Matter of Britain
The Matter of Britain is the body of medieval literature and legendary material associated with Great Britain and Brittany and the legendary kings and heroes associated with it, particularly King Arthur. It was one of the three great Western story cycles recalled repeatedly in medieval literature, together with the Matter of France, which concerned the legends of Charlemagne, and the Matter of Rome, which included material derived from or inspired by classical mythology.[1]
Name
The three "Matters" were first described in the 12th century by French poet Jean Bodel, whose epic La Chanson des Saisnes ("Song of the Saxons") contains the line:
Ne sont que III matières à nul homme atandant, | Not but with three matters no man should attend: |
The name distinguishes and relates the Matter of Britain from the mythological themes taken from classical antiquity, the "Matter of Rome", and the tales of the Paladins of Charlemagne and their wars with the Moors and Saracens, which constituted the "Matter of France".
Themes and subjects
King Arthur is the chief subject of the Matter of Britain, along with stories related to the legendary kings of Britain, as well as lesser-known topics related to the history of Great Britain and Brittany, such as the stories of Brutus of Troy, Coel Hen, Leir of Britain (King Lear), and Gogmagog.
Legendary history
The legendary history of Britain was created partly to form a body of patriotic myth for the country. Several agendas thus can be seen in this body of literature. According to John J. Davenport, the question of Britain's identity and significance in the world "was a theme of special importance for writers trying to find unity in the mixture of their land's Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, Roman and Norse inheritance."[2]
Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae is a central component of the Matter of Britain. Geoffrey drew on a number of ancient British texts, including the ninth century Historia Brittonum. The Historia Brittonum is the earliest known source of the story of Brutus of Troy. Traditionally attributed to Nennius, its actual compiler is unknown; it exists in several recensions. This tale went on to achieve greater currency because its inventor linked Brutus to the diaspora of heroes that followed the Trojan War.[2] As such, this material could be used for patriotic myth-making just as Virgil linked the founding of Rome to the Trojan War in The Æneid.
Geoffrey lists Coel Hen as a King of the Britons,[3] whose daughter, Helena marries Constantius Chlorus and gives birth to a son who becomes the Emperor Constantine the Great, tracing the Roman imperial line to British ancestors.
It has been suggested that Leir of Britain, who later became King Lear, was originally the Welsh sea-god Llŷr, related to the Irish Ler. Various Celtic deities have been identified with characters from Arthurian literature as well: for example Morgan le Fay was often thought to have originally been the Welsh goddess Modron or Irish the Morrígan. Many of these identifications come from the speculative comparative religion of the late 19th century and have been questioned in more recent years.
William Shakespeare was interested in the legendary history of Britain, and was familiar with some of its more obscure byways. Shakespeare's plays contain several tales relating to these legendary kings, such as King Lear and Cymbeline. It has been suggested that Shakespeare's Welsh schoolmaster Thomas Jenkins introduced him to this material. These tales also figure in Raphael Holinshed's The Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, which also appears in Shakespeare's sources for Macbeth.
Other early authors also drew from the early Arthurian and pseudo-historical sources of the Matter of Britain. The Scots, for instance, formulated a mythical history in the Pictish and the Dál Riata royal lines. While they do eventually become factual lines, unlike those of Geoffrey, their origins are vague and often incorporate both aspects of mythical British history and mythical Irish history. The story of Gabrán mac Domangairt especially incorporates elements of both those histories.
Arthurian cycle
The Arthurian literary cycle is the best-known part of the Matter of Britain. It has succeeded largely because it tells two interlocking stories that have intrigued many later authors. One concerns Camelot, usually envisioned as a doomed utopia of chivalric virtue, undone by the fatal flaws of the heroes like Arthur, Gawain and Lancelot. The other concerns the quests of the various knights to achieve the Holy Grail; some succeed (Galahad, Percival), and others fail.
The Arthurian tales have been changed throughout time, and other characters have been added to add backstory and expand on other Knights of the Round Table. The medieval legend of Arthur and his knights is full of Christian themes; those themes involve the destruction of human plans for virtue by the moral failures of their characters, and the quest for an important Christian relic. Finally, the relationships between the characters invited treatment in the tradition of courtly love, such as Lancelot and Guinevere, or Tristan and Iseult.
