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Anti-Armenian sentiment

January 01, 1970

Anti-Armenian sentiment, also known as anti-Armenianism and Armenophobia, is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings, dislikes, fears, aversion, racism, derision and/or prejudice towards Armenians, Armenia, and Armenian culture.

Sketch by an eyewitness of the massacre of Armenians in Sasun in 1894

Historically, anti-Armenianism has manifested itself in several ways, ranging from expressions of hatred of or discrimination against individual Armenians to organized pogroms by mobs or state-sanctioned genocide. Notable instances of persecution include the Hamidean massacres (1894-1897), the Adana massacre (1909), the Armenian genocide (1915), the Sumgait pogrom (1988), and Operation Ring (1991).

Modern anti-Armenianism frequently consists of expressions of opposition to the actions or existence of an Armenian state, aggressive denial of the Armenian genocide or belief in an Armenian conspiracy to fabricate history and manipulate public and political opinion for political gain.[1] Anti-Armenianism has also manifested as extrajudicial killing or intimidation of people of Armenian heritage and destruction of cultural monuments.

Turkey edit

 
Of this photo, the United States ambassador wrote, "Scenes like this were common throughout the Armenian provinces, in the spring and summer months of 1915. Death in its several forms—massacre, starvation, exhaustion—destroyed the larger part of the refugees. The Turkish policy was that of extermination under the guise of deportation."
Main articles: Anti-Armenian sentiment in Turkey, Armenian genocide recognition § Position of Turkey, and Armenia–Turkey relations

Armenian genocide and its denial edit

Main article: Armenian genocide denial

Although it was possible for Armenians to achieve status and wealth in the Ottoman Empire, as a community they were never accorded more than "second-class citizen" status and were regarded as fundamentally alien to the Muslim character of Ottoman society.[2] In 1895, revolts among the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire in pursuit of equal treatment led to Sultan Abdül Hamid's decision to massacre tens of thousands of Armenians in the Hamidian massacres.[3]

During World War I, the Ottoman government massacred between 1.2 and 1.8 million Armenians in the Armenian genocide.[4][5][6][7] The Turkish government continues to aggressively deny the Armenian genocide. This position has been criticized in a letter from the International Association of Genocide Scholars to – then Turkish Prime Minister, now President – Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[8]

Contemporary edit

Cenk Saraçoğlu argues that anti-Armenian attitudes in Turkey "are no longer constructed and shaped by social interactions between the 'ordinary people' ... Rather, the Turkish media and state promote and disseminate an overtly anti-Armenian discourse."[9] According to a 2011 survey in Turkey, 73.9% of respondents admitted having unfavorable views toward Armenians. The survey showed an unfavorable stance toward Armenians was "relatively more widespread among those participants with lower levels of education and socioeconomic status."[10] According to Minority Rights Group, while the government recognizes Armenians as a minority group, as used in Turkey this term denotes second-class status.[11]

The new generations are being taught to see Armenians not as human, but [as] an entity to be despised and destroyed, the worst enemy. And the school curriculum adds fuel to the existing fires.

- Turkish lawyer Fethiye Çetin[12]

 
Shortly after Hrant Dink was murdered, the assassin was honored as a hero while in police custody, posing with a Turkish flag with policemen.[13][14]

Hrant Dink, the editor of the weekly bilingual newspaper Agos, was assassinated in Istanbul on January 19, 2007, by Ogün Samast, who was reportedly acting on the orders of Yasin Hayal, a militant Turkish ultra-nationalist.[15][16] For his statements on Armenian identity and the Armenian genocide, Dink had been prosecuted three times under Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code for "insulting Turkishness".[17][18] (The law was later amended by the Turkish parliament, changing "Turkishness" to "Turkish Nation" and making it more difficult to prosecute individuals for the said offense.[19]) Dink had also received numerous death threats from Turkish nationalists who viewed his "iconoclastic" journalism (particularly regarding the Armenian genocide) as an act of treachery.[20]

İbrahim Şahin and 36 other alleged members of the Turkish ultra-nationalist Ergenekon group were arrested in January, 2009 in Ankara. The Turkish police said the roundup was triggered by orders Şahin gave to assassinate 12 Armenian community leaders in Sivas.[21][22] According to the official investigation in Turkey, Ergenekon also had a role in the murder of Hrant Dink.[23]

In 2002, a monument was erected in memory of Turkish-Armenian composer Onno Tunç in Yalova, Turkey.[24] The monument to the composer of Armenian origin was subjected to much vandalism over the course of the years, in which unidentified people had taken out the letters on the monument. In 2012 Yalova Municipal Assembly decided to remove the monument. Bilgin Koçal, the former mayor of Yalova, informed the public that the memorial had been destroyed by time and that it would shortly be replaced with a new one in the memory of Tunç.[25][26][27] On the other hand, a similar memorial stays in place at the village of Selimiye, where an aircraft had crashed; and the people in the village of 187 expressed their protest about the vandalism claims regarding the memorial in Yalova, adding that they paid from their own funds to keep up the maintenance of the monument in their village against the wearing effect of natural causes.[28]

