fbpx
Wikipedia

Aragonite

January 09, 2024

Aragonite is a carbonate mineral and one of the three most common naturally occurring crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), the others being calcite and vaterite. It is formed by biological and physical processes, including precipitation from marine and freshwater environments.

Aragonite
Aragonite from Los Molinillos, Cuenca, Spain, sample width about 4 cm
General
CategoryCarbonate minerals
Formula
(repeating unit)		CaCO3
IMA symbolArg[1]
Crystal systemOrthorhombic
Unit celll a = 4.9598(5) Å, b = 7.9641(9) Å, and c = 5.7379(6) Å at 25 °C [2]
Identification
ColorCan come in a variety of colors, but commonly red or white
Crystal habitCommonly dendritic or pseudo-hexagonal; can also be acicular, tabular, prismatic, coral-like
TwinningCyclic on {110}, forms pseudohexagonal aggregates. If polysynthetic, forms fine striations parallel to [110].
CleavageGood on [110], Poor on {110}.
FractureSubconchoidal
TenacityVery brittle
Mohs scale hardness3.5–4
LusterVitreous, waxy, resinous
StreakWhite
DiaphaneityTransparent to opaque
Specific gravity2.94
Optical propertiesBiaxial (-)
Refractive indexnω = 1.550 nε = 1.650
Birefringenceδ = 0.155
2V angleMeasured 18–19°
DispersionWeak
ExtinctionParallel
Ultraviolet fluorescenceFaint white-blue to blue-violet
SolubilitySoluble in acids, and saltwater (but takes longer)
Common impuritiesCommonly strontium, zirconium, lead
Other characteristicsThermodynamically unstable, Morphs slowly back into calcite
References[3][4]
Aragonite Crystal Structure

The crystal lattice of aragonite differs from that of calcite, resulting in a different crystal shape, an orthorhombic crystal system with acicular crystal.[5] Repeated twinning results in pseudo-hexagonal forms. Aragonite may be columnar or fibrous, occasionally in branching helictitic forms called flos-ferri ("flowers of iron") from their association with the ores at the Carinthian iron mines.[6]

Occurrence edit

The type location for aragonite is Molina de Aragón in the Province of Guadalajara in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain, for which it was named in 1797.[7] Aragonite is found in this locality as cyclic twins inside gypsum and marls of the Keuper facies of the Triassic.[8] This type of aragonite deposit is very common in Spain, and there are also some in France.[6]

An aragonite cave, the Ochtinská Aragonite Cave, is situated in Slovakia.[9]

In the US, aragonite in the form of stalactites and "cave flowers" (anthodite) is known from Carlsbad Caverns and other caves.[10] For a few years in the early 1900s, aragonite was mined at Aragonite, Utah (now a ghost town).[11]

Massive deposits of oolitic aragonite sand are found on the seabed in the Bahamas.[12]

Aragonite is the high pressure polymorph of calcium carbonate. As such, it occurs in high pressure metamorphic rocks such as those formed at subduction zones.[13]

Aragonite forms naturally in almost all mollusk shells, and as the calcareous endoskeleton of warm- and cold-water corals (Scleractinia). Several serpulids have aragonitic tubes.[14] Because the mineral deposition in mollusk shells is strongly biologically controlled,[15] some crystal forms are distinctively different from those of inorganic aragonite.[16] In some mollusks, the entire shell is aragonite;[17] in others, aragonite forms only discrete parts of a bimineralic shell (aragonite plus calcite).[15] The nacreous layer of the aragonite fossil shells of some extinct ammonites forms an iridescent material called ammolite.[18]

Aragonite also forms naturally in the endocarp of Celtis occidentalis.[19]

The skeleton of some calcareous sponges is made of aragonite.[citation needed]

Aragonite also forms in the ocean inorganic precipitates called marine cements (in the sediment) or as free crystals (in the water column).[20][21] Inorganic precipitation of aragonite in caves can occur in the form of speleothems.[22] Aragonite is common in serpentinites where magnesium-rich pore solutions apparently inhibit calcite growth and promote aragonite precipitation.[23]

Aragonite is metastable at the low pressures near the Earth's surface and is thus commonly replaced by calcite in fossils. Aragonite older than the Carboniferous is essentially unknown.[24]

Aragonite can be synthesized by adding a calcium chloride solution to a sodium carbonate solution at temperatures above 60 °C (140 °F) or in water-ethanol mixtures at ambient temperatures.[25]

Physical properties edit

Aragonite is not the thermodynamically stable phase of calcium carbonate at any pressure below about 3,000 bars (300,000 kPa) at any temperature.[26] Aragonite nonetheless frequently forms in near-surface environments at ambient temperatures. The weak Van der Waals forces inside aragonite give an important contribution to both the crystallographic and elastic properties of this mineral.[27] The difference in stability between aragonite and calcite, as measured by the Gibbs free energy of formation, is small, and effects of grain size and impurities can be important. The formation of aragonite at temperatures and pressures where calcite should be the stable polymorph may be an example of Ostwald's step rule, where a less stable phase is the first to form.[28] The presence of magnesium ions may inhibit calcite formation in favor of aragonite.[29] Once formed, aragonite tends to alter to calcite on scales of 107 to 108 years.[30] Comparing to the calcite, aragonite

The mineral vaterite, also known as μ-CaCO3, is another phase of calcium carbonate that is metastable at ambient conditions typical of Earth's surface, and decomposes even more readily than aragonite.[31][32]

Uses edit

In aquaria, aragonite is considered essential for the replication of reef conditions. Aragonite provides the materials necessary for much sea life and also keeps the pH of the water close to its natural level, to prevent the dissolution of biogenic calcium carbonate.[33]

Aragonite has been successfully tested for the removal of pollutants like zinc, cobalt and lead from contaminated wastewaters.[34]

Claims that magnetic water treatment can reduce scaling, by converting calcite to aragonite, have been met with skepticism,[35] but continue to be investigated.[36][37]