In more recent years, the trend has been to attempt to link the tales of King Arthur and his knights with Celtic mythology, usually in highly romanticized, 20th-century reconstructed versions. The work of Jessie Weston, in particular From Ritual to Romance, traced Arthurian imagery through Christianity to roots in early nature worship and vegetation rites, though this interpretation is no longer fashionable.[4] It is also possible to read the Arthurian literature, particularly the Grail tradition, as an allegory of human development and spiritual growth, a theme explored by mythologist Joseph Campbell amongst others.[5]
Noteworthy authors
Medieval
Anonymous
| Œuvres | Century |
|---|---|
| Alliterative Morte Arthure | 14th–15th |
| The Awntyrs off Arthure | 14th–15th |
| L'âtre périlleux | 13th |
| Le Chevalier au papegau | 14th–15th |
| Elucidation | 13th |
| Floriant et Florete | 13th |
| Folie Tristan d'Oxford | 12th |
| De Ortu Waluuanii | 12–13th |
| Gliglois | 13th |
| Hunbaut | 13th |
| Jaufre | 13th |
| The Knight with the Sword | 13th |
| The Knightly Tale of Gologras and Gawain | 15th |
| Lancelot-Grail Cycle | 13th |
| Life of Caradoc | 6th |
| Mabinogion | 11th-13th |
| The Marvels of Rigomer | 13th |
| Meliadus | 13th |
| Of Arthour and of Merlin | 13th |
| Palamedes | 13th |
| Perceforest | 14th |
| Perceval Continuations | 13th |
| Perlesvaus | 13th |
| Post-Vulgate Cycle | 13th |
| Prose Tristan | 13th |
| Roman de Fergus | 13th |
| Romanz du reis Yder | 13th |
| Sir Gawain and the Green Knight | 14th |
| Stanzaic Morte Arthur | 14th |
| La Tavola Ritonda | 15th |
| Vera historia de morte Arthuri | 12th/13th |
Modern
- Lloyd Alexander
- Alexandre Astier
- René Barjavel
- T. A. Barron
- Marion Zimmer Bradley
- Gillian Bradshaw
- Bernard Cornwell
- Sara Douglass
- David Drake
- Michael Drayton
- Hal Foster
- Parke Godwin
- Roger Lancelyn Green
- Raphael Holinshed
- Eric Idle
- David Jones
- Debra A. Kemp
- C. S. Lewis
- John Cowper Powys
- Howard Pyle
- William Shakespeare[2]
- Edmund Spenser
- John Steinbeck
- Mary Stewart
- Rosemary Sutcliff
- Alfred Tennyson
- J. R. R. Tolkien[6]
- Nikolai Tolstoy
- Mark Twain
- Richard Wagner
- Evangeline Walton
- Charles White
- T. H. White
- Jack Whyte
- Charles Williams
See also
References
Citations
Cited works
- Campbell, Joseph; Moyers, Bill (1991). "Sacrifice and Bliss". Power of Myth. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. pp. 113–150. ISBN 978-0385418867.
- Davenport, John J. (2004). "The Matter of Britain: The Mythological and Philosophical Significance of the British Legends" (PDF). Retrieved 24 May 2022.
- Evans, Barry (25 October 2012). "King Arthur, Part 1: The Matter of Britain". North Coast Journal. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
- Flieger, Verlyn (15 October 2000). "J.R.R. Tolkien and the Matter of Britain". Mythlore. 23 (1). Retrieved 24 May 2022.
- Geoffrey of Monmouth (1966). Thorpe, Lewis (ed.). The History of the Kings of Britain. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044170-0.
- Surette, Leon (Summer 1988). "The Waste Land and Jessie Weston: A Reassessment". Twentieth Century Literature. 34 (2): 223–244. doi:10.2307/441079. JSTOR 441079.
Other sources
- Dover, Carol, ed. (2005). A Companion to the Lancelot-Grail Cycle. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1843842453.
- Green, D.H. (2005). The Beginnings of Medieval Romance: Fact and fiction, 1150–1220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521049566.
- Pearsall, Derek (2005). Arthurian Romance: A Short Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0631233206.
External links
- - a website detailing Welsh Arthurian folklore
- Arthurian Resources: King Arthur, History and the Welsh Arthurian Legends - detailed and comprehensive academic site, includes numerous scholarly articles, from Thomas Green of Oxford University
- Arthuriana - the only academic journal solely concerned with the Arthurian Legend with a selection of resources and links
- - provides texts and translations (of varying quality) of Welsh medieval sources, many of which mention Arthur
- International Arthurian Society
- The Camelot Project - provides valuable bibliographies of freely downloadable Arthurian texts from the sixth to the early 20th centuries, from the University of Rochester
- The Heroic Age - an online peer-reviewed journal which includes regular Arthurian articles
- The Medieval Development of Arthurian Literature - from H2G2
- - a collection of articles on King Arthur by various Arthurian enthusiasts