The architecture of macOS describes the layers of the operating system that is the culmination of Apple Inc.'s decade-long research and development process to replace the classic Mac OS.
Additional diagram of macOS architecture (2017 update)
After the failures of their previous attempts—Pink, which started as an Apple project but evolved into a joint venture with IBM called Taligent, and Copland, which started in 1994 and was cancelled two years later—Apple began development of Mac OS X, later renamed OS X and then macOS, with the acquisition of NeXT's NeXTSTEP in 1997.
NeXTSTEP used a hybrid kernel that combined the Mach 2.5 kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University with subsystems from 4.3BSD. NeXTSTEP also introduced a new windowing system based on Display PostScript that intended to achieve better WYSIWYG systems by using the same language to draw content on monitors that drew content on printers. NeXT also included object-oriented programming tools based on the Objective-C language that they had acquired from Stepstone and a collection of Frameworks (or Kits) that were intended to speed software development. NeXTSTEP originally ran on Motorola's 68k processors, but was later ported to Intel's x86, Hewlett-Packard's PA-RISC and Sun Microsystems' SPARC processors. Later on, the developer tools and frameworks were released, as OpenStep, as a development platform that would run on other operating systems.
On February 4, 1997, Apple acquired NeXT and began development of the Rhapsody operating system. Rhapsody built on NeXTSTEP, porting the core system to the PowerPC architecture and adding a redesigned user interface based on the Platinum user interface from Mac OS 8. An emulation layer called Blue Box allowed Mac OS applications to run within an actual instance of the Mac OS and an integrated Java platform.[1] The Objective-C developer tools and Frameworks were referred to as the Yellow Box and also made available separately for Microsoft Windows. The Rhapsody project eventually bore the fruit of all Apple's efforts to develop a new generation Mac OS, which finally shipped in the form of Mac OS X Server.
Mac OS Xedit
A diagram of the Mac OS X architecture
At the 1998 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC), Apple announced a move that was intended as a response to complaints from Macintosh software developers who were not happy with the two options (Yellow Box and Blue Box) available in Rhapsody. Mac OS X would add another developer API to the existing ones in Rhapsody. Key APIs from the Macintosh Toolbox would be implemented in Mac OS X to run directly on the BSD layers of the operating system instead of in the emulated Macintosh layer. This modified interface, called Carbon, would eliminate approximately 2000 troublesome API calls (of about 8000 total) and replace them with calls compatible with a modern OS.[2]
At the same conference, Apple announced that the Mach side of the kernel had been updated with sources from the OSFMK 7.3 (Open Source Foundation Mach Kernel)[3] and the BSD side of the kernel had been updated with sources from the FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD projects.[2] They also announced a new driver model called I/O Kit, intended to replace the Driver Kit used in NeXTSTEP citing Driver Kit's lack of power management and hot-swap capabilities and its lack of automatic configuration capability.[4]
At the 1999 WWDC, Apple revealed Quartz, a new Portable Document Format (PDF) based windowing system for the operating system that was not encumbered with licensing fees to Adobe like the Display PostScript windowing system of NeXTSTEP. Apple also announced that the Yellow Box layer had been renamed Cocoa and began to move away from their commitment to providing the Yellow Box on Windows. At this WWDC, Apple also showed Mac OS X booting off of a HFS Plus formatted drive for the first time.
The first public release of Mac OS X released to consumers was a Public Beta released on September 13, 2000.
Referencesedit
^Apple PR (1997-11-19). . apple.com. Archived from the original on 1998-12-02. Retrieved 2006-10-13.
Singh, Amit (June 19, 2006). Mac OS X Internals: A Systems Approach. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN978-0-13-270226-3.