Gallery edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Warr, L. N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
  2. ^ Dickens, B.; Bowen, J. S. (1971). "Refinement of the Crystal Structure of the Aragonite Phase of CaCO(3)". Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A. 75A (1): 27–32. doi:10.6028/jres.075A.004. PMC 6715969. PMID 34876711.
  3. ^ "Aragonite Properties, Occurrence » Geology Science". 26 October 2021.
  4. ^ Aragonite, Mindat.org
  5. ^ Bragg, William Lawrence (1924-01-01). "The structure of aragonite". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. 105 (729): 16–39. Bibcode:1924RSPSA.105...16B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1924.0002. ISSN 0950-1207.
  6. ^ a b Sinkankas, John (1964). Mineralogy for amateurs. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand. pp. 371–372. ISBN 0442276249.
  7. ^ Cairncross, B.; McCarthy, T. (2015). Understanding Minerals & Crystals. Cape Town: Struik Nature. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-43170-084-4.
  8. ^ Calvo, Miguel (2012). Minerales y Minas de España. Vol. V. Carbonatos y Nitratos. Madrid: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas de Madrid. Fundación Gómez Pardo. pp. 314–398. ISBN 978-84-95063-98-4.
  9. ^ Pukanská, Katarína; Bartoš, Karol; Bella, Pavel; Gašinec, Juraj; Blistan, Peter; Kovanič, Ľudovít (4 July 2020). "Surveying and High-Resolution Topography of the Ochtiná Aragonite Cave Based on TLS and Digital Photogrammetry". Applied Sciences. 10 (13): 4633. doi:10.3390/app10134633.
  10. ^ Gonzalez, Luis A.; Lohmann, Kyger C. (1988). "Controls on Mineralogy and Composition of Spelean Carbonates: Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico". In James, Noel P.; Choquette, Philip W. (eds.). Paleokarst. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 81–101. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3748-8. ISBN 978-1-4612-3748-8.
  11. ^ Balaz, Christine (2009). An Explorer's Guide: Utah. Vermont: The Countryman Press. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-88150-738-6.
  12. ^ Newell, Norman D.; Purdy, Edward G.; Imbrie, John (1960). "Bahamian Oölitic Sand". The Journal of Geology. 68 (5): 481–497. Bibcode:1960JG.....68..481N. doi:10.1086/626683. ISSN 0022-1376. S2CID 129571671.
  13. ^ Nesse, William D. (2000). Introduction to mineralogy. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 336–337. ISBN 9780195106916.
  14. ^ Boggs, Sam (2006). Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 161–164. ISBN 0131547283.
  15. ^ a b Belcher, A. M.; Wu, X. H.; Christensen, R. J.; Hansma, P. K.; Stucky, G. D.; Morse, D. E. (May 1996). "Control of crystal phase switching and orientation by soluble mollusc-shell proteins". Nature. 381 (6577): 56–58. Bibcode:1996Natur.381...56B. doi:10.1038/381056a0. S2CID 4285912.
  16. ^ Chateigner, D.; Ouhenia, S.; Krauss, C.; Belkhir, M.; Morales, M. (February 2010). "Structural distortion of biogenic aragonite in strongly textured mollusc shell layers". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 268 (3–4): 341–345. Bibcode:2010NIMPB.268..341C. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2009.07.007.
  17. ^ Loftus, Emma; Rogers, Keith; Lee-Thorp, Julia (November 2015). "A simple method to establish calcite:aragonite ratios in archaeological mollusc shells: CALCITE:ARAGONITE IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SHELLS". Journal of Quaternary Science. 30 (8): 731–735. doi:10.1002/jqs.2819. S2CID 130591343.
  18. ^ Mychaluk, Keith A.; Levinson, Alfred A.; Hall, Russel L. (Spring 2001). "Ammolite: Iridescent fossilized ammonite from southern Alberta, Canada" (PDF). Gems & Gemology. 37 (1): 4–25. doi:10.5741/GEMS.37.1.4. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  19. ^ Wang, Jang; Jahren, A. Hope; Amundsen, Ronald (1996). "Potential For [Carbon 14] Dating Of Biogenic Carbon In Hackberry (Celtis) Endocarps" (PDF). Quaternary Research. 47: 337–343. doi:10.1006/qres.1997.1894. S2CID 49232599.[permanent dead link]
  20. ^ Bialik, Or M.; Sisma-Ventura, Guy; Vogt-Vincent, Noam; Silverman, Jacob; Katz, Timor (24 September 2022). "Role of oceanic abiotic carbonate precipitation in future atmospheric CO2 regulation". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 15970. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-20446-7. PMC 9509385. PMID 36153366.
  21. ^ Tucker, Maurice E. (1990). Carbonate sedimentology. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 9781444314175.
  22. ^ Nesse 2000, p. 337.
  23. ^ Bonatti, E.; Lawrence, J.R.; Hamlyn, P.R.; Breger, D. (August 1980). "Aragonite from deep sea ultramafic rocks". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 44 (8): 1207–1214. Bibcode:1980GeCoA..44.1207B. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(80)90074-5.
  24. ^ Runnegar, B. (1987). "Shell microstructures of Cambrian molluscs replicated by phosphate". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 9 (4): 245–257. doi:10.1080/03115518508618971.
  25. ^ Sand, K.K., Rodriguez-Blanco, J.D., Makovicky, E., Benning, L.G. and Stipp, S. (2012) Crystallization of CaCO3 in water-ethanol mixtures: spherulitic growth, polymorph stabilization and morphology change. Crystal Growth & Design, 12, 842-853. doi:10.1021/cg2012342.
  26. ^ Carlson, W.D. (1980). "The calcite–aragonite equilibrium: effects of Sr substitution and anion orientational disorder". American Mineralogist. 65 (11–12): 1252–1262. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  27. ^ Ulian, Gianfranco; Valdrè, Giovanni (2022-09-01). "Structural and elastic behaviour of aragonite at high-pressure: A contribution from first-principle simulations". Computational Materials Science. 212: 111600. doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2022.111600. hdl:11585/893023. ISSN 0927-0256. S2CID 250059382.
  28. ^ Fyfe, W.S. (1964). "Calcite aragonite problem" (PDF). AAPG Bulletin. 48 (4): 526. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  29. ^ Kitano, Yasushi; Park, Kilho; Hood, Donald W. (November 1962). "Pure aragonite synthesis". Journal of Geophysical Research. 67 (12): 4873–4874. Bibcode:1962JGR....67.4873K. doi:10.1029/JZ067i012p04873.
  30. ^ Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980). Origin of sedimentary rocks (2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0136427103.
  31. ^ Ni, M.; Ratner, B.D. (2008). "Differentiation of Calcium Carbonate Polymorphs by Surface Analysis Techniques – An XPS and TOF-SIMS study". Surf. Interface Anal. 40 (10): 1356–1361. doi:10.1002/sia.2904. PMC 4096336. PMID 25031482.
  32. ^ Kamiya, Kanichi; Sakka, Sumio; Terada, Katsuyuki (November 1977). "Aragonite formation through precipitation of calcium carbonate monohydrate". Materials Research Bulletin. 12 (11): 1095–1102. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(77)90038-1.
  33. ^ Orr, J. C., et al. (2005) Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the 21st century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437: 681-686
  34. ^ Köhler, S., Cubillas, et al. (2007) Removal of cadmium from wastewaters by aragonite shells and the influence of other divalent cations. Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 112-118. doi:10.1021/es060756j
  35. ^ Krauter, PW; Harrar, JE; Orloff, SP; Bahowick, SM (1996). "Test of a Magnetic Device for Amelioration of Scale Formation at Treatment Facility D" (PDF). Internal Report. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. doi:10.2172/567404. OSTI 567404. Retrieved 2009-12-11.
  36. ^ Coey, J.M.D. (November 2012). "Magnetic water treatment – how might it work?". Philosophical Magazine. 92 (31): 3857–3865. Bibcode:2012PMag...92.3857C. doi:10.1080/14786435.2012.685968. S2CID 96367372.
  37. ^ Kozic, Viljem; Hamler, Anton; Ban, Irena; Lipus, Lucija C. (October 2010). "Magnetic water treatment for scale control in heating and alkaline conditions". Desalination and Water Treatment. 22 (1–3): 65–71. Bibcode:2010DWatT..22...65K. doi:10.5004/dwt.2010.1549.

