existe plus (...) Mais, en tant que communiste, je reste convaincu que la lutte armée est nécessaire à un moment du processus révolutionnaire.
^Samuel, Henry (1 October 2008). "Terrorist group Action Directe founder 'does not regret murders'". Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Bibliographyedit
Dartnell, Michael (1995). Action Directe: Ultra-Left Terrorism in France 1979-1987. Newberry House, London: Frank Cass and Co LTD. pp. 1–4. ISBN0-7146-4566-4. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
"France: Government must apply international standards to Action directe four" (PDF). Amnesty International. 31 January 2001.
Protestation devant les libertaires du présent et du futur sur les capitulations de 1980, Jean-Claude Lutanie, (originally published in 1981 under the pseudonym Un Incontrole, no publisher, re-published in 2011 by Editions Lutanie)
Segaller, Stephen (1986). "Action Directe, Ideologues of Violence". The Times (London) – via lexisnexis.com.
External linksedit
Sites campaigning for the release of the Action directe convicts:
www.action-directe.net (in French)
Campaign for the release of Action directe prisoners (in French)
elhajoui (8 February 2014). "Protestation Devant les Libertaires du Present et du Futur sur les Capitulations de 1980". Situationniste Blog. from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
"Action Directe" July 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2019. (The commando's one attack is listed under Action Directe in GTD.)
January 01, 1970
action, directe, rock, climb, climb, other, uses, direct, action, disambiguation, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, french, january, 2022, click, show, important, translation, instructions, machine, translation,. For the rock climb see Action Directe climb For other uses see Direct action disambiguation You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French January 2022 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 6 178 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Action directe see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated fr Action directe to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Action Directe ak sjɔ di ʁɛkt AD lit direct action was a French far left militant group that originated from the anti Franco struggle and the autonomous movement and was responsible for violent attacks in France between 1979 and 1987 Members of the group considered themselves libertarian communists who had formed an urban guerrilla organization The French government banned the group During its existence AD s members murdered 12 people and wounded a further 26 It associated at various times with the Red Brigades Italy Red Army Faction West Germany Prima Linea Italy Armed Nuclei for Popular Autonomy France Communist Combatant Cells Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Factions Irish National Liberation Army 3 and others Action directeDates of operation1979 1987MotivesProletarian revolutionActive regionsFranceIdeologyAnarchism Anti fascism Anti imperialism Autonomism Maoism Marxism Leninism 1 Notable attacksAssassinations of Rene Audran and Georges Besse1979 Attack on the HQ of Conseil national du patronat francais1986 Paris police station attackStatusDefunctSize180 200 militants and close sympathizers during its existence 2 Means of revenueRobbery Contents 1 Elisabeth Van Dyck Command 2 Arrests 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksElisabeth Van Dyck Command editThe Elisabeth Van Dyck Command was a branch of AD that assassinated French Army General Rene Audran on 25 January 1985 He was the Director of International Affairs DAI at the General Directorate for Armament DGA The team was named to commemorate Red Army Faction RAF member Elisabeth Van Dyck The command was created as a combined extension of both the AD and RAF The AD appeared to take care of the organizational side of the command and so naming it after a memorialized member of the RAF makes sense if they were seeking to at least publicly have a unified front Both the RAF and the AD were actively pursuing their shared goal of political autonomy within their home countries with the RAF based in Germany and the AD in France 4 These groups goal of political autonomy did not stop with their own countries however and they often fought against their own countries governments in the pursuit of what they claimed was political autonomy or political freedom for the world s working class 5 The command had only one claimed attack the assassination of French Army General Rene Audran on January 25 1985 6 At the time of his death Audran was a senior level official in the French Ministry of Defense specifically the Corps of Armament The Elisabeth van Dyck Command took credit for the assassination via letter 5 In the letter the members explained that they had killed Audran because he was the head of French s foreign arms sales and they believed that his military and economic function is at the heart of the strategic imperialist project 5 The project being referred to is what the AD and RAF believed to be NATO and its supporting European countries goal of homogenizing the world into a capitalist culture and that as they progressed along this goal it would widen the gap in power and wealth between the upper class and working class 5 Arrests editIn December 1981 AD member Lahouari Benchellal known as Farid was arrested for forging traveler s cheques which were an important income source for the organization in Helsinki Finland He hung himself while in the custody of the Finnish Security Intelligence Service in January 1982 AD did not believe Benchellal killed himself and they named a direct action group after him 7 There is an ongoing campaign by some sections of the French far left calling for the parole of the still imprisoned AD members who consider themselves political prisoners In December 2007 Jean Marc Rouillan was allowed a state of semi liberty able to leave prison for extended periods In September 2008 a Parisian court called for the revocation of his status after he declared in an interview with L Express that I remain convinced that armed struggle is necessary at certain moments of the revolutionary process 8 9 See also editAutonomism Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Factions Revolutionary Front for Proletarian ActionReferences edit fr Serge Cosseron Dictionnaire de l extreme gauche Larousse collection A present 2007 ISBN 978 2 03 582620 6 p 61 Selon la police en 1989 in en Michael Dartnell Action directe ultra left terrorism in France 1979 1987 Paris 1995 224 p ISBN 0714645664 lire en ligne archive p 173 Jack Holland amp Henry McDonald INLA Deadly Divisions 1994 p 146 7 p 214 15 Direct Action French extremist group Encyclopedia Britannica Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 Retrieved 11 May 2019 a b c d Kommando Elisabeth van Dyck PDF Social History Portal February 1985 Archived PDF from the original on 11 May 2019 Retrieved 11 April 2019 Terrorist Group Profiles DIANE Publishing 1990 p 44 ISBN 9781568068640 Simola Matti 2009 Ratakatu 12 Suojelupoliisi 1949 2009 Helsinki WSOY pp 123 127 ISBN 9789510352434 Le parquet demande la revocation de la semi liberte de Rouillan Liberation 1 October 2008 Archived from the original on 9 March 2012 Il faut clarifier les choses le processus de lutte armee tel qu il est ne dans l apres 68 dans ce formidable elan d emancipation n existe plus Mais en tant que communiste je reste convaincu que la lutte armee est necessaire a un moment du processus revolutionnaire Il faut clarifier les choses le processus de lutte armee tel qu il est ne dans l apres 68 dans ce formidable elan d emancipation n existe plus Mais en tant que communiste je reste convaincu que la lutte armee est necessaire a un moment du processus revolutionnaire Samuel Henry 1 October 2008 Terrorist group Action Directe founder does not regret murders Daily Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on 8 February 2018 Retrieved 8 February 2018 Bibliography editDartnell Michael 1995 Action Directe Ultra Left Terrorism in France 1979 1987 Newberry House London Frank Cass and Co LTD pp 1 4 ISBN 0 7146 4566 4 Retrieved 20 August 2018 France Government must apply international standards to Action directe four PDF Amnesty International 31 January 2001 Protestation devant les libertaires du present et du futur sur les capitulations de 1980 Jean Claude Lutanie originally published in 1981 under the pseudonym Un Incontrole no publisher re published in 2011 by Editions Lutanie Segaller Stephen 1986 Action Directe Ideologues of Violence The Times London via lexisnexis com External links editSites campaigning for the release of the Action directe convicts www action directe net in French Campaign for the release of Action directe prisoners in French elhajoui 8 February 2014 Protestation Devant les Libertaires du Present et du Futur sur les Capitulations de 1980 Situationniste Blog Archived from the original on 20 August 2018 Retrieved 18 December 2021 https socialhistoryportal org sites default files raf 0319850125 0 pdf https books google com books id yLH0BgAAQBAJ amp pg PA232 https www telegraph co uk news worldnews europe france 3119083 Terrorist group Action Directe founder does not regret murders html Action Directe July 2018 Retrieved 10 May 2019 The commando s one attack is listed under Action Directe in GTD Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Action Directe amp oldid 1178388094, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