External linksedit
Official Website
MacOS Mojave
Mac OS X Reviews
Mac OS X Internals
April 13, 2024
architecture, macos, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, ad. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Architecture of macOS news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information January 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message The architecture of macOS describes the layers of the operating system that is the culmination of Apple Inc s decade long research and development process to replace the classic Mac OS Additional diagram of macOS architecture 2017 update After the failures of their previous attempts Pink which started as an Apple project but evolved into a joint venture with IBM called Taligent and Copland which started in 1994 and was cancelled two years later Apple began development of Mac OS X later renamed OS X and then macOS with the acquisition of NeXT s NeXTSTEP in 1997 Contents 1 Development 1 1 NeXTSTEP 1 2 Rhapsody 1 3 Mac OS X 2 References 2 1 Bibliography 3 External linksDevelopment editMain article History of macOS NeXTSTEP edit Main article NeXTSTEP NeXTSTEP used a hybrid kernel that combined the Mach 2 5 kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University with subsystems from 4 3BSD NeXTSTEP also introduced a new windowing system based on Display PostScript that intended to achieve better WYSIWYG systems by using the same language to draw content on monitors that drew content on printers NeXT also included object oriented programming tools based on the Objective C language that they had acquired from Stepstone and a collection of Frameworks or Kits that were intended to speed software development NeXTSTEP originally ran on Motorola s 68k processors but was later ported to Intel s x86 Hewlett Packard s PA RISC and Sun Microsystems SPARC processors Later on the developer tools and frameworks were released as OpenStep as a development platform that would run on other operating systems Rhapsody edit Main article Rhapsody operating system On February 4 1997 Apple acquired NeXT and began development of the Rhapsody operating system Rhapsody built on NeXTSTEP porting the core system to the PowerPC architecture and adding a redesigned user interface based on the Platinum user interface from Mac OS 8 An emulation layer called Blue Box allowed Mac OS applications to run within an actual instance of the Mac OS and an integrated Java platform 1 The Objective C developer tools and Frameworks were referred to as the Yellow Box and also made available separately for Microsoft Windows The Rhapsody project eventually bore the fruit of all Apple s efforts to develop a new generation Mac OS which finally shipped in the form of Mac OS X Server Mac OS X edit nbsp A diagram of the Mac OS X architectureAt the 1998 Worldwide Developers Conference WWDC Apple announced a move that was intended as a response to complaints from Macintosh software developers who were not happy with the two options Yellow Box and Blue Box available in Rhapsody Mac OS X would add another developer API to the existing ones in Rhapsody Key APIs from the Macintosh Toolbox would be implemented in Mac OS X to run directly on the BSD layers of the operating system instead of in the emulated Macintosh layer This modified interface called Carbon would eliminate approximately 2000 troublesome API calls of about 8000 total and replace them with calls compatible with a modern OS 2 At the same conference Apple announced that the Mach side of the kernel had been updated with sources from the OSFMK 7 3 Open Source Foundation Mach Kernel 3 and the BSD side of the kernel had been updated with sources from the FreeBSD NetBSD and OpenBSD projects 2 They also announced a new driver model called I O Kit intended to replace the Driver Kit used in NeXTSTEP citing Driver Kit s lack of power management and hot swap capabilities and its lack of automatic configuration capability 4 At the 1999 WWDC Apple revealed Quartz a new Portable Document Format PDF based windowing system for the operating system that was not encumbered with licensing fees to Adobe like the Display PostScript windowing system of NeXTSTEP Apple also announced that the Yellow Box layer had been renamed Cocoa and began to move away from their commitment to providing the Yellow Box on Windows At this WWDC Apple also showed Mac OS X booting off of a HFS Plus formatted drive for the first time The first public release of Mac OS X released to consumers was a Public Beta released on September 13 2000 References edit Apple PR 1997 11 19 Apple Extends Rhapsody Developer Release with Mac OS Compatibility Environment Code Named Blue Box apple com Archived from the original on 1998 12 02 Retrieved 2006 10 13 a b Scott Anguish May 1998 WWDC 98 Summary stepwise com Retrieved 2006 10 13 permanent dead link Magee Jim WWDC 2000 Session 106 Mac OS X Kernel 14 minutes in Archived from the original on 2021 12 21 Scott Anguish 1998 05 14 Rhapsody Core OS Intro to the I O Driver Architecture stepwise com Retrieved 2006 10 13 permanent dead link Bibliography edit Levin Jonathan September 25 2019 OS Internals Volume I User Mode v1 3 3 7 ed Technologeeks ISBN 978 0 9910555 6 2 Levin Jonathan October 16 2019b OS Internals Volume II Kernel Mode v1 0 ed Technologeeks ISBN 978 0 9910555 7 9 Singh Amit June 19 2006 Mac OS X Internals A Systems Approach Addison Wesley Professional ISBN 978 0 13 270226 3 External links editOfficial Website MacOS Mojave Mac OS X Reviews Mac OS X Internals Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Architecture of macOS amp oldid 1147096658, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
