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Architecture of Chicago

December 18, 2023

The buildings and architecture of Chicago reflect the city's history and multicultural heritage, featuring prominent buildings in a variety of styles. Most structures downtown were destroyed by the Great Chicago Fire in 1871 (an exception being the Water Tower).[1]

Willis Tower

Chicago's architectural styles include Chicago Bungalows, Two-Flats, and Graystones along Logan Boulevard and Lawndale Avenue. The Loop is home to skyscrapers as well as sacred architecture including "Polish Cathedrals". Chicago is home to one of the largest and most diverse collections of skyscrapers in the world.

Skyscrapers edit

 Field Museum of Natural HistoryOne Museum ParkShedd AquariumThe ColumbianHilton ChicagoRenaissance Blackstone HotelOne Financial Place311 South Wacker DriveSpertus Institute200 South Wacker DriveWillis TowerChicago Board of TradeCongress Plaza Hotel111 South Wacker DriveFranklin Center North TowerKluczynski Federal BuildingAuditorium BuildingField BuildingCNA CenterCitadel CenterMetropolitan TowerChase TowerThree First National PlazaSanta Fe BuildingOne South DearbornMid-Continental PlazaBuckingham FountainRichard J. Daley CenterLegacy TowerUniversity Club of ChicagoLaSalle-Wacker Building300 North LaSalleUnited BuildingPittsfield BuildingLeo Burnett BuildingThe Heritage at Millennium ParkCrain Communications BuildingKemper BuildingMichigan Plaza SouthOne Prudential PlazaJay Pritzker PavilionTrump Tower ChicagoTwo Prudential PlazaAon CenterBlue Cross Blue Shield TowerAqua340 on the ParkThe BuckinghamPark TowerThe TidesOlympia CentreOuter Drive EastThe ShorehamJohn Hancock CenterWater Tower PlaceNorth Harbor TowerHarbor PointThe Parkshore400 East Ohio Street401 East OntarioOnterie CenterNorth Pier ApartmentsLake Point TowerNavy Pier
The 2010 Chicago skyline as seen from the Adler Planetarium (Use cursor to identify buildings)
Main article: List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 
The Chicago Building is an example of Chicago School architecture.

Beginning in the early 1880s, architectural pioneers of the Chicago School explored steel-frame construction and, in the 1890s, the use of large areas of plate glass. These were among the first modern skyscrapers. William LeBaron Jenney's Home Insurance Building was completed in 1885 and is considered to be the first to use steel in its structural frame instead of cast iron. However, this building was still clad in heavy brick and stone. The Montauk Building,[2] designed by John Wellborn Root Sr. and Daniel Burnham, was built from 1882 to 1883 using structural steel. Daniel Burnham and his partners, John Welborn Root and Charles B. Atwood, designed technically advanced steel frames with glass and terra cotta skins in the mid-1890s, in particular the Reliance Building;[3] these were made possible by professional engineers, in particular E. C. Shankland, and modern contractors, in particular George A. Fuller.

Louis Sullivan discarded historical precedent and designed buildings that emphasized their vertical nature. This new form of architecture, by Jenney, Burnham, Sullivan, and others, became known as the "Commercial Style," but was called the "Chicago School" by later historians.

In 1892, the Masonic Temple surpassed the New York World Building, breaking its two-year reign as the tallest skyscraper, only to be surpassed itself two years later by another New York building.

Since 1963, a "Second Chicago School" has emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. The ideas of structural engineer Fazlur Khan were also influential in this movement,[4] in particular his introduction of a new structural system of framed tubes in skyscraper design and construction. The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building which Khan designed and was completed in Chicago by 1966.[5] This laid the foundations for the tube structures of many other later skyscrapers, including his own constructions of the John Hancock Center[6] and Willis Tower (then named the Sears Tower)[7] in Chicago and can be seen in the construction of the World Trade Center, Petronas Towers, Jin Mao Building, and most other supertall skyscrapers since the 1960s.[8] Willis Tower would be the world's tallest building from its construction in 1974 until 1998 (when the Petronas Towers was built) and would remain the tallest for some categories of buildings until the Burj Khalifa was completed in early 2010.

Landmarks, monuments and public places edit

 
Chicago Avenue Pumping Station and Water Tower in the Old Chicago Water Tower District
 
St. John Cantius, one of Chicago's 'Polish Cathedrals'
Further information: List of Chicago Landmarks

Numerous architects have constructed landmark buildings of varying styles in Chicago. Among them are the so-called "Chicago seven": James Ingo Freed, Tom Beeby, Larry Booth, Stuart Cohen, James Nagle, Stanley Tigerman, and Ben Weese. Daniel Burnham led the design of the "White City" of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition which some historians claim led to a revival of Neo-Classical architecture throughout Chicago and the entire United States. Burnham developed the 1909 "Plan for Chicago" in a Neo-Classical style, although many skyscrapers were built after the Exposition closed, between 1894 and 1899. Louis Sullivan said that the fair set the course of American architecture back by two decades, but his work the Schlesinger and Meyer (later Carson, Pirie, Scott) store was built in 1899[9]—five years after the "White City" and ten years before Burnham's Plan.

Erik Larson's history of the Columbian Exposition, The Devil in the White City, says that the building techniques developed during the construction of the many buildings of the fair were entirely modern, even if they were adorned in a way Sullivan found aesthetically distasteful.[10]

Chicago's public art includes outdoor works by Chagall, Picasso, Miró and Abakanowicz.

City sculptures additionally honor people and topics from the history of Chicago. There are monuments to:

There are also plans to erect a 1:1-scale replica of Wacław Szymanowski's statue of Frédéric Chopin along Chicago's lakefront.[11] in addition to a different sculpture commemorating the artist in Chopin Park.

In the 21st century, Chicago has become an urban focus for landscape architecture and the architecture of public places. 19th-20th century Chicago architects included Burnham, Frederick Olmsted, Jens Jensen and Alfred Caldwell, modern projects include Millennium Park, Northerly Island, the 606, the Chicago Riverwalk, Maggie Daley Park, and proposals in Jackson Park.[12]

Residential architecture edit

Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie School influenced both building design and the design of furnishings. In the early half of the 20th century, popular residential neighborhoods were developed with Chicago Bungalow style houses, many of which still exist. The two-flat apartment building, along with the larger three- and six-flat buildings, make up 30% of Chicago's housing stock.[13] A two-flat includes two apartments, each of which occupies a full floor, usually with a large bay window and with a grey stone or red brick facade. The apartments typically have the same layout with a large living and dining room area at the front, the kitchen at the back and the bedrooms running down one side of the unit.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's Illinois Institute of Technology[14] campus in Chicago influenced the later Modern or International style. Van der Rohe's work is sometimes called the Second Chicago School.

Preservation edit

Many organizations, including Preservation Chicago and Landmarks Illinois, promote the preservation of historic neighborhoods and buildings in Chicago. Chicago has suffered from the same problems with sinking property values and urban decline as other major cities. Many historic structures have been threatened with demolition.

Timeline of notable buildings edit

1836–1900

1900–1939:

1940 to the present:

Styles and schools edit

Chicago architects used many design styles and belonged to a variety of architectural schools. Below is a list of those styles and schools.

