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Sons of Liberty

August 23, 2023

For other uses, see Sons of Liberty (disambiguation).

The Sons of Liberty was a loosely organized, clandestine, sometimes violent, political organization active in the Thirteen American Colonies founded to advance the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government. It played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765[1] and throughout the entire period of the American Revolution.

A 1765 handbill, announcing an upcoming "Sons of Liberty" public event.

In popular thought, the Sons of Liberty was a formal underground organization with recognized members and leaders. More likely, the name was an underground term for any men resisting new Crown taxes and laws.[2] The well-known label allowed organizers to make or create anonymous summons to a Liberty Tree, "Liberty Pole", or other public meeting-place. Furthermore, a unifying name helped to promote inter-Colonial efforts against Parliament and the Crown's actions. Their motto became "No taxation without representation."[3]

History

 
The Bostonian Paying the Excise-Man, 1774 British anti-American propaganda cartoon, referring to the tarring and feathering of Boston Commissioner of Customs John Malcolm four weeks after the Boston Tea Party. The men also are shown pouring "Tea" down Malcolm's throat; note the noose hanging on the Liberty Tree and the Stamp Act posted upside-down

In 1765, the British government needed money to afford the 10,000 officers and soldiers living in the colonies, and intended that the colonists living there should contribute.[4] The British passed a series of taxes aimed at the colonists, and many of the colonists refused to pay certain taxes; they argued that they should not be held accountable for taxes which were decided upon without any form of their consent through a representative. This became commonly known as "No Taxation without Representation." Parliament insisted on its right to rule the colonies despite the fact that the colonists had no representative in Parliament.[5] The most incendiary tax was the Stamp Act of 1765, which caused a firestorm of opposition through legislative resolutions (starting in the colony of Virginia), public demonstrations,[6] threats, and occasional hurtful losses.[7]

The name is presumed to have been inspired by the phrase's use in a pro-American, anti-taxation speech in the House of Commons on February 6, 1765, by Irish MP Isaac Barré.[8][9]

The organization spread hour by hour, after independent starts in several different colonies. In August 1765, the group was founded in Boston, Massachusetts.[10] A precursor of this group was the Loyal Nine. By November 6, a committee was set up in New York to correspond with other colonies. In December, an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut. January bore witness to a correspondence link between Boston and New York City, and by March, Providence had initiated connections with New York, New Hampshire, and Newport, Rhode Island. March also marked the emergence of Sons of Liberty organizations in New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia.

In Boston, another example of violence could be found in their treatment of local stamp distributor Andrew Oliver. They burned his effigy in the streets. When he did not resign, they escalated to burning down his office building. Even after he resigned, they almost destroyed the whole house of his close associate Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson. It is believed that the Sons of Liberty did this to excite the lower classes and get them actively involved in rebelling against the authorities. Their actions made many of the stamp distributors resign in fear.

To celebrate the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766, the Sons of Liberty in Dedham, Massachusetts, erected the Pillar of Liberty.[11]

The Sons of Liberty popularized the use of tar and feathering to punish and humiliate offending government officials starting in 1767. This method was also used against British Loyalists during the American Revolution. This punishment had long been used by sailors to punish their mates.[12]

There was nothing "secret" about the Sons of Liberty in Boston: on August 14, 1769, they held a public rally in celebration of the 4th Anniversary of their founding. At 11 in the morning they gathered at the Liberty Tree in Boston where they gave speeches and made toasts; they then paraded to the Liberty Tree Tavern in nearby Dorchester, where they held a celebratory dinner of 300 members of the organization in a tent set up next to the tavern, where "Music played, and at proper Intervals Cannon were fired. [...] About Five o'Clock the Company left [the tavern] in a Procession that extended near a Mile and a half, and before Dark entered the City, went round the State House and retired each to his own House."[13]

At this time in the history of their organization they still considered themselves to be loyal subjects of the monarchy of Great Britain; when it came time at both events to give a round of toasts, the first toasts were to "The King, the Queen and the Royal Family";[14] only much later during the course of the Revolution did they begin to stridently oppose giving any support to the monarchy.

The Bostonian branch of the Sons of Liberty were responsible for organizing and executing the famous Boston Tea Party of 1773 in response to the Tea Act.

Early in the American Revolution, the former Sons of Liberty generally joined more formal groups, such as the Committee of Safety.