 
Accounts of hate speech towards targeted groups in Turkish news outlets with Armenians shown as being targeted the most according to a January–April 2014 Media Watch on Hate Speech and Discriminatory Language Report[29]

Sevag Balikci, a Turkish soldier of Armenian descent, was shot dead on April 24, 2011, the day of the commemoration of the Armenian genocide during his military service in Batman.[30] It was later discovered that killer Kıvanç Ağaoğlu was an ultra-nationalist.[31] Through his Facebook profile, it was uncovered that he was a sympathizer of nationalist politician Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu and Turkish agent / contract killer Abdullah Çatlı, who himself had a history of anti-Armenian activity, such as the Armenian Genocide Memorial bombing in a Paris suburb in 1984.[32][33][34] His Facebook profile also showed that he was a Great Union Party (BBP) sympathizer, a far-right nationalist party in Turkey.[32] Testimony given by Sevag Balıkçı's fiancée stated that he was subjected to psychological pressure at the military compound.[35] She was told by Sevag over the phone that he feared for his life because a certain military serviceman threatened him by saying, "If war were to happen with Armenia, you would be the first person I would kill."[35][36]

On February 26, 2012, on the anniversary of the Khojaly Massacre, the Atsız Youth led a demonstration took place in Istanbul which contained hate speech and threats towards Armenia and Armenians.[37][38][39][40] Chants and slogans during the demonstration include: "You are all Armenian, you are all bastards", "bastards of Hrant [Dink] can not scare us", and "Taksim Square today, Yerevan Tomorrow: We will descend upon you suddenly in the night."[37][38]

In 2012 the ultra-nationalist ASIM-DER group (founded in 2002) had targeted Armenian schools, churches, foundations and individuals in Turkey as part of an anti-Armenian hate campaign.[41]

Azerbaijan edit

Main articles: Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan and Armenia–Azerbaijan relations
 
 
Helmets of deceased Armenian troops, wax mannequins of captured Armenian soldiers of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War showcased at Baku military park in Azerbaijan. President Ilham Aliyev shown in the first image during a visit to the park.

Anti-Armenian sentiment exists in Azerbaijan on institutional[42] and social[43] levels. Armenians are "the most vulnerable group in Azerbaijan in the field of racism and racial discrimination."[44]

Throughout the 20th century, Armenian and the Turkish-speaking Muslim (Shia and Sunni; then known as "Caucasian Tatars" , later as Azerbaijanis)[a] inhabitants of Transcaucasia have been involved in numerous conflicts. Pogroms, massacres and wars solidified oppositional ethnic identities between the two groups, and have contributed to the development of national consciousnesses among both Armenians and Azeris.[46] From 1918 to 1920, organized killings of Armenians occurred in Azerbaijan, especially in the Armenian cultural centers in Baku and Shusha.[47]

Contemporary Armenophobia in Azerbaijan traces its roots to the last years of the Soviet Union, when Armenians demanded that the Soviet authorities transfer the mostly Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) in the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR.[48] In response to these demands, anti-Armenian rallies were held in various cities, where Azeri nationalist groups incited anti-Armenian sentiments that led to pogroms in Sumgait, Kirovabad and Baku. From 1988 through 1990, an estimated 300,000-350,000 Armenians either fled under threat of violence or were deported from Azerbaijan, and roughly 167,000 Azeris were forced to flee Armenia, often under violent circumstances.[49] The rising tensions between the two nations eventually escalated into a large-scale military conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh, in which Azerbaijan lost control over around 14%[50] of the country's territory to the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.[48] Ever-increasing tensions over the loss of the territory, which sparked more anti-Armenian sentiment,[51] and the urge to revenge the loss of the territory internationally recognized as Azeri led Azerbaijan to start the second war over the territory in 2020, in which they managed to recapture part of the area. In a November 2020 alert, Genocide Watch reported that Armenians in Azerbaijan are dehumanized, being called “terrorists”, “bandits,” “infidels,” “leftovers of the sword" (a referral to the 1915 genocide[52]).[53]

The Armenian side has accused the Azerbaijani government of carrying out anti-Armenian policy inside and outside the country, which includes propaganda of hate toward Armenia and Armenians and the destruction of Armenian cultural heritage.[54][55][56] According to Fyodor Lukyanov [ru], editor-in-chief of the journal Russia in Global Affairs, "Armenophobia is the institutional part of the modern Azerbaijani statehood and Karabakh is in the center of it".[57] In 2011, the ECRI report on Azerbaijan stated that "the constant negative official and media discourse" against Armenia fosters "a negative climate of opinion regarding people of Armenian origin, who remain vulnerable to discrimination."[58] According to historian Jeremy Smith, "National identity in post-Soviet Azerbaijan rests in large part, then, on the cult of the Alievs, alongside a sense of embattlement and victimisation and a virulent hatred of Armenia and Armenians".[59][60]

In the European Parliament's resolution of 10 March 2022 condemning the destruction of the Armenian heritage in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh),[61] the parliament stated:

European Parliament ... Acknowledges that the erasure of the Armenian cultural heritage is part of a wider pattern of a systematic, state-level policy of Armenophobia, historical revisionism and hatred towards Armenians promoted by the Azerbaijani authorities, including dehumanisation, the glorification of violence and territorial claims against the Republic of Armenia”.[62]

In March 2023, the European Parliament issued another resolution which condemned Azerbaijan's attacks on Armenia and called for Azerbaijan to lift its blockade of Artsakh.[63] In response, Azerbaijani President Aliyev described the resolution as "beyond doubt...originat[ing] from Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora, long since a cancerous tumour of Europe."[64]

Anti-Armenian hate crimes committed by Azerbaijanis have also occurred internationally beyond the country of Azerbaijan. In 2004, Ramil Safarov decapitated an Armenian while he was sleeping in Hungary.