External links edit

  • The Ochtinska Aragonite Cave in Slovakia

January 09, 2024
aragonite, carbonate, mineral, three, most, common, naturally, occurring, crystal, forms, calcium, carbonate, caco3, others, being, calcite, vaterite, formed, biological, physical, processes, including, precipitation, from, marine, freshwater, environments, fr. Aragonite is a carbonate mineral and one of the three most common naturally occurring crystal forms of calcium carbonate CaCO3 the others being calcite and vaterite It is formed by biological and physical processes including precipitation from marine and freshwater environments AragoniteAragonite from Los Molinillos Cuenca Spain sample width about 4 cmGeneralCategoryCarbonate mineralsFormula repeating unit CaCO3IMA symbolArg 1 Crystal systemOrthorhombicUnit celll a 4 9598 5 A b 7 9641 9 A and c 5 7379 6 A at 25 C 2 IdentificationColorCan come in a variety of colors but commonly red or whiteCrystal habitCommonly dendritic or pseudo hexagonal can also be acicular tabular prismatic coral likeTwinningCyclic on 110 forms pseudohexagonal aggregates If polysynthetic forms fine striations parallel to 110 CleavageGood on 110 Poor on 110 FractureSubconchoidalTenacityVery brittleMohs scale hardness3 5 4LusterVitreous waxy resinousStreakWhiteDiaphaneityTransparent to opaqueSpecific gravity2 94Optical propertiesBiaxial Refractive indexnw 1 550 ne 1 650Birefringenced 0 1552V angleMeasured 18 19 DispersionWeakExtinctionParallelUltraviolet fluorescenceFaint white blue to blue violetSolubilitySoluble in acids and saltwater but takes longer Common impuritiesCommonly strontium zirconium leadOther characteristicsThermodynamically unstable Morphs slowly back into calciteReferences 3 4 Aragonite Crystal StructureThe crystal lattice of aragonite differs from that of calcite resulting in a different crystal shape an orthorhombic crystal system with acicular crystal 5 Repeated twinning results in pseudo hexagonal forms Aragonite may be columnar or fibrous occasionally in branching helictitic forms called flos ferri flowers of iron from their association with the ores at the Carinthian iron mines 6 Contents 1 Occurrence 2 Physical properties 3 Uses 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksOccurrence editThe type location for aragonite is Molina de Aragon in the Province of Guadalajara in Castilla La Mancha Spain for which it was named in 1797 7 Aragonite is found in this locality as cyclic twins inside gypsum and marls of the Keuper facies of the Triassic 8 This type of aragonite deposit is very common in Spain and there are also some in France 6 An aragonite cave the Ochtinska Aragonite Cave is situated in Slovakia 9 In the US aragonite in the form of stalactites and cave flowers anthodite is known from Carlsbad Caverns and other caves 10 For a few years in the early 1900s aragonite was mined at Aragonite Utah now a ghost town 11 Massive deposits of oolitic aragonite sand are found on the seabed in the Bahamas 12 Aragonite is the high pressure polymorph of calcium carbonate As such it occurs in high pressure metamorphic rocks such as those formed at subduction zones 13 Aragonite forms naturally in almost all mollusk shells and as the calcareous endoskeleton of warm and cold water corals Scleractinia Several serpulids have aragonitic tubes 14 Because the mineral deposition in mollusk shells is strongly biologically controlled 15 some crystal forms are distinctively different from those of inorganic aragonite 16 In some mollusks the entire shell is aragonite 17 in others aragonite forms only discrete parts of a bimineralic shell aragonite plus calcite 15 The nacreous layer of the aragonite fossil shells of some extinct ammonites forms an iridescent material called ammolite 18 Aragonite also forms naturally in the endocarp of Celtis occidentalis 19 The skeleton of some calcareous sponges is made of aragonite citation needed Aragonite also forms in the ocean inorganic precipitates called marine cements in the sediment or as free crystals in the water column 20 21 Inorganic precipitation of aragonite in caves can occur in the form of speleothems 22 Aragonite is common in serpentinites where magnesium rich pore solutions apparently inhibit calcite growth and promote aragonite precipitation 23 Aragonite is metastable at the low pressures near the Earth s surface and is thus commonly replaced by calcite in fossils Aragonite older than the Carboniferous is essentially unknown 24 Aragonite can be synthesized by adding a calcium chloride solution to a sodium carbonate solution at temperatures above 60 C 140 F or in water ethanol mixtures