New York

"The association of the Sons of Liberty was organized in 1765, soon after the passage of the Stamp Act, and extended throughout the colonies, from Massachusetts to South Carolina. It appears that New York was the central post from which communications were dispatched, to and from the east and to the south as far as Maryland..."[15]

While the exact name "Sons of Liberty" may not have been taken up as their official moniker by the leaders of the New York opposition to the Stamp Act in 1765 - they were popularly known there around that time as "The Liberty Boys" - it appears that they were known to other "Sons of Liberty" organizations in other states by that name not long after that time. There is a letter written by the "Sons of Liberty" in Baltimore, Maryland, "to the Sons of Liberty in New York", dated 6 March 1766 in which the Baltimore "Sons" thanked their New York brethren for having forced Zacharias Hood, who had been appointed stamp-master for Maryland, into resigning his commission. Hood had arrived in New York on a ship from London, and as soon as his mission became known to The Liberty Boys of New York, they arranged for a meeting with him at which they reasoned with him in their own inimitable way and thus secured his "resignation."[16]

A list of New York members of the Sons of Liberty compiled by the Sons in Maryland, written on 1 March 1766, lists the following correspondents in the colony of New York: "New York [city] — John Lamb, Isaac Sears, William Wiley, Edward Laight, Thomas Robinson, Flores Bancker, Charles Nicoll, Joseph Allicoke, and Gershom Mott. Jer. Van Rensselaer, Mynd. Roseboom, Rob. Henry, and Thos. Young, Albany. John S. Hobart, Gilbert Potter, Thomas Brush, Cornelius Conklin, and Nathaniel Williams, Huntington, Long Island. George Townsend, Barack Sneething, Benj. Townsend, George Weeks, Michael Weeks, and Rowland Chambers, Oyster Bay, Long Island."[17]

In December 1773, a new group calling itself the Sons of Liberty issued and distributed a declaration in New York City called the Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York, which formally stated that they were opposed to the Tea Act and that anyone who assisted in the execution of the act was "an enemy to the liberties of America" and that "whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions, we will not deal with, or employ, or have any connection with him."[18]

After the end of the American Revolutionary War, Isaac Sears, Marinus Willet, and John Lamb revived in New York City the Sons of Liberty. In March 1784, they rallied an enormous crowd that called for the expulsion of any remaining Loyalists from the state starting May 1. The Sons of Liberty were able to gain enough seats in the New York assembly elections of December 1784 to have passed a set of punitive laws against Loyalists. In violation of the Treaty of Paris (1783), they called for the confiscation of the property of Loyalists.[19] Alexander Hamilton defended the Loyalists, citing the supremacy of the treaty.

Flags

An original flag flown from the Liberty Tree is in the collection of Revolutionary Spaces in Boston at the Old State House. The flag is wool with nine vertical stripes, four white and five red. The owner of the flag post-Revolution, Samuel "Rat-Trap" Adams, claimed that the flag was used by the Sons of Liberty, although there is no contemporary documentation of a non-British striped flag used by the Sons of Liberty. A flag having 13 horizontal red and white stripes was used by the Continental Navy and by American merchant ships during the war, although the two styles of flag do not appear to be related.[20][21]

Famous Sons of Liberty

 
1st row: Samuel Adams • Benedict Arnold • John Hancock • Patrick Henry • James Otis, Jr. 2nd row: Paul Revere • James Swan • Alexander McDougall • Benjamin Rush • Charles Thomson 3rd row: Joseph Warren • Marinus Willett • Oliver Wolcott • Christopher Gadsden • Haym Salomon
Not pictured: Hercules Mulligan, Thomas Melvill, Isaac Sears

Boston

New York

Other

Later societies

At various times, small secret organizations took the name "Sons of Liberty". They generally left very few records. In the early 19th century, there was an organization in Bennington, Vermont, named the Sons of Liberty, that included local notables such as military officer Martin Scott and Hiram Harwood.[30]

The Improved Order of Red Men, established in 1834, claimed to be descended from the original Sons of Liberty, noting that the Sons participated in the Boston Tea Party dressed as their idea of "Indians".