Buildings - a "Top Forty" List edit

In 2010, Chicago Magazine selected 40 still existing properties for their historical and architectural importance,[20] opening an on-line forum for debate. The top ten chosen were:

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Bach 1980, pp. 106–107.
  2. ^ Bach (1980), pp. 15.
  3. ^ Bach (1980), pp. 27–28.
  4. ^ Billington 1985, pp 234-235
  5. ^ Alfred Swenson & Pao-Chi Chang (2008). "building construction". Encyclopædia Britannica. from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  6. ^ Bach (1980), pp. 146–147.
  7. ^ Bach (1980), pp. 97–98.
  8. ^ Ali, Mir M. (2001). "Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers: from Ingalls to Jin mao". Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering. 1 (1): 2–14. doi:10.56748/ejse.1111. S2CID 251690475. from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  9. ^ Bach (1980), pp. 34–37.
  10. ^ Devil in the White City.
  11. ^ "Chopin Monument in Chicago".
  12. ^ Kamin, Blair (July 19, 2015) "Landscape Design Takes Center Stage: Chicago leads way in architecture trend focus on public spaces" Sec 1. p 7.
  13. ^ Chicago Architecture Center
  14. ^ Bach (1980), pp. 182–183.
  15. ^ . City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-06-07. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y . City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
  17. ^ Janet L. Whitmore. "Chicago as an Art Nouveau City - Strand 1: Art Nouveau Cities: between cosmopolitanism and local tradition" (PDF). Art Nouveau European Route : Congress. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
  18. ^ . City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development. Archived from the original on 24 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
  19. ^ "15 Buildings That Embody Chicago's Postmodern Moment". Retrieved 2018-09-23.
  20. ^ Chicago Magazine Top 40 Buildings in Chicago

References edit

Further reading edit

  • Pridmore, Jay and George A. Larson, Chicago Architecture and Design : Revised and expanded, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, 2005. ISBN 0-8109-5892-9.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Architecture of Chicago.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chicago skyline.
  • Walking architectural tours of Chicago
  • Information on several major Chicago buildings
  • American Institute of Architects
  • Chicago Architects Project - Society of Architectural Historians