at ambient temperatures 25 Physical properties editAragonite is not the thermodynamically stable phase of calcium carbonate at any pressure below about 3 000 bars 300 000 kPa at any temperature 26 Aragonite nonetheless frequently forms in near surface environments at ambient temperatures The weak Van der Waals forces inside aragonite give an important contribution to both the crystallographic and elastic properties of this mineral 27 The difference in stability between aragonite and calcite as measured by the Gibbs free energy of formation is small and effects of grain size and impurities can be important The formation of aragonite at temperatures and pressures where calcite should be the stable polymorph may be an example of Ostwald s step rule where a less stable phase is the first to form 28 The presence of magnesium ions may inhibit calcite formation in favor of aragonite 29 Once formed aragonite tends to alter to calcite on scales of 107 to 108 years 30 Comparing to the calcite aragoniteThe mineral vaterite also known as m CaCO3 is another phase of calcium carbonate that is metastable at ambient conditions typical of Earth s surface and decomposes even more readily than aragonite 31 32 Uses editIn aquaria aragonite is considered essential for the replication of reef conditions Aragonite provides the materials necessary for much sea life and also keeps the pH of the water close to its natural level to prevent the dissolution of biogenic calcium carbonate 33 Aragonite has been successfully tested for the removal of pollutants like zinc cobalt and lead from contaminated wastewaters 34 Claims that magnetic water treatment can reduce scaling by converting calcite to aragonite have been met with skepticism 35 but continue to be investigated 36 37 Gallery edit nbsp Aragonite crystals from Cuenca Castile La Mancha Spain nbsp Aragonite crystal cluster from Spain nbsp Remnant biogenic aragonite thin rainbow colored shell on the ammonite Baculites Pierre Shale Late Cretaceous South Dakota nbsp Scanning electron microscope image of aragonite layers in the nacre of a blue mussel Mytilus edulis nbsp Fluorescence of aragoniteSee also editAragonite sea Ikaite CaCO3 6H2O List of minerals Monohydrocalcite CaCO3 H2O Nacre otherwise known as Mother of Pearl References edit Warr L N 2021 IMA CNMNC approved mineral symbols Mineralogical Magazine 85 3 291 320 Bibcode 2021MinM 85 291W doi 10 1180 mgm 2021 43 S2CID 235729616 Dickens B Bowen J S 1971 Refinement of the Crystal Structure of the Aragonite Phase of CaCO 3 Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A 75A 1 27 32 doi 10 6028 jres 075A 004 PMC 6715969 PMID 34876711 Aragonite Properties Occurrence Geology Science 26 October 2021 Aragonite Mindat org Bragg William Lawrence 1924 01 01 The structure of aragonite Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 105 729 16 39 Bibcode 1924RSPSA 105 16B doi 10 1098 rspa 1924 0002 ISSN 0950 1207 a b Sinkankas John 1964 Mineralogy for amateurs Princeton N J Van Nostrand pp 371 372 ISBN 0442276249 Cairncross B McCarthy T 2015 Understanding Minerals amp Crystals Cape Town Struik Nature p 187 ISBN 978 1 43170 084 4 Calvo Miguel 2012 Minerales y Minas de Espana Vol V Carbonatos y Nitratos Madrid Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas de Madrid Fundacion Gomez Pardo pp 314 398 ISBN 978 84 95063 98 4 Pukanska Katarina Bartos Karol Bella Pavel Gasinec Juraj Blistan Peter Kovanic Ľudovit 4 July 2020 Surveying and High Resolution Topography of the Ochtina Aragonite Cave Based on TLS and Digital Photogrammetry Applied Sciences 10 13 4633 doi 10 3390 app10134633 Gonzalez Luis A Lohmann Kyger C 1988 Controls on Mineralogy and Composition of Spelean Carbonates Carlsbad Caverns New Mexico In James Noel P Choquette Philip W eds Paleokarst New York Springer Verlag pp 81 101 doi 10 1007 978 1 4612 3748 8 ISBN 978 1 4612 3748 8 Balaz Christine 2009 An Explorer s Guide Utah Vermont The Countryman Press p 368 ISBN 978 0 88150 738 6 Newell Norman D Purdy Edward G Imbrie John 1960 Bahamian Oolitic Sand The Journal of Geology 68 5 481 497 Bibcode 1960JG 68 481N doi 10 1086 626683 ISSN 0022 1376 S2CID 129571671 Nesse William D 2000 Introduction to mineralogy New York Oxford University Press pp 336 337 ISBN 9780195106916 Boggs Sam 2006 Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy 4th ed Upper Saddle River N J Pearson Prentice Hall pp 161 164 ISBN 0131547283 a b Belcher A M Wu X H Christensen R J Hansma P K Stucky G D Morse D E May 1996 Control of crystal phase switching and orientation by soluble mollusc shell proteins Nature 381 6577 56 58 Bibcode 1996Natur 