The name was also used during the American Civil War.[31] The Copperhead group, the Knights of the Golden Circle, reorganized in 1863 as the "Order of American Knights". In 1864, it became the Order of the Sons of Liberty, with the Ohio politician Clement L. Vallandigham, most prominent of the Copperheads, as its supreme commander. In most areas, only a minority of its membership was radical enough to discourage enlistments, resist the draft, and shield deserters. The group held numerous peace meetings. A few agitators, some of them encouraged by Southern money, talked of a revolt in the Old Northwest, with the goal of ending the war.[32] In 1864, both the KGC and the Order of the Sons of Liberty were prosecuted for treason by federal authotities, especially in Indiana.[33]

In 1948, a radical wing of the Zionist movement, calling itself the "Sons of Liberty", launched a boycott of British films in the U.S., in response to British policies in Palestine.[34]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ John Phillips Resch, ed., culture, and the homefront (MacMillan Reference Library, 2005) 1: 174–75
  2. ^ Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies (2007) 1:688
  3. ^ Frank Lambert (2005). James Habersham: loyalty, politics, and commerce in colonial Georgia. U. of Georgia Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-8203-2539-2.
  4. ^ John C. Miller, Origins of the American Revolution (Boston, 1943) p. 74.
  5. ^ John C. Miller, Origins of the American Revolution (Boston, 1943)
  6. ^ Such as by the local judges and Frederick, Maryland. See Thomas John Chew Williams (1979). History of Frederick County, Maryland. Genealogical Publishing Co. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0806379739.
  7. ^ Miller, Origins of the American Revolution pp. 121, 129–130
  8. ^ Shain, Barry Alan (2014-06-10). The Declaration of Independence in Historical Context: American State Papers, Petitions, Proclamations, and Letters of the Delegates to the First National Congresses. Yale University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-300-15874-8.
  9. ^ Flexner, Stuart Berg; Soukhanov, Anne H. (1997). Speaking Freely: A Guided Tour of American English from Plymouth Rock to Silicon Valley. Oxford University Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-19-510692-3.
  10. ^ Anger, p. 135
  11. ^ Dedham Historical Society (2001). Images of America: Dedham. Arcadia Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-7385-0944-0. Retrieved August 11, 2019.
  12. ^ Benjamin H. Irvin, "Tar, feathers, and the enemies of American liberties, 1768–1776." New England Quarterly (2003): 197–238. in JSTOR
  13. ^ "Untitled news item, column 1". The Boston Evening-Post. Massachusetts Historical Society. 21 August 1769. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  14. ^ "Untitled news item, column 1". The Boston Evening-Post. Massachusetts Historical Society. 21 August 1769. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  15. ^ Leake, Isaac (1850). Memoir of the life and times of General John Lamb. Internet Archive: J. Munsell. p. 2 et seq. OCLC 1048816315.
  16. ^ Dawson, Henry (3 May 1859). The Sons of Liberty in New York. Internet Archive: New York State Historical Society. p. 72 et. seq. OCLC 1157513559.
  17. ^ Leake, Isaac (1850). Memoir of the life and times of General John Lamb. Internet Archive: J. Munsell. p. 4. OCLC 1048816315.
  18. ^ T. H. Breen (2004). The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence. Oxford UP. p. 446. ISBN 978-0199840113.
  19. ^ Schecter, p. 382
  20. ^ "Not That Samuel Adams". Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  21. ^ Ansoff, Peter; vexillologie, North American Vexillological Association / Association nord-américaine de (1 July 2004). "The First Navy Jack". Raven: A Journal of Vexillology. 11: 1–60. doi:10.5840/raven2004111. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  22. ^ Ira Stoll (2008). Samuel Adams: A Life. Free Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-1416594567.
  23. ^ David H. Fischer (1995). Paul Revere's ride. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0195098310.
  24. ^ Paul Della Valle (2009). Massachusetts Troublemakers: Rebels, Reformers, and Radicals from the Bay State. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 57. ISBN 978-0762757954.
  25. ^ Donald A. Grinde Jr, "Joseph Allicocke: African-American Leader of the Sons of Liberty." Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 14#.2 (1990): 61–69.
  26. ^ Daniel Elbridge Wager (1891). Col. Marinus Willett, the Hero of Mohawk Valley. Society. p. 10.
  27. ^ Dave R. Plamer (2010). George Washington and Benedict Arnold: A Tale of Two Patriots. Regnery Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-1596981645.
  28. ^ Louis Bellet Plamer (1976). Prominent Virginia Families. ISBN 978-0806307220.
  29. ^ Chris Alexander (2010). Two Truths Two Justices. Xulon Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-1612154527.
  30. ^ Shalhope, Robert (2003). A Tale of New England. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 92–96. ISBN 0-8018-7127-1.
  31. ^ Baker, p. 341
  32. ^ Hesseline, William B. (1948) Lincoln and the War Governors. p.312. New York: Knopf. OCLC 445066
  33. ^ Keehn, David C. (2013). Knights of the Golden Circle: Secret Empire, Southern Secession, Civil War. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0807150047.
  34. ^ Kerry Segrave (2004). Foreign Films in America: A History. McFarland. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7864-8162-0.

