At His Majesty's pleasure
At His Majesty's pleasure (sometimes abbreviated to King's pleasure or, when the reigning monarch is female, at Her Majesty's pleasure or Queen's pleasure) is a legal term of art referring to the indeterminate or undetermined length of service of certain appointed officials or the indeterminate sentences of some prisoners. It is based on the proposition that all legitimate authority for government comes from the Crown. Originating in the United Kingdom, it is now used throughout the Commonwealth realms, Lesotho, Eswatini, Brunei and other monarchies (such as Spain, the Netherlands, and Oman). In realms where the monarch is represented by a governor-general, governor or administrator, the phrase may be modified to be at the Governor's pleasure or variations thereof, since the governor-general, governor, lieutenant governor or administrator is the king's personal representative in the country, state or province.
Service to the Crown edit
People appointed by the sovereign to serve the Crown and who have no set limit to the time they occupy their given office—for example, governors general and ministers of the Crown—are said to serve at His Majesty's pleasure. In Canada, provincial lieutenant governors are appointed by the Canadian monarch's federal representative, the governor general, and are thus described in the Constitution Act, 1867, as holding office "during the pleasure of the Governor General".[1] Similarly, Australian ministers of state are, by the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900, appointed to serve "during the pleasure of the Governor-General".[2]
Incarceration edit
The term is used to describe detention in prison for an indefinite length of time;[3] a judge may rule that a person be "detained at His Majesty's pleasure" for serious offences or based on a successful insanity defence.[4] This is sometimes used where there is a great risk of re-offending; however, it is most often used for juvenile offenders, usually as a substitute for life sentencing (which might be much longer for younger offenders). For example, section 90 of the United Kingdom's Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 (which only extends to England and Wales) states: "Where a person convicted of murder or any other offence the sentence for which is fixed by law as life imprisonment appears to the court to have been aged under 18 at the time the offence was committed, the court shall (notwithstanding anything in this or any other Act) sentence him to be detained during His Majesty's pleasure."[5]
Prisoners held at His Majesty's pleasure are periodically reviewed to determine whether their sentence can be deemed complete; although this power traditionally rested with the monarch, such reviews are now made in lieu by others—the Secretary of State for Justice in England and Wales, for instance. Minimum terms are also set, before which the prisoner cannot be released; in England and Wales, these were originally set by the Home Secretary, but since 30 November 2000 have been set by the trial judge.[6] Prisoners' sentences are typically deemed to be complete when the reviewing body is "satisfied that there has been a significant change in the offender's attitude and".[6]
Derivatives edit
In Commonwealth republics (such as Botswana,[7] India,[8] Kenya,[9] Pakistan, Singapore[10] and South Africa.[11] This term is also applied to other republics that are outside of the Commonwealth.
In Hong Kong, following the transfer of its sovereignty to China in 1997, the term was modified to "at executive discretion" (Chinese: 等候行政長官的酌情決定).[12] Subsequently this was held to be incompatible with the separation of powers enshrined in the Basic Law by Judge Michael Hartmann in the case Yau Kwong Man v. Secretary for Security.[13]
In Malaysia, the term used is "at the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong" at the federal level[14] and "at the pleasure of the Sultan/Ruler/Governor" at the state level.
In the United States, Russia and the Philippines, the equivalent standard for political appointments is called "at the pleasure of the President" (Russian: по усмотрению президента, romanized: po usmotreniyu prezidenta; Filipino: Sa kasiyahan ng Pangulo).[15]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Victoria (29 March 1867), Constitution Act, 1867, V.59, Westminster: Queen's Printer, from the original on 3 February 2010, retrieved 21 January 2010
- ^ Victoria (1 January 1901), Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act, II.62, Westminster: Queen's Printer, retrieved 21 January 2010
- ^ George V (1933), Children and Young Persons Act 1933, 53, Westminster: King's Printer
- ^ Blackstone, William (1836), Commentaries on the Laws of England: in four books; with an analysis of the work, Volume 2, 24, London: Law Booksellers & Publishers
- ^ Elizabeth II (2000), , 90, Westminster: Queen's Printer, archived from the original on 14 December 2007, retrieved 21 January 2010
- ^ a b Her Majesty's Courts Service. . Queen's Printer. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
- ^ Elizabeth II (10 June 1964), Penal Code (PDF), 26, Gaborone: Government of Botswana, retrieved 21 January 2010[permanent dead link]
- ^ Mohan, S. (22 June 2014). "The doctrine of 'pleasure' and some Governors' tenures". The Hindu. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
- ^ "Petition 570 of 2015 - Kenya Law".
- ^ . Home Team Volunteers. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
- ^ "1966 - The O'Malley Archives". omalley.nelsonmandela.org.
- ^ Long-Term Prison Sentences Review Ordinance, Cap 524 s 4, Government of Hong Kong, 16 July 2004, retrieved 18 October 2012
- ^ Yau Kwong Man v. Secretary for Security [2002] HKCFI 896; HCAL1595/2001 (9 September 2002)
- ^ "Youth to be detained at pleasure of the Agong". The Star.
- ^ Sławomir Wierzbicki (2017). "The Russian Federation President and His Role in the Management of National Security System" (PDF). World Scientific News. 72.