December 18, 2023
architecture, chicago, buildings, architecture, chicago, reflect, city, history, multicultural, heritage, featuring, prominent, buildings, variety, styles, most, structures, downtown, were, destroyed, great, chicago, fire, 1871, exception, being, water, tower,. The buildings and architecture of Chicago reflect the city s history and multicultural heritage featuring prominent buildings in a variety of styles Most structures downtown were destroyed by the Great Chicago Fire in 1871 an exception being the Water Tower 1 Willis TowerChicago s architectural styles include Chicago Bungalows Two Flats and Graystones along Logan Boulevard and Lawndale Avenue The Loop is home to skyscrapers as well as sacred architecture including Polish Cathedrals Chicago is home to one of the largest and most diverse collections of skyscrapers in the world Contents 1 Skyscrapers 2 Landmarks monuments and public places 3 Residential architecture 4 Preservation 5 Timeline of notable buildings 6 Styles and schools 7 Buildings a Top Forty List 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksSkyscrapers edit nbsp The 2010 Chicago skyline as seen from the Adler Planetarium Use cursor to identify buildings Main article List of tallest buildings in Chicago nbsp The Chicago Building is an example of Chicago School architecture Beginning in the early 1880s architectural pioneers of the Chicago School explored steel frame construction and in the 1890s the use of large areas of plate glass These were among the first modern skyscrapers William LeBaron Jenney s Home Insurance Building was completed in 1885 and is considered to be the first to use steel in its structural frame instead of cast iron However this building was still clad in heavy brick and stone The Montauk Building 2 designed by John Wellborn Root Sr and Daniel Burnham was built from 1882 to 1883 using structural steel Daniel Burnham and his partners John Welborn Root and Charles B Atwood designed technically advanced steel frames with glass and terra cotta skins in the mid 1890s in particular the Reliance Building 3 these were made possible by professional engineers in particular E C Shankland and modern contractors in particular George A Fuller Louis Sullivan discarded historical precedent and designed buildings that emphasized their vertical nature This new form of architecture by Jenney Burnham Sullivan and others became known as the Commercial Style but was called the Chicago School by later historians In 1892 the Masonic Temple surpassed the New York World Building breaking its two year reign as the tallest skyscraper only to be surpassed itself two years later by another New York building Since 1963 a Second Chicago School has emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago The ideas of structural engineer Fazlur Khan were also influential in this movement 4 in particular his introduction of a new structural system of framed tubes in skyscraper design and construction The first building to apply the tube frame construction was the DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building which Khan designed and was completed in Chicago by 1966 5 This laid the foundations for the tube structures of many other later skyscrapers including his own constructions of the John Hancock Center 6 and Willis Tower then named the Sears Tower 7 in Chicago and can be seen in the construction of the World Trade Center Petronas Towers Jin Mao Building and most other supertall skyscrapers since the 1960s 8 Willis Tower would be the world s tallest building from its construction in 1974 until 1998 when the Petronas Towers was built and would remain the tallest for some categories of buildings until the Burj Khalifa was completed in early 2010 Landmarks monuments and public places edit nbsp Chicago Avenue Pumping Station and Water Tower in the Old Chicago Water Tower District nbsp St John Cantius one of Chicago s Polish Cathedrals Further information List of Chicago Landmarks Numerous architects have constructed landmark buildings of varying styles in Chicago Among them are the so called Chicago seven James Ingo Freed Tom Beeby Larry Booth Stuart Cohen James Nagle Stanley Tigerman and Ben Weese Daniel Burnham led the design of the White City of the 1893 World s Columbian Exposition which some historians claim led to a revival of Neo Classical architecture throughout Chicago and the entire United States Burnham developed the 1909 Plan for Chicago in a Neo Classical style although many skyscrapers were built after the Exposition closed between 1894 and 1899 Louis Sullivan said that the fair set the course of American architecture back by two decades but his work the Schlesinger and Meyer later Carson Pirie Scott store was built in 1899 9 five years after the White City and ten years before Burnham s Plan Erik Larson s history of the Columbian Exposition The Devil in the White City says that the building techniques developed during the construction of the many buildings of the fair were entirely modern even if they were adorned in a way Sullivan found aesthetically distasteful 10 Chicago s public art includes outdoor works by Chagall Picasso Miro and Abakanowicz City sculptures additionally honor people and topics from the history of Chicago There are monuments to Tadeusz Kosciuszko by Kazimierz Chodzinski Nicholas Copernicus by Bertel Thorvaldsen Karel Havlicek Borovsky by Joseph Strachovsky Pope John Paul II several different monuments including by Czeslaw Dzwigaj Tomas Garrigue Masaryk by Albin Polasek Irv Kupcinet by Preston Eugene Jackson Abraham Lincoln by Augustus Saint Gaudens The Heald Square Monument featuring George Washington Haym Salomon and Robert Morris by Lorado Taft completed by Leonard Crunelle Christopher Columbus by Carl Brioschi General John A Logan by Augustus Saint Gaudens Harry Caray by Omri Amrany and Lou Cella Jack Brickhouse by Jerry McKenna A memorial to the Haymarket affair by Mary Brogger A memorial to the Great Northern Migration by Alison Saar There are also plans to erect a 1 1 scale replica of Waclaw Szymanowski s statue of Frederic Chopin along Chicago s lakefront 11 in addition to a different sculpture commemorating the artist in Chopin Park In the 21st century Chicago has become an urban focus for landscape architecture and the architecture of public places 19th 20th century Chicago architects included Burnham Frederick Olmsted Jens Jensen and Alfred Caldwell modern projects include Millennium Park Northerly Island the 606 the Chicago Riverwalk Maggie Daley Park and proposals in Jackson Park 12 Residential architecture editFrank Lloyd Wright s Prairie School influenced both building design and the design of furnishings In the early half of the 20th century popular residential neighborhoods were developed with Chicago Bungalow style houses many of which still exist The two flat apartment building along with the larger three and six flat buildings make up 30 of Chicago s housing stock 13 A two flat includes two apartments each of which occupies a full floor usually with a large bay window and with a grey stone or red brick facade The apartments typically have the same layout with a large living and dining room area at the front the kitchen at the back and the bedrooms running down one side of the unit Ludwig Mies van der Rohe s Illinois Institute of Technology 14 campus in Chicago influenced the later Modern or International style Van der Rohe s work is sometimes called the Second Chicago School Preservation editMany organizations including Preservation Chicago and Landmarks Illinois promote the preservation of historic neighborhoods and buildings in Chicago Chicago has suffered from the same problems with sinking property values and urban decline as other major cities Many historic structures have been threatened with demolition Timeline of notable buildings edit1836 1900 1836 Henry B Clarke House 1869 Chicago Water Tower William W Boyington 1874 Second Presbyterian Church 1936 S Michigan James Renwick 1900 Howard Van Doren Shaw nbsp Second Presbyterian Church 1874 1877 St Stanislaus Kostka Church 1327 N Noble Patrick Keely 1882 1883 Montauk Building Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root First building to be called a skyscraper Demolished 1902 1885 Home Insurance Building Chicago School William Le Baron Jenney Demolished 1931 nbsp Home Insurance Building 1885 1885 Palmer Mansion early Romanesque and Norman Gothic Henry Ives Cobb and Charles Sumner Frost Demolished 1950 1886 John J Glessner House Henry Hobson Richardson 1887 Marshall Field Warehouse Henry Hobson Richardson Demolished 1930 1888 Rookery Building Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root 1905 lobby redesign by Frank Lloyd Wright 1889 Monadnock Building Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root 1889 Auditorium Building Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler 1889 St Mary of Perpetual Help Church Henry Engelbert 1890 and 1894 1895 Reliance Building Charles B Atwood of Burnham amp Root 1890 1899 Gage Group Buildings Holabird amp Roche with Louis Sullivan 1891 Manhattan Building William Le Baron Jenney 1892 Masonic Temple Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root Demolished 1939 1892 1893 World s Columbian Exposition Daniel Burnham director of Works nbsp World s Columbian Exposition 1892 93 1893 Palace of Fine Arts later Museum of Science and Industry Beaux Arts Charles B Atwood 1893 1898 St John Cantius Church Alphonsus Druiding 1894 Tree Studio Building and Annexes Judge Lambert amp Anne Tree via Parfitt Brothers 1912 annex Hill and Woltersdorf 1895 1896 Fisher Building Chicago D H Burnham amp Company Charles B Atwood 1897 St Paul Church 2234 S Hoyne Henry Schlacks 1897 Chicago Library now Chicago Cultural Center Shepley Rutan and Coolidge 1899 Sullivan Center Louis Sullivan 1905 1906 twelve story south addition D H Burnham amp Company1900 1939 1902 Marshall Field and Company Building north State Street building D H Burnham amp Company Charles B Atwood 1903 Holy Trinity Cathedral Chicago 1905 1906 Holy Trinity Polish Mission Herman Olszewski and William G Krieg 1905 Chicago Federal Building Henry Ives Cobb 1906 Sears Merchandise Building Tower George G Nimmons William K Fellows 1907 Marshall Field and Company Building south State Street building D H Burnham amp Company Charles B Atwood 1909 Robie House Prairie School Frank Lloyd Wright nbsp Robie House 1909 1910 1911 Eighth Church of Christ Scientist Leon E Stanhope Designated a Chicago Landmark on June 9 1993 15 1912 1914 St Adalbert s Church 1650 W 17th street Henry Schlacks 1912 Medinah Temple North Wabash Avenue 1912 Pulaski Park fieldhouse by Jens Jensen 1914 Navy Pier 1914 1920 St Mary of the Angels Church 1850 N Hermitage Ave Worthmann and Steinbach 1915 Holy Cross Church Joseph Molitor 1916 Navy Pier Auditorium Charles Sumner Frost 1917 1920 Michigan Avenue Bridge Edward H Bennett 1917 1921 Basilica of St Hyacinth 3636 West Wolfram Avenue Worthmann amp Steinbach 1919 1924 Wrigley Building Graham Anderson Probst amp White 1921 Chicago Theatre Beaux Arts Cornelius W Rapp and George L Rapp 1921 Old Chicago Main Post Office Graham Anderson Probst amp White 1922 Tribune Tower neo Gothic John Mead Howells and Raymond M Hood nbsp Tribune Tower 1922 1924 Soldier Field Holabird amp Roche extensive renovation 2003 Ben Wood and Carlos Zapata 1925 Uptown Theatre Cornelius W Rapp and George L Rapp 1927 Pittsfield Building Graham Anderson Probst and White 1929 Carbide amp Carbon Building Daniel and Hubert Burnham sons of Daniel Burnham 1929 Palmolive Building Art Deco Holabird amp Root 1929 John G Shedd Aquarium Graham Anderson Probst amp White 1930 Chicago Board of Trade Building Holabird amp Root 1930 All Saints Cathedral J G Steinbach 1930 Gateway Theatre Mason Rapp of Rapp amp Rapp extensive renovation 1979 to 1984 Solidarity Tower addition in 1985 1930 Adler Planetarium amp Astronomy Museum Ernest A Grunsfeld Jr 1931 Merchandise Mart Graham Anderson Probst amp White 1930s 1960s Illinois Institute of Technology including S R Crown Hall Second Chicago School Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Skidmore Owings amp Merrill 1934 Field Building Graham Anderson Probst amp White1940 to the present 1940 1942 St Wenceslaus church 3400 N Monticello Ave McCarthy Smith and Eppig nbsp 860 880 Lake Shore Drive1952 860 880 Lake Shore Drive Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 1957 Inland Steel Building Bruce Graham and Walter Netsch Skidmore Owings amp Merrill 1964 Marina City Bertrand Goldberg nbsp Marina City 1964 1968 Lake Point Tower John Heinrich and George Schipporeit 1968 Seventeenth Church of Christ Scientist Harry Weese 1969 John Hancock Center Bruce Graham Skidmore Owings amp Merrill 1973 330 North Wabash Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 1974 Willis Tower Bruce Graham Skidmore Owings amp Merrill previously the Sears Tower 1974 Aon Center Edward Durrell Stone earlier names were Standard Oil Building and Amoco Building 1977 St Joseph the Betrothed Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 1979 85 James R Thompson Center Helmut Jahn 1989 NBC Tower Skidmore Owings amp Merrill 1990 American Medical Association Building Kenzo Tange 1990 Athletic Club Illinois Center Kisho Kurokawa 1991 Harold Washington Library Center Thomas Beeby 1991 Guaranteed Rate Field Home of the White Sox 1991 Museum of Contemporary Art Josef Paul Kleihues 1992 77 West Wacker Drive Ricardo Bofill 2004 Millennium Park Frank Gehry Kathryn Gustafson Anish Kapoor Jaume Plensa and others a showcase for 21st century modernism 2009 155 North Wacker Goettsch Partners 2009 Trump International Hotel and Tower Skidmore Owings amp Merrill 2010 Aqua Tower Studio Gang Architects 2019 NEMA Rafael Vinoly Architects 2019 One Bennett Park Robert A M Stern Architects 2020 110 North Wacker Goettsch Partners 2021 St Regis Chicago Studio Gang Architects nbsp St Regis Chicago 2021 Styles and schools editChicago architects used many design styles and belonged to a variety of architectural schools Below is a list of those styles and schools American Four Square 16 Art Deco Moderne 16 Art Nouveau 17 Arts amp Crafts 16 Chateauesque 16 Chicago School 16 Also called Commercial Style City Beautiful Classical Revival 16 also known as Neoclassical architecture Colonial Revival 16 Craftsman 18 also known as American Craftsman Dutch Colonial 16 Eastlake Stick 16 Edwardian architecture 16 Gothic Revival 16 Greek Revival 16 International 16 sometimes called Second Chicago School Italianate 16 Middle Eastern 16 Modern Oriental 16 Postmodern 19 Prairie School 16 Queen Anne 16 Renaissance Revival 16 also known as Neo Renaissance Romanesque Revival 16 also known as Neo Romanesque Second Empire 16 Spanish Revival 16 also known as Spanish Colonial Revival Sullivanesque 16 for style elements and examples see Louis Sullivan Tudor Revival 16 Workers Cottage 16 Buildings a Top Forty List editIn 2010 Chicago Magazine selected 40 still existing properties for their historical and architectural importance 20 opening an on line forum for debate The top ten chosen were 1 John Hancock Center 875 N Michigan Ave 1969 2 Rookery Building 209 S LaSalle St 1885 1888 3 860 880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments 1952 4 Monadnock Building 53 W Jackson Blvd 1891 and 1893 5 Carson Pirie Scott and Company Building 1 S State St 1899 6 S R Crown Hall 3360 S State St 1956 7 Auditorium Building 430 S Michigan Ave 1889 8 Frederick C Robie House 5757 S Woodlawn Ave 1909 9 Farnsworth House Plano Illinois 14520 River Rd Plano IL 1951 10 Sears Tower now the Willis Tower 233 S Wacker Dr 1974 See also edit nbsp Chicago portalChicago Architecture Foundation Inside Chicago Walking Tours Chicago Architecture Biennial Chicago Loop Chicago neighborhoods Landmarks of Chicago List of tallest buildings in Chicago Parks of Chicago Polish Cathedral style Visual arts of ChicagoNotes edit Bach 1980 pp 106 107 Bach 1980 pp 15 Bach 1980 pp 27 28 Billington 1985 pp 234 235 Alfred Swenson amp Pao Chi Chang 2008 building construction Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 Retrieved 2008 12 09 Bach 1980 pp 146 147 Bach 1980 pp 97 98 Ali Mir M 2001 Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers from Ingalls to Jin mao Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 1 1 2 14 doi 10 56748 ejse 1111 S2CID 251690475 Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 Retrieved 2008 11 30 Bach 1980 pp 34 37 Devil in the White City Chopin Monument in Chicago Kamin Blair July 19 2015 Landscape Design Takes Center Stage Chicago leads way in architecture trend focus on public spaces Sec 1 p 7 Chicago Architecture Center Bach 1980 pp 182 183 Eighth Church of Christ Scientist City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development Landmarks Division 2003 Archived from the original on 2007 06 07 Retrieved 2007 06 26 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Chicago Landmarks Style Guide City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development Archived from the original on 25 May 2009 Retrieved 2009 05 09 Janet L Whitmore Chicago as an Art Nouveau City Strand 1 Art Nouveau Cities between cosmopolitanism and local tradition PDF Art Nouveau European Route Congress Retrieved 2014 01 12 Chicago Landmarks Craftsman City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development Archived from the original on 24 May 2009 Retrieved 2009 05 09 15 Buildings That Embody Chicago s Postmodern Moment Retrieved 2018 09 23 Chicago Magazine Top 40 Buildings in ChicagoReferences editBach IraJ 1980 Chicago s Famous Buildings The University of Chicago Press ISBN 0 226 03396 1 LCCN 79 23365 Billington David P 1985 The Tower and the Bridge The New Art of Structural Engineering Princeton University Press ISBN 0 691 02393 X Further reading editPridmore Jay and George A Larson Chicago Architecture and Design Revised and expanded Harry N Abrams Inc New York 2005 ISBN 0 8109 5892 9 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Architecture of Chicago nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chicago skyline Online tour of designated Chicago landmarks Walking architectural tours of Chicago Information on several major Chicago buildings Chicago Church Architecture American Institute of Architects Chicago Architects Project Society of Architectural Historians Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Architecture of Chicago amp oldid 1187629248, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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