Further reading

18th century Sons
  • Becker, Carl (1901), "Growth of Revolutionary Parties and Methods in New York Province 1765–1774", American Historical Review, 7 (1): 56–76, doi:10.2307/1832532, ISSN 0002-8762, JSTOR 1832532
  • Carson, Clayborne, Jake Miller, and James Miller. "Sons of Liberty." in Civil Disobedience: An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States (2015): 276+
  • Champagne, Roger J. (1967), "Liberty Boys and Mechanics of New York City, 1764–1774", Labor History, 8 (2): 115–135, doi:10.1080/00236566708584011, ISSN 0023-656X
  • Champagne, Roger J. (1964), "New York's Radicals and the Coming of Independence", Journal of American History, 51 (1): 21–40, doi:10.2307/1917932, ISSN 0021-8723, JSTOR 1917932
  • Dawson, Henry Barton. The Sons of Liberty in New York (1859) 118 pages; online edition
  • Foner, Philip Sheldon. Labor and the American Revolution (1976) Westport, CN: Greenwood. 258 pages
  • Hoffer, Peter Charles (2006), Seven Fires: The Urban Infernos The Reshaped America, New York: Public Affairs, ISBN 1-58648-355-2
  • Irvin, Benjamin H. (2003), "Tar, Feathers, and the Enemies of American Liberties, 1768–1776", New England Quarterly, 76 (2): 197–238, doi:10.2307/1559903, ISSN 0028-4866, JSTOR 1559903
  • Labaree, Benjamin Woods. The Boston Tea Party (1964).
  • Maier, Pauline (1972), From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765–1776, New York: W.W. Norton
  • Maier, Pauline. "Reason and Revolution: The Radicalism of Dr. Thomas Young," American Quarterly Vol. 28, No. 2, (Summer 1976), pp. 229–249 in JSTOR
  • Middlekauff, Robert (2005), The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789, Oxford University Press, ISBN 019531588X
  • Miller, John C. (1943), Origins of the American Revolution, Boston: Little, Brown and Company
  • Morais, Herbert M. (1939), "The Sons of Liberty in New York", in Morris, Richard B. (ed.), The Era of the American Revolution, pp. 269–289, a Marxist interpretation
  • Nash, Gary B. (2005), The Unknown Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America, London: Viking, ISBN 0-670-03420-7
  • Schecter, Barnet (2002), The Battle of New York, New York: Walker, ISBN 0-8027-1374-2
  • Unger, Harlow (2000), John Hancock: Merchant King and American Patriot, Edison, NJ: Castle Books, ISBN 0-7858-2026-4
  • Walsh, Richard. Charleston's Sons of Liberty: A Study of the Artisans, 1763–1789 (1968)
  • Warner, William B. Protocols of Liberty: Communication Innovation and the American Revolution (University of Chicago Press, 2013)
Later groups
  • Baker, Jean (1983), Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-1513-6
  • Churchill, Robert. "Liberty, conscription, and a party divided-The Sons of Liberty conspiracy, 1863–1864." Prologue-Quarterly of the National Archives 30#4 (1998): 294–303.
  • Rodgers, Thomas E. "Copperheads or a Respectable Minority: Current Approaches to the Study of Civil War-Era Democrats." Indiana Magazine of History 109#2 (2013): 114–146. in JSTOR

External links

  • The Sons of Liberty, ushistory.org
  • The Sons of Liberty, u-s-history.com
  • Albany Sons of Liberty Constitution
  • Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York, December 15, 1773