Status of Armenian cultural monuments edit

See also: Khachkar destruction in Nakhchivan

In November 2020, newspaper The Guardian wrote about Azerbaijan's campaign of comprehensive "cultural cleansing" in Nakhichevan:

Satellite imagery, extensive documentary evidence and personal accounts showed that 89 churches, 5,840 khachkars and 22,000 tombstones were destroyed between 1997 and 2006, including the medieval necropolis of Djulfa, the largest ancient Armenian cemetery in the world. The Azerbaijani response has consistently been to simply deny that Armenians had ever lived in the region.[65]

The most publicized case of mass destruction concerns gravestones at a medieval Armenian cemetery in Julfa, a sacred site of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Charles Tannock, the member of the foreign affairs committee of the European Parliament, argued: "This is very similar to the Buddha statues destroyed by the Taliban. They have concreted the area over and turned it into a military camp."[66] The destruction of the cemetery has been widely described by Armenian sources, and some non-Armenian sources, as an act of cultural genocide.[67][68][69]

European Parliament published a resolution on 10 March 2022, condemning the destruction of the Armenian heritage in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh).[61] The resolution read:

European Parliament ... Strongly condemns Azerbaijan's continued policy of erasing and denying the Armenian cultural heritage in and around Nagorno-Karabakh, in violation of international law and the recent decision of the ICJ...[62]

Ongoing genocide risk edit

Since 2020, Azerbaijan has attacked Armenian positions in Nagorno-Karabakh (Second Nagorno-Karabakh War), Armenia (border crisis), and has also blockaded the Republic of Artsakh. These events have resulted in numerous organizations, including those which specialize in genocide studies, reporting that Armenians are at risk of being subjected to another genocide.[70][71][72][73] The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention considers Armenians to be "one of the most threatened identities in the world today."[74] Sheila Paylan, international criminal lawyer and legal advisor to the United Nations has warned that "The international community should take its R2P [Responsibility to Protect] commitments more seriously or risk becoming silently complicit in the next Armenian genocide—or ethnic cleansing."[75] Caucasus expert Laurence Broers draws parallels between "the Russian discourse about Ukraine as an artificial, fake nation, and the Azerbaijani discourse about Armenia, likewise claiming it has a fake history", thereby elevating the conflict to an "existential level" for Armenians.[76] A coalition of various human rights organizations also issued a collective genocide warning in response to the blockade: "All 14 risk factors for atrocity crimes identified by the UN Secretary-General's Office on Genocide Prevention are now present."[73]

  • The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention – Since 2021, the organization has issued various "Red Flag Alerts" on Azerbaijan which the organization says poses a threat of genocide to Armenians.[77] It described the Azerbaijan's blockade of the Republic of Artsakh as "a criminal act which intends to create terror and unbearable conditions of life for the population of Artsakh. These events are not isolated events; they are, instead, being committed within a larger genocidal pattern against Armenia and Armenians by the Azerbaijani regime."[78] The group also wrote "The genocidal intent of Baku has never been clearer and the actions carried out up to the moment highly predict this outcome."[79]
  • Genocide Watch – issued its own genocide warnings in September 2020 saying that "Because of Azerbaijan’s invasion of Artsakh...Genocide Watch considers Azerbaijan to be at Stage 9: Extermination and at Stage 10: Denial. Genocide Watch considers that Azerbaijan's leadership may intend to forcibly deport the Armenian population of Artsakh by committing genocidal massacres that will terrorize Armenians into leaving Artsakh."[80] In September 2022, Genocide Watch issued another alert stating, "Due to its unprovoked attacks and genocidal rhetoric against ethnic Armenians, Genocide Watch considers Azerbaijan's assault on Armenia and Artsakh to be at Stage 4: Dehumanization, Stage 7: Preparation, Stage 8: Persecution, and Stage 10: Denial."[72] The group wrote a letter to the EU council, warning that the European Union "is turning a blind eye to the Azerbaijani dictatorship for geopolitical and resource reasons" and that Azerbaijan's "intentions are clear: to wipe out all traces of Armenian life and of an Armenian presence in this region. Azerbaijani President, Ilham Aliyev, has consistently and repeatedly stated that he intends to eradicate the indigenous Armenians dwelling in Artsakh."[81][82]
  • The International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS) – issued similar statements in October 2020: "Direct Turkish involvement in the decades-long [Nagorno-Karabakh] conflict is ... a fact that threatens to annihilate Armenians in Artsakh and beyond. A recent statement issued by the Turkish president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, read that they, Turkey, were going 'to continue to fulfill the mission of their grandfathers, which was carried out a century ago in the Caucasus'. This constitutes a direct threat of continuing the Armenian genocide that began in 1915...History, from the Armenian genocide to the last three decades of conflict, as well as current political statements, economic policies, sentiments of the societies and military actions by the Azerbaijani and Turkish leadership should warn us that genocide of the Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh, and perhaps even Armenia, is a very real possibility."[83] In October 2022, the IAGS issued another statement condeming Azerbaijan's September 2022 attacks on the Republic of Armenia: "Significant genocide risk factors exist in the Nagorno-Karabakh situation concerning the Armenian population" and "dehumanizing and other [irredentist] statements [from Azerbaijani government officials] demonstrate the existence of a risk of genocide, and may amount to incitement to genocide and possibly other international crimes."[70]