381 56B doi 10 1038 381056a0 S2CID 4285912 Chateigner D Ouhenia S Krauss C Belkhir M Morales M February 2010 Structural distortion of biogenic aragonite in strongly textured mollusc shell layers Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 268 3 4 341 345 Bibcode 2010NIMPB 268 341C doi 10 1016 j nimb 2009 07 007 Loftus Emma Rogers Keith Lee Thorp Julia November 2015 A simple method to establish calcite aragonite ratios in archaeological mollusc shells CALCITE ARAGONITE IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SHELLS Journal of Quaternary Science 30 8 731 735 doi 10 1002 jqs 2819 S2CID 130591343 Mychaluk Keith A Levinson Alfred A Hall Russel L Spring 2001 Ammolite Iridescent fossilized ammonite from southern Alberta Canada PDF Gems amp Gemology 37 1 4 25 doi 10 5741 GEMS 37 1 4 Retrieved 1 August 2021 Wang Jang Jahren A Hope Amundsen Ronald 1996 Potential For Carbon 14 Dating Of Biogenic Carbon In Hackberry Celtis Endocarps PDF Quaternary Research 47 337 343 doi 10 1006 qres 1997 1894 S2CID 49232599 permanent dead link Bialik Or M Sisma Ventura Guy Vogt Vincent Noam Silverman Jacob Katz Timor 24 September 2022 Role of oceanic abiotic carbonate precipitation in future atmospheric CO2 regulation Scientific Reports 12 1 15970 doi 10 1038 s41598 022 20446 7 PMC 9509385 PMID 36153366 Tucker Maurice E 1990 Carbonate sedimentology Oxford England Blackwell Scientific Publications ISBN 9781444314175 Nesse 2000 p 337 Bonatti E Lawrence J R Hamlyn P R Breger D August 1980 Aragonite from deep sea ultramafic rocks Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 44 8 1207 1214 Bibcode 1980GeCoA 44 1207B doi 10 1016 0016 7037 80 90074 5 Runnegar B 1987 Shell microstructures of Cambrian molluscs replicated by phosphate Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 9 4 245 257 doi 10 1080 03115518508618971 Sand K K Rodriguez Blanco J D Makovicky E Benning L G and Stipp S 2012 Crystallization of CaCO3 in water ethanol mixtures spherulitic growth polymorph stabilization and morphology change Crystal Growth amp Design 12 842 853 doi 10 1021 cg2012342 Carlson W D 1980 The calcite aragonite equilibrium effects of Sr substitution and anion orientational disorder American Mineralogist 65 11 12 1252 1262 Retrieved 31 July 2021 Ulian Gianfranco Valdre Giovanni 2022 09 01 Structural and elastic behaviour of aragonite at high pressure A contribution from first principle simulations Computational Materials Science 212 111600 doi 10 1016 j commatsci 2022 111600 hdl 11585 893023 ISSN 0927 0256 S2CID 250059382 Fyfe W S 1964 Calcite aragonite problem PDF AAPG Bulletin 48 4 526 Retrieved 31 July 2021 Kitano Yasushi Park Kilho Hood Donald W November 1962 Pure aragonite synthesis Journal of Geophysical Research 67 12 4873 4874 Bibcode 1962JGR 67 4873K doi 10 1029 JZ067i012p04873 Blatt Harvey Middleton Gerard Murray Raymond 1980 Origin of sedimentary rocks 2d ed Englewood Cliffs N J Prentice Hall ISBN 0136427103 Ni M Ratner B D 2008 Differentiation of Calcium Carbonate Polymorphs by Surface Analysis Techniques An XPS and TOF SIMS study Surf Interface Anal 40 10 1356 1361 doi 10 1002 sia 2904 PMC 4096336 PMID 25031482 Kamiya Kanichi Sakka Sumio Terada Katsuyuki November 1977 Aragonite formation through precipitation of calcium carbonate monohydrate Materials Research Bulletin 12 11 1095 1102 doi 10 1016 0025 5408 77 90038 1 Orr J C et al 2005 Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the 21st century and its impact on calcifying organisms Nature 437 681 686 Kohler S Cubillas et al 2007 Removal of cadmium from wastewaters by aragonite shells and the influence of other divalent cations Environmental Science and Technology 41 112 118 doi 10 1021 es060756j Krauter PW Harrar JE Orloff SP Bahowick SM 1996 Test of a Magnetic Device for Amelioration of Scale Formation at Treatment Facility D PDF Internal Report Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory doi 10 2172 567404 OSTI 567404 Retrieved 2009 12 11 Coey J M D November 2012 Magnetic water treatment how might it work Philosophical Magazine 92 31 3857 3865 Bibcode 2012PMag 92 3857C doi 10 1080 14786435 2012 685968 S2CID 96367372 Kozic Viljem Hamler Anton Ban Irena Lipus Lucija C October 2010 Magnetic water treatment for scale control in heating and alkaline conditions Desalination and Water Treatment 22 1 3 65 71 Bibcode 2010DWatT 22 65K doi 10 5004 dwt 2010 1549 External links editThe Ochtinska Aragonite Cave in Slovakia Kosovo Caves Aragonite Formations Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aragonite amp oldid 1187106624, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.