August 23, 2023
sons, liberty, other, uses, disambiguation, loosely, organized, clandestine, sometimes, violent, political, organization, active, thirteen, american, colonies, founded, advance, rights, colonists, fight, taxation, british, government, played, major, role, most. For other uses see Sons of Liberty disambiguation The Sons of Liberty was a loosely organized clandestine sometimes violent political organization active in the Thirteen American Colonies founded to advance the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government It played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765 1 and throughout the entire period of the American Revolution Sons of LibertyFlagLeadersSee belowFoundation1765Dissolved1776MotivesBefore 1766 Opposition to the Stamp Act After 1766 Independence of the United Colonies from Great BritainActive regionsMassachusetts BayRhode IslandNew HampshireNew JerseyNew YorkMarylandVirginiaIdeologyInitial phase Rights of Englishmen No taxation without representation Later phase LiberalismRepublicanismAmerican IndependenceMajor actionsPublic demonstrations Direct action Destruction of Crown goods and property Boycotts Tar and feathering PamphleteeringNotable attacksGaspee Affair Boston Tea Party Attack on John MalcolmAlliesPatriot revolutionariesOpponents Great Britain Royal Colonial Governments LoyalistsA 1765 handbill announcing an upcoming Sons of Liberty public event In popular thought the Sons of Liberty was a formal underground organization with recognized members and leaders More likely the name was an underground term for any men resisting new Crown taxes and laws 2 The well known label allowed organizers to make or create anonymous summons to a Liberty Tree Liberty Pole or other public meeting place Furthermore a unifying name helped to promote inter Colonial efforts against Parliament and the Crown s actions Their motto became No taxation without representation 3 Contents 1 History 1 1 New York 2 Flags 3 Famous Sons of Liberty 3 1 Boston 3 2 New York 3 3 Other 4 Later societies 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory Edit The Bostonian Paying the Excise Man 1774 British anti American propaganda cartoon referring to the tarring and feathering of Boston Commissioner of Customs John Malcolm four weeks after the Boston Tea Party The men also are shown pouring Tea down Malcolm s throat note the noose hanging on the Liberty Tree and the Stamp Act posted upside downIn 1765 the British government needed money to afford the 10 000 officers and soldiers living in the colonies and intended that the colonists living there should contribute 4 The British passed a series of taxes aimed at the colonists and many of the colonists refused to pay certain taxes they argued that they should not be held accountable for taxes which were decided upon without any form of their consent through a representative This became commonly known as No Taxation without Representation Parliament insisted on its right to rule the colonies despite the fact that the colonists had no representative in Parliament 5 The most incendiary tax was the Stamp Act of 1765 which caused a firestorm of opposition through legislative resolutions starting in the colony of Virginia public demonstrations 6 threats and occasional hurtful losses 7 The name is presumed to have been inspired by the phrase s use in a pro American anti taxation speech in the House of Commons on February 6 1765 by Irish MP Isaac Barre 8 9 The organization spread hour by hour after independent starts in several different colonies In August 1765 the group was founded in Boston Massachusetts 10 A precursor of this group was the Loyal Nine By November 6 a committee was set up in New York to correspond with other colonies In December an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut January bore witness to a correspondence link between Boston and New York City and by March Providence had initiated connections with New York New Hampshire and Newport Rhode Island March also marked the emergence of Sons of Liberty organizations in New Jersey Maryland and Virginia In Boston another example of violence could be found in their treatment of local stamp distributor Andrew Oliver They burned his effigy in the streets When he did not resign they escalated to burning down his office building Even after he resigned they almost destroyed the whole house of his close associate Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson It is believed that the Sons of Liberty did this to excite the lower classes and get them actively involved in rebelling against the authorities Their actions made many of the stamp distributors resign in fear To celebrate the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766 the Sons of Liberty in Dedham Massachusetts erected the Pillar of Liberty 11 The Sons of Liberty popularized the use of tar and feathering to punish and humiliate offending government officials starting in 1767 This method was also used against British Loyalists during the American Revolution This punishment had long been used by sailors to punish their mates 12 There was nothing secret about the Sons of Liberty in Boston on August 14 1769 they held a public rally in celebration of the 4th Anniversary of their founding At 11 in the morning they gathered at the Liberty Tree in Boston where they gave speeches and made toasts they then paraded to the Liberty Tree Tavern in nearby Dorchester where they held a celebratory dinner of 300 members of the organization in a tent set up next to the tavern where Music played and at proper Intervals Cannon were fired About Five o Clock the Company left the tavern in a Procession that extended near a Mile and a half and before Dark entered the City went round the State House and retired each to his own House 13 At this time in the history of their organization they still considered themselves to be loyal subjects of the monarchy of Great Britain when it came time at both events to give a round of toasts the first toasts were to The King the Queen and the Royal Family 14 only much later during the course of the Revolution did they begin to stridently oppose giving any support to the monarchy The Bostonian branch of the Sons of Liberty were responsible for organizing and executing the famous Boston Tea Party of 1773 in response to the Tea Act Early in the American Revolution the former Sons of Liberty generally joined more formal groups such as the Committee of Safety New York Edit The association of the Sons of Liberty was organized in 1765 soon after the passage of the Stamp Act and extended throughout the colonies from Massachusetts to South Carolina It appears that New York was the central post from which communications were dispatched to and from the east and to the south as far as Maryland 15 While the exact name Sons of Liberty may not have been taken up as their official moniker by the leaders of the New York opposition to the Stamp Act in 1765 they were popularly known there around that time as The Liberty Boys it appears that they were known to other Sons of Liberty organizations in other states by that name not long after that time There is a letter written by the Sons of Liberty in Baltimore Maryland to the Sons of Liberty in New York dated 6 March 1766 in which the Baltimore Sons thanked their New York brethren for having forced Zacharias Hood who had been appointed stamp master for Maryland into resigning his commission Hood had arrived in New York on a ship from London and as soon as his mission became known to The Liberty Boys of New York they arranged for a meeting with him at which they reasoned with him in their own inimitable way and thus secured his resignation 16 A list of New York members of the Sons of Liberty compiled by the Sons in Maryland written on 1 March 1766 lists the following correspondents in the colony of New York New York city John Lamb Isaac Sears William Wiley Edward Laight Thomas Robinson Flores Bancker Charles Nicoll Joseph Allicoke and Gershom Mott Jer Van Rensselaer Mynd Roseboom Rob Henry and Thos Young Albany John S Hobart Gilbert Potter Thomas Brush Cornelius Conklin and Nathaniel Williams Huntington Long Island George Townsend Barack Sneething Benj Townsend George Weeks Michael Weeks and Rowland Chambers Oyster Bay Long Island 17 In December 1773 a new group calling itself the Sons of Liberty issued and distributed a declaration in New York City called the Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York which formally stated that they were opposed to the Tea Act and that anyone who assisted in the execution of the act was an enemy to the liberties of America and that whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions we will not deal with or employ or have any connection with him 18 After the end of the American Revolutionary War Isaac Sears Marinus Willet and John Lamb revived in New York City the Sons of Liberty In March 1784 they rallied an enormous crowd that called for the expulsion of any remaining Loyalists from the state starting May 1 The Sons of Liberty were able to gain enough seats in the New York assembly elections of December 1784 to have passed a set of punitive laws against Loyalists In violation of the Treaty of Paris 1783 they called for the confiscation of the property of Loyalists 19 Alexander Hamilton defended the Loyalists citing the supremacy of the treaty Flags EditAn original flag flown from the Liberty Tree is in the collection of Revolutionary Spaces in Boston at the Old State House The flag is wool with nine vertical stripes four white and five red The owner of the flag post Revolution Samuel Rat Trap Adams claimed that the flag was used by the Sons of Liberty although there is no contemporary documentation of a non British striped flag used by the Sons of Liberty A flag having 13 horizontal red and white stripes was used by the Continental Navy and by American merchant ships during the war although the two styles of flag do not appear to be related 20 21 Famous Sons of Liberty Edit 1st row Samuel Adams Benedict Arnold John Hancock Patrick Henry James Otis Jr 2nd row Paul Revere James Swan Alexander McDougall Benjamin Rush Charles Thomson 3rd row Joseph Warren Marinus Willett Oliver Wolcott Christopher Gadsden Haym Salomon Not pictured Hercules Mulligan Thomas Melvill Isaac SearsBoston Edit Samuel Adams political writer tax collector cousin of John Adams fire warden Founded the Sons Of Liberty Benjamin Church first Surgeon General of the United States Army and known traitor Banished from Massachusetts in 1778 Benjamin Edes journalist publisher Boston Gazette Benjamin Kent Attorney General John Hancock merchant smuggler fire warden 22 James Otis lawyer Massachusetts Paul Revere silversmith fire warden 23 James Swan financier Isaiah Thomas printer Boston then Worcester first to read Declaration of Independence in Massachusetts 24 Joseph Warren doctor soldier Thomas Young doctorNew York Edit Joseph Allicocke One of the leaders of the Sons and possibly of African ancestry 25 John Lamb trader Alexander McDougall captain of privateers Hercules Mulligan haberdasher spy under George Washington for the Continental Army friend of Alexander Hamilton Isaac Sears captain of privateers Haym Salomon financial broker New York and Philadelphia Marinus Willett militia officer cabinet maker student 26 Other Edit Benedict Arnold businessman later General in the Continental Army and then the British Army 27 Timothy Bigelow blacksmith Worcester Massachusetts John Brown business leader of Providence Rhode Island Samuel Chase signer of the Declaration of Independence John Crane carpenter colonel in command of the 3rd Continental Artillery Regiment Braintree Massachusetts William Ellery signer of the Declaration of Independence Christopher Gadsden merchant Charleston South Carolina William Goddard publisher 1740 1817 Co founded US Post Office with Benjamin Franklin Patrick Henry lawyer Virginia Jedediah Huntington General in the Continental Army William Paca signer of the Declaration of Independence Charles Willson Peale portrait painter and saddle maker Annapolis Maryland Matthew Phripp merchant chairman of the Norfolk committee of safety prominent Freemason and colonel of the militia Norfolk Virginia 28 Benjamin Rush physician Philadelphia Charles Thomson tutor secretary Philadelphia 29 William Williams signer of the Declaration of IndependenceLater societies EditAt various times small secret organizations took the name Sons of Liberty They generally left very few records In the early 19th century there was an organization in Bennington Vermont named the Sons of Liberty that included local notables such as military officer Martin Scott and Hiram Harwood 30 The Improved Order of Red Men established in 1834 claimed to be descended from the original Sons of Liberty noting that the Sons participated in the Boston Tea Party dressed as their idea of Indians The name was also used during the American Civil War 31 The Copperhead group the Knights of the Golden Circle reorganized in 1863 as the Order of American Knights In 1864 it became the Order of the Sons of Liberty with the Ohio politician Clement L Vallandigham most prominent of the Copperheads as its supreme commander In most areas only a minority of its membership was radical enough to discourage enlistments resist the draft and shield deserters The group held numerous peace meetings A few agitators some of them encouraged by Southern money talked of a revolt in the Old Northwest with the goal of ending the war 32 In 1864 both the KGC and the Order of the Sons of Liberty were prosecuted for treason by federal authotities especially in Indiana 33 In 1948 a radical wing of the Zionist movement calling itself the Sons of Liberty launched a boycott of British films in the U S in response to British policies in Palestine 34 See also EditLoyal Nine precursor to the Sons of Liberty Daughters of Liberty Stamp Act Congress Patriot American Revolution Sons of Liberty miniseries Liberty Tree Charleston References EditNotes John Phillips Resch ed culture and the homefront MacMillan Reference Library 2005 1 174 75 Gregory Fremont Barnes Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies 2007 1 688 Frank Lambert 2005 James Habersham loyalty politics and commerce in colonial Georgia U of Georgia Press p 173 ISBN 978 0 8203 2539 2 John C Miller Origins of the American Revolution Boston 1943 p 74 John C Miller Origins of the American Revolution Boston 1943 Such as by the local judges and Frederick Maryland See Thomas John Chew Williams 1979 History of Frederick County Maryland Genealogical Publishing Co pp 78 79 ISBN 978 0806379739 Miller Origins of the American Revolution pp 121 129 130 Shain Barry Alan 2014 06 10 The Declaration of Independence in Historical Context American State Papers Petitions Proclamations and Letters of the Delegates to the First National Congresses Yale University Press p 104 ISBN 978 0 300 15874 8 Flexner Stuart Berg Soukhanov Anne H 1997 Speaking Freely A Guided Tour of American English from Plymouth Rock to Silicon Valley Oxford University Press p 316 ISBN 978 0 19 510692 3 Anger p 135 Dedham Historical Society 2001 Images of America Dedham Arcadia Publishing p 104 ISBN 978 0 7385 0944 0 Retrieved August 11 2019 Benjamin H Irvin Tar feathers and the enemies of American liberties 1768 1776 New England Quarterly 2003 197 238 in JSTOR Untitled news item column 1 The Boston Evening Post Massachusetts Historical Society 21 August 1769 Retrieved 22 September 2022 Untitled news item column 1 The Boston Evening Post Massachusetts Historical Society 21 August 1769 Retrieved 22 September 2022 Leake Isaac 1850 Memoir of the life and times of General John Lamb Internet Archive J Munsell p 2 et seq OCLC 1048816315 Dawson Henry 3 May 1859 The Sons of Liberty in New York Internet Archive New York State Historical Society p 72 et seq OCLC 1157513559 Leake Isaac 1850 Memoir of the life and times of General John Lamb Internet Archive J Munsell p 4 OCLC 1048816315 T H Breen 2004 The Marketplace of Revolution How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence Oxford UP p 446 ISBN 978 0199840113 Schecter p 382 Not That Samuel Adams Retrieved 5 May 2023 Ansoff Peter vexillologie North American Vexillological Association Association nord americaine de 1 July 2004 The First Navy Jack Raven A Journal of Vexillology 11 1 60 doi 10 5840 raven2004111 Retrieved 10 January 2018 Ira Stoll 2008 Samuel Adams A Life Free Press pp 76 77 ISBN 978 1416594567 David H Fischer 1995 Paul Revere s ride Oxford University Press p 22 ISBN 978 0195098310 Paul Della Valle 2009 Massachusetts Troublemakers Rebels Reformers and Radicals from the Bay State Rowman amp Littlefield p 57 ISBN 978 0762757954 Donald A Grinde Jr Joseph Allicocke African American Leader of the Sons of Liberty Afro Americans in New York Life and History 14 2 1990 61 69 Daniel Elbridge Wager 1891 Col Marinus Willett the Hero of Mohawk Valley Society p 10 Dave R Plamer 2010 George Washington and Benedict Arnold A Tale of Two Patriots Regnery Publishing p 3 ISBN 978 1596981645 Louis Bellet Plamer 1976 Prominent Virginia Families ISBN 978 0806307220 Chris Alexander 2010 Two Truths Two Justices Xulon Press p 146 ISBN 978 1612154527 Shalhope Robert 2003 A Tale of New England Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press pp 92 96 ISBN 0 8018 7127 1 Baker p 341 Hesseline William B 1948 Lincoln and the War Governors p 312 New York Knopf OCLC 445066 Keehn David C 2013 Knights of the Golden Circle Secret Empire Southern Secession Civil War Baton Rouge Louisiana Louisiana State University Press p 173 ISBN 978 0807150047 Kerry Segrave 2004 Foreign Films in America A History McFarland p 86 ISBN 978 0 7864 8162 0 Further reading 18th century SonsBecker Carl 1901 Growth of Revolutionary Parties and Methods in New York Province 1765 1774 American Historical Review 7 1 56 76 doi 10 2307 1832532 ISSN 0002 8762 JSTOR 1832532 Carson Clayborne Jake Miller and James Miller Sons of Liberty in Civil Disobedience An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States 2015 276 Champagne Roger J 1967 Liberty Boys and Mechanics of New York City 1764 1774 Labor History 8 2 115 135 doi 10 1080 00236566708584011 ISSN 0023 656X Champagne Roger J 1964 New York s Radicals and the Coming of Independence Journal of American History 51 1 21 40 doi 10 2307 1917932 ISSN 0021 8723 JSTOR 1917932 Dawson Henry Barton The Sons of Liberty in New York 1859 118 pages online edition Foner Philip Sheldon Labor and the American Revolution 1976 Westport CN Greenwood 258 pages Hoffer Peter Charles 2006 Seven Fires The Urban Infernos The Reshaped America New York Public Affairs ISBN 1 58648 355 2 Irvin Benjamin H 2003 Tar Feathers and the Enemies of American Liberties 1768 1776 New England Quarterly 76 2 197 238 doi 10 2307 1559903 ISSN 0028 4866 JSTOR 1559903 Labaree Benjamin Woods The Boston Tea Party 1964 Maier Pauline 1972 From Resistance to Revolution Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain 1765 1776 New York W W Norton Maier Pauline Reason and Revolution The Radicalism of Dr Thomas Young American Quarterly Vol 28 No 2 Summer 1976 pp 229 249 in JSTOR Middlekauff Robert 2005 The Glorious Cause The American Revolution 1763 1789 Oxford University Press ISBN 019531588X Miller John C 1943 Origins of the American Revolution Boston Little Brown and Company Morais Herbert M 1939 The Sons of Liberty in New York in Morris Richard B ed The Era of the American Revolution pp 269 289 a Marxist interpretation Nash Gary B 2005 The Unknown Revolution The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America London Viking ISBN 0 670 03420 7 Schecter Barnet 2002 The Battle of New York New York Walker ISBN 0 8027 1374 2 Unger Harlow 2000 John Hancock Merchant King and American Patriot Edison NJ Castle Books ISBN 0 7858 2026 4 Walsh Richard Charleston s Sons of Liberty A Study of the Artisans 1763 1789 1968 Warner William B Protocols of Liberty Communication Innovation and the American Revolution University of Chicago Press 2013 Later groupsBaker Jean 1983 Affairs of Party The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid Nineteenth Century Ithaca NY Cornell University Press ISBN 0 8014 1513 6 Churchill Robert Liberty conscription and a party divided The Sons of Liberty conspiracy 1863 1864 Prologue Quarterly of the National Archives 30 4 1998 294 303 Rodgers Thomas E Copperheads or a Respectable Minority Current Approaches to the Study of Civil War Era Democrats Indiana Magazine of History 109 2 2013 114 146 in JSTORExternal links EditThe Sons of Liberty ushistory org The Sons of Liberty u s history com Albany Sons of Liberty Constitution Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York December 15 1773 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sons of Liberty amp oldid 1171523397, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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