Russia edit

See also: Racism in Russia and Armenia-Russia relations

A 19th-century Russian explorer, Vasili Lvovich Velichko, who was active during the period when the Russian tzarism carried out a purposeful anti-Armenian policy,[84] wrote "Armenians are the extreme instance of brachycephaly; their actual racial instinct make them naturally hostile to the State."[85]

According to a 2012 VTSIOM opinion research, 6% of respondents in Moscow and 3% in Saint Petersburg were "experiencing feelings of irritation, hostility" toward Armenians.[86] In the 2000s there have been racist murders of Armenians in Russia.[87][88][89] In 2002 an explosion took place in Krasnodar near the Armenian church which the local community believed was a terrorist act.[90]

Georgia edit

 
Unrooted Armenian gravestones in a church yard in Velistsikhe, Kakheti, Georgia

In the late 19th century and early 20th century anti-Armenian sentiment was prevalent in both socialist and nationalist Georgian circles. The economic dominance of Armenians in Tbilisi fueled verbal attacks on Armenians. Droeba, an influential journal, described Armenians as people who "strip our streets and fatten their pockets" and "but the last piece of property from our indebted peasant families." Both Ilia Chavchavadze and Akaki Tsereteli, two major literary figures, attacked Armenians for their perceived mercantilism. Tsereteli portrayed Armenians as a flea sucking Georgian blood in one fable. Chavchavadze denounced Armenians for "eating the bread baked by someone else or drinking that which is creating by another's sweat." Chavchavadze's newspaper, Iveria, depicted Armenians as "sly moneylenders and unscrupulous traders", according to Stephen F. Jones. The Social Democratic Party of Georgia (Georgian Mensheviks) attacked the bourgeoisie and imperialism to liberate Georgia from both Russian imperialism and perceived Armenian economic exploitation. During the existence of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–21), the independent Georgian government saw Armenians as a potential "fifth column" for their supposed loyalty to the First Republic of Armenia and subject to manipulation by foreign powers. The Georgian–Armenian War of December 1918 increased anti-Armenian sentiments in Georgia. In post-Soviet Georgia, first president Zviad Gamsakhurdia, an outspoken nationalist, viewed Armenians, along with other ethnic minorities, as "guests" or "aliens" who threaten Georgia's territorial integrity.[91]

Joseph Stalin wrote in his 1913 essay Marxism and the National Question:[92][93]

What exists in Georgia is anti-Armenian nationalism but this is because there is an Armenian big bourgeoisie which, by crushing the small and as yet weak Georgian bourgeoisie, thrusts the latter towards anti-Armenian nationalism.

Around the time of the 2007 parliamentary elections in the breakaway region of Abkhazia, the Georgian media emphasized the factor of ethnic Armenians in the area.[94] The Georgian newspaper Sakartvelos Respublika predicted that much of the parliament would be Armenian and that there was even a chance of an Armenian president being elected.[95] The paper also reported that the Abkhazian republic might already be receiving financial assistance from Armenians living in the United States.[95] Some Armenian analysts believe such reports are attempting to create conflict between Armenians and ethnic Abkhazians to destabilize the region.[95]

A policy of desecration of Armenian churches and historical monuments on the territory of Georgia has actively been pursued.[96][97][98] On November 16, 2008, Georgian monk Tariel Sikinchelashvili vandalised the graves of patrons of art Mikhail and Lidia Tamamshev.[97] The Armenian Church of Norashen in Tbilisi, built in the middle of the 15th century,[96] has been desecrated and misappropriated by the Georgian government despite the fact that both Armenia's and Georgia's Prime-Ministers have reached an agreement on not to maltreat the church.[97] Due to no law on religion, the status of Surb Norashen, Surb Nshan, Shamhoretsor Surb Astvatsatsin (Karmir Avetaran), Yerevanots Surb Minas and Mugni Surb Gevorg in Tbilisi and Surb Nshan in Akhaltsikhe is unknown since being confiscated during the Soviet era.[99] Armenians in Georgia and Armenia have demonstrated against the destruction. On November 28, 2008, Armenian demonstrators in front of the Georgian embassy in Armenia demanded that the Georgian government immediately cease encroachments on the Armenian churches and punish those guilty, calling the Georgian party's actions "white genocide".[100]

In August, 2011, Georgia's Culture Minister Nika Rurua sacked director Robert Sturua as head of the Tbilisi national theatre for "xenophobic" comments he made earlier this year, officials reported. "We are not going to finance xenophobia. Georgia is a multicultural country", Rurua said.[101] Provoking public outrage, Sturua said in an interview with local news agency that "Saakashvili doesn't know what Georgian people need because he is Armenian." "I do not want Georgia to be governed by a representative of a different ethnicity", he added.[101][102]

In July 2014, the Armenian Ejmiatsin Church in Tbilisi was attacked. The Armenian diocese said it was "a crime committed on ethnic and religious grounds."[103]

In 2018 the Tandoyants Armenian church in Tbilisi was gifted to the Georgian Orthodox Patriarchate. The Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Orthodox Church in Georgia stated that the church was "illegally transferred" to the Georgian Patriarchate. According to the Human Rights Education and Monitoring Center, Tandoyants is not the only historic Armenian church the Georgian Patriarchate has targeted. There are at least six others the Patriarchate has its sights set on.[104]

Germany edit

United States edit

See also: Armenian genocide recognition § Position of the United States, Armenia-United States relations, and United States recognition of the Armenian genocide

Early 20th century edit

There has been historic prejudice against Armenians in the United States throughout various times, at least beginning from the early 1900s.

In early 1900s Armenians were among the group of minorities who were barred from loaning money, land, and equipment particularly because of their race. They were referred to as "lower class Jews". Moreover, in Fresno, California, among other minorities Armenians lived on one side of Van Ness Blvd., while the residents of European white origin lived on the other side. A deed from one home there stated, "Neither said premises nor any part thereof shall be used in any matter whatsoever or occupied by any Black, Chinese, Japanese, Hindu, Armenian, Asiatic or native of the Turkish Empire."[105]

Between the 1920s and the 1960s, some houses in the Rock Creek Hills neighborhood of Kensington, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C., included anti-Armenian language in racial covenants that were part of property deeds. One deed in Rock Creek Hills declared that homes in the neighborhood "shall never be used or occupied by...negroes or any person or persons, of negro blood or extraction, or to any person of the Semitic Race, blood or origin, or Jews, Armenians, Hebrews, Persians and Syrians, except...partial occupancy of the premises by domestic servants."[106]

In Anny Bakalian's book Armenian-Americans: From Being to Feeling Armenian, various groups of Armenians were polled for discrimination based on their identity. Roughly 77% of US-born Armenians felt they were discriminated in getting a job while 80% responded positively to a question whether they felt discriminated in getting admitted to a school.[107]

American historian Justin McCarthy is known for his controversial view that no genocide was intended by the Ottoman Empire but that both Armenians and Turks died as the result of civil war. Some attribute his denial of the Armenian genocide[108] to anti-Armenianism, as he holds an honorary doctorate of the Turkish Boğaziçi University and he is also a board member of the Institute of Turkish Studies.[109][110]

Since the 1990s edit

On April 24, 1998, during a campus exhibit organized by the Armenian Students' Association at UC Berkeley, Hamid Algar, a Professor of Islamic & Persian Studies, reportedly approached a group of organizers and shouted, "It was not a genocide but I wish it was—you lying pigs!" The students also claimed that Algar also spat at them. Following the incident members of the Armenian Students' Association filed a report with campus police calling for an investigation.[111] After a five-month investigation the Chancellor's office issued an apology, though no hate charges were filed as incident did not create a "hostile environment".[112] On March 10, 1999, the Associated Students of University of California (ASUC) passed a resolution titled, "A Bill Against Hate Speech and in Support of Reprimand for Prof. Algar", condemning the incident and calling for Chancellor to review the University decision not to file charges.[112]

In 1999, after Rafi Manoukian got elected to Glendale City Council, one resident attended the council's meetings every week to "tell Armenians to go back where they came from." Manoukian campaign had made a point to galvanize Glendale's large Armenian American electorate.[113]

In April 2007, the Los Angeles Times Managing Editor Douglas Frantz blocked a story on the Armenian genocide written by Mark Arax, allegedly citing the fact Arax was of Armenian descent and therefore had a biased opinion on the subject. Arax, who has published similar articles before,[114] has lodged a discrimination complaint and threatened a federal lawsuit. Frantz, who did not cite any specific factual errors in the article, is accused of having a bias obtained while being stationed in Istanbul, Turkey. Harut Sassounian, an Armenian community leader, accused Frantz of having expressed support for denial of the Armenian genocide and has stated he personally believed that Armenians rebelled against the Ottoman Empire, an argument commonly used to justify the killings.[114] Frantz resigned from the paper not long afterward, possibly due to the mounting requests for his dismissal from the Armenian community.[115]

In March 2012 three of five Glendale Police Department's officers of Armenian origin filed a lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court against Glendale Police Department claiming racial discrimination.[116]

Another incident that received less coverage was a series of hate mail campaigns directed at Paul Krekorian, a city council candidate for Californian Democratic Primary, making racist remarks and accusations that the Armenian community was engaging in voter fraud.[117]

In 2016, during a race between Glendale City Clerk Ardy Kassakhian and Glendale Council Member Laura Friedman for the 43rd District Assembly seat, Kassakhian's campaign faced numerous threats and criticism based on the candidate's ethnicity. At one point in the campaign Kassakhian's office was evacuated after receiving a phone call that threatened the safety of employees and volunteers.[118]

On April 20, 2016, Armenian genocide denial propaganda appeared in the sky over the Hudson River between Manhattan and Northern New Jersey. The skywriting featured messages such as "101 years of Geno-lie", "BFF = Russia + Armenia", and "FactCheckArmenia.com". The aerial stunt was part of a campaign by the website Fact Check Armenia, an Armenian genocide denialist site. The writing could be seen from roughly a 15-mile (24 km) radius. The media attention from the incident resulted in an official apology by the skywriting company.[119]

In the 4th episode of Season 3 of the CBS sitcom 2 Broke Girls (aired on October 14, 2013) "when a new cappuccino maker is brought into the cupcake store by a co-worker, he says he bought it for a cheap price from a person who stole it but sells it at a profit, adding 'it's the Armenian way.' When the character is pressed that he is not Armenian, he says 'I know. But, it's the Armenian way.'" This scene was characterized as "racist" by Asbarez Editor Ara Khachatourian, who criticized CBS for promotion of racial stereotypes in their shows.[120]

In the January 9, 2018, episode of the Comedy Central late-night program The Daily Show Trevor Noah stated: "This is, like, really funny. Only Donald Trump could defend himself and, in the same sentence, completely undermine his whole point. It would be like someone saying, 'I'm the most tolerant guy out there, just ask this filthy Armenian.'"[121] Armenian American organizations criticized Noah for alleged racism against Armenians. In a joint press release the Armenian Bar Association and the Armenian Rights Watch Committee (ARWC) compared "Filthy Armenians" to other offensive racial epithets, which although "may have been intended to coax a laugh from the audience by ridiculing President Trump's self-proclaimed genius and tolerance", constitutes "affront and slander". The organizations called for The Daily Show and Trevor Noah to issue a retraction and an apology.[122] The Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) also called for an apology.[123]

In July 2020 the KZV Armenian School and its adjacent Armenian Community Center in San Francisco were vandalized overnight with threatening and racist graffiti. According to San Francisco officials, the attack claimed to support a violent, anti-Armenian movement led by Azerbaijan.[124] The messages contained curse words and appeared to be connected to increased tensions between Azerbaijan and Armenia.[125] The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi noted that "The KZV Armenian School is a part of the beautiful fabric of our San Francisco family. The hateful defacing of this place of community and learning is a disgrace." San Francisco District Attorney Chesa Boudin and San Francisco Mayor London Breed also condemned the hate act.[126]

On September 24, 2021, the St. Peter Armenian Church in Fernando Valley, California, was vandalized. The suspect broke eight very rare stained glass windows of the church with a baseball bat. The ANCA-WR Executive Director Armen Sahakyan said “This act of vandalism is especially concerning as we recently marked one year since the Armenophobic hate crimes that took place in San Francisco.”. The Los Angeles Police Department continues its investigation on this crime.[127]

In the 2022 Los Angeles City Council scandal, Nury Martinez referred to Areen Ibranossian, an advisor to councillor Paul Krekorian, as "The guy with one eyebrow." Martinez wasn't able to recall the last name and Cedillo replied "It ends in i-a-n, I bet you."[128] Ibranossian said, "This type of depiction of Armenians is not uncommon and is too often tolerated." Growing up in Torrance, California, he was called "towel head" and "camel jockey."[129]

In 2023, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ordered Citigroup to pay $24.5 million in fines and $1.4 million in restitution to Armenian Americans, alleging that the bank had illegally discriminated against members of the ethnic group and had unjustly denied them credit cards for which they had applied in a period beginning in 2015 and ending in 2021.[130][131] According to the CFPB, Citigroup employees used the presence of -ian or -yan in applicant surnames as an indicator that a customer should undergo enhanced screening processes, while also deciding to avoid making mention of this screening method in emails.[130] (The suffixes -ian and -yan are frequently found in Armenian surnames.)[132]

Israel edit

See also: Armenian genocide recognition § Position of Israel, Armenian–Jewish relations, and Armenia-Israel relations

Israel-Armenia relations have been complicated throughout history, resulting in anti-Armenian sentiments in Israel.

The Jerusalem Post reported in 2009 that out of all Christians in Jerusalem's Old City Armenians were most often spat on by Haredi and Orthodox Jews.[133] In 2011 several instances of spitting and verbal attacks on Armenian clergymen by Haredi Jews were reported in the Old City.[134] In a 2013 interview Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem Nourhan Manougian stated that Armenians in Israel are treated as "third-class citizens".[135] In 2019, it was reported that 60 Armenian Church students attempted to lynch two Jewish men on the eve of Shavuot in Jerusalem, further increasing tensions between the religious groups.[136]

In 2023, Al Jazeera reported that anti-Christian violence, coinciding with anti-Palestinian violence, is becoming more widespread and normalized, especially by fundamentalist and right-wing Jews. Various anti-Christian laws were made, including limiting the amount of worshippers who can enter the Holy Sepulchre. 30 graves in Mount Zion were vandalized, and the Armenian quarter was spray-painted with the words "Death to Arabs, Christians and Armenians."[137]

Israel has long refused to recognize the Armenian Genocide, mainly to avoid harming its relations with Turkey. Former President and Prime Minister of Israel Shimon Peres referred to the history of the Armenian Genocide as "meaningless" and said that "We reject attempts to create a similarity between the Holocaust and the Armenian allegations. Nothing similar to the Holocaust occurred. It is a tragedy what the Armenians went through but not a genocide."[138] Other major figures and organizations in Israel have also propped up Turkey's genocide denial. In particular, the Turkish Israeli and Azerbaijani Israeli communities have encouraged genocide denial in Israel.[139] The Knesset Committee on Education, Culture and Sports recognized the Armenian Genocide on August 1, 2016.[140] When visiting the Israeli President the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem on May 9, 2016, Reuven Rivlin concluded his speech by saying that "the Armenians were massacred in 1915. My parents remember thousands of Armenian migrants finding asylum at the Armenian Church. No one in Israel denies that an entire nation was massacred.[140] Recognition of the Armenian Genocide in Israel remains to be an extremely contentious issue influenced heavily by Azerbaijan-Israel Relations.[141]

Israel's strategic alliance with Azerbaijan and Armenia's alliance with Iran have both resulted in hostility between the Israeli and Armenian governments and the subsequent deterioration of Armenia-Israel relations. In both the First and Second Nagorno-Karabakh Wars, Israel has supplied Azerbaijan with advanced weaponry. At a protest against Israel's arms sales to Azerbaijan, counter-protesters smashed a protester's car and blocked the road they were driving along.[142] Many Israelis have also sympathized with Azerbaijan due to Azerbaijan's long and peaceful historical relations with Jews. Because of strong relations between Israel and Azerbaijan, pro-Israeli lobbying groups such as AIPAC have defended and lobbied for Azerbaijan against Armenia.[143]

Daesh edit

Further information: Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State

With the breakout of the Syrian Civil War and subsequent rise of Daesh, Armenians, alongside Assyrians, Alawites and Shia Muslims, were some of the groups persecuted in areas occupied by Daesh militants. Armenian sites were targets of Daesh' infamous cultural destruction. After occupying Raqqa, Daesh fighters destroyed the Church of the Martyrs, an Armenian Catholic church.[144]

More infamously, Daesh fighters destroyed the Armenian Genocide Memorial in Deir-ez-Zor,[145] culturally significant to Armenians, as Deir-ez-Zor was the last destination before Armenians in 1915 would reach the Syrian Desert, with many dying along the way.

As Daesh began taking control of many cities, towns and villages, thousands of Christians were forced to flee, either abroad or to other, safer areas in Syria.

Others edit

Pakistan edit

See also: Armenia-Pakistan relations

Pakistan is the only United Nations member state that has not recognized the Republic of Armenia, citing its support to Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.[146]

Tajikistan edit

In early 1990, 39 Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan were settled in Tajikistan. False rumors spread that allegedly up to 5,000 Armenians were being resettled in new housing in Dushanbe experiencing acute housing shortage at that time. This led to riots which targeted both the Communist government and Armenians.[147] The Soviet Ministry of Interior (MVD) suppressed the demonstrations, during which more than 20 people were killed and over 500 were injured.[148]

Ukraine edit

See also: Armenia-Ukraine relations

In 1944, in the town of Kuty in eastern Poland, Ukrainian nationalists from the OUN-UPA massacred (as part of the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia) Armenians and Poles, killing 200 people. Kuty was the largest concentration of Armenians in Poland.[149][150]

In 2009, an ethnic conflict broke out in the city of Marhanets following the murder of a Ukrainian man by an Armenian. A fight between Ukrainians and Armenians started in the "Scorpion" café,[citation needed] and later turned into riots and pogroms against Armenians,[151] accompanied by the burning of houses and cars, which led to exodus of Armenians from the city.[152]

In 2023, Armenian media accused Oleksiy Danilov, the secretary of Ukraine's National Security and Defense Council, of making anti-Armenian statements.[153]

East Turkestan edit

Uyghur separatist leader Isa Alptekin spouted anti-Armenian rhetoric while he was in Turkey and claimed that "our innocent Turkish Muslim brothers" were massacred by "Armenian murderers".[154]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The term "Tatars", employed by the Russians, referred to Turkish-speaking Muslims (Shia and Sunni) of Transcaucasia.[45] Unlike Armenians and Georgians, the Tatars did not have their own alphabet and used the Perso-Arabic script.[45] After 1918 with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".[45]

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Further reading edit

  • Hilmar Kaiser: Imperialism, Racism, and Development Theories. The Construction of a Dominant Paradigm on Ottoman Armenians, Gomidas Institute, Ann Arbor (MI) 1997
  • Onat, Ismail; Cubukcu, Suat; Demir, Fatih; Akca, Davut (2020). "Framing anti-Americanism in Turkey: An empirical comparison of domestic and international media". International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics. 16 (2): 139–157. doi:10.1386/macp_00021_1. S2CID 225861881.
  • Suciyan, Talin (2015). The Armenians in Modern Turkey: Post-Genocide Society, Politics and History. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85772-773-2.
  • Naydenova, Desislava (2014). "Anti-Armenian Polemics in a Slavic Canon Law Miscellany (Ms. Slav. No 461 from the Manuscript Collection of the Romanian Academy)". Études balkaniques (3): 82–95. ISSN 2534-8574.
  • Kolstø, Pål; Blakkisrud, Helge (2013). "Yielding to the sons of the soil: Abkhazian democracy and the marginalization of the Armenian vote". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 36 (12): 2075–2095. doi:10.1080/01419870.2012.675079. S2CID 144252799.
  • Kasbarian, Sossie; Öktem, Kerem (2014). "Subversive friendships: Turkish and Armenian encounters in transnational space". Patterns of Prejudice. 48 (2): 121–146. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2014.900208. S2CID 144649549.
  • Ihrig, Stefan (2016). Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-50479-0.
  • Nefes, Türkay Salim (2021). "The Relationship between Perceived Security Threats and Negative Descriptions of Armenians in Turkish Politics (1946–1960)". Nationalities Papers. 50 (6): 1217–1231. doi:10.1017/nps.2021.6.
  • Nefes, Türkay Salim (2021). "Explaining negative descriptions of Armenians in Turkish parliamentary speeches (1960–1980) via group position theory". Quality & Quantity. 55 (6): 2237–2252. doi:10.1007/s11135-021-01108-8. hdl:10261/306132. S2CID 233944826.
  • Richard Albrecht, «nous voulons une Arménie sans Arméniens». Drei Jahrzehnte Armenierbilder in kolonial-imperialistischen und totalitär-faschistischen Diskursen in Deutschland, 1913–1943 page 625 Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Religions- und Kulturgeschichte 106 (2012)

January 01, 1970
anti, armenian, sentiment, this, article, lead, section, short, adequately, summarize, points, please, consider, expanding, lead, provide, accessible, overview, important, aspects, article, february, 2022, also, known, anti, armenianism, armenophobia, diverse,. This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article February 2022 Anti Armenian sentiment also known as anti Armenianism and Armenophobia is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings dislikes fears aversion racism derision and or prejudice towards Armenians Armenia and Armenian culture Sketch by an eyewitness of the massacre of Armenians in Sasun in 1894 Historically anti Armenianism has manifested itself in several ways ranging from expressions of hatred of or discrimination against individual Armenians to organized pogroms by mobs or state sanctioned genocide Notable instances of persecution include the Hamidean massacres 1894 1897 the Adana massacre 1909 the Armenian genocide 1915 the Sumgait pogrom 1988 and Operation Ring 1991 Modern anti Armenianism frequently consists of expressions of opposition to the actions or existence of an Armenian state aggressive denial of the Armenian genocide or belief in an Armenian conspiracy to fabricate history and manipulate public and political opinion for political gain 1 Anti Armenianism has also manifested as extrajudicial killing or intimidation of people of Armenian heritage and destruction of cultural monuments Contents 1 Turkey 1 1 Armenian genocide and its denial 1 1 1 Contemporary 2 Azerbaijan 2 1 Status of Armenian cultural monuments 2 2 Ongoing genocide risk 3 Russia 4 Georgia 5 Germany 6 United States 6 1 Early 20th century 6 2 Since the 1990s 7 Israel 8 Daesh 9 Others 9 1 Pakistan 9 2 Tajikistan 9 3 Ukraine 9 4 East Turkestan 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further readingTurkey edit nbsp Of this photo the United States ambassador wrote Scenes like this were common throughout the Armenian provinces in the spring and summer months of 1915 Death in its several forms massacre starvation exhaustion destroyed the larger part of the refugees The Turkish policy was that of extermination under the guise of deportation Main articles Anti Armenian sentiment in Turkey Armenian genocide recognition Position of Turkey and Armenia Turkey relations Armenian genocide and its denial edit Main article Armenian genocide denial Although it was possible for Armenians to achieve status and wealth in the Ottoman Empire as a community they were never accorded more than second class citizen status and were regarded as fundamentally alien to the Muslim character of Ottoman society 2 In 1895 revolts among the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire in pursuit of equal treatment led to Sultan Abdul Hamid s decision to massacre tens of thousands of Armenians in the Hamidian massacres 3 During World War I the Ottoman government massacred between 1 2 and 1 8 million Armenians in the Armenian genocide 4 5 6 7 The Turkish government continues to aggressively deny the Armenian genocide This position has been criticized in a letter from the International Association of Genocide Scholars to then Turkish Prime Minister now President Recep Tayyip Erdogan 8 Contemporary edit Cenk Saracoglu argues that anti Armenian attitudes in Turkey are no longer constructed and shaped by social interactions between the ordinary people Rather the Turkish media and state promote and disseminate an overtly anti Armenian discourse 9 According to a 2011 survey in Turkey 73 9 of respondents admitted having unfavorable views toward Armenians The survey showed an unfavorable stance toward Armenians was relatively more widespread among those participants with lower levels of education and socioeconomic status 10 According to Minority Rights Group while the government recognizes Armenians as a minority group as used in Turkey this term denotes second class status 11 The new generations are being taught to see Armenians not as human but as an entity to be despised and destroyed the worst enemy And the school curriculum adds fuel to the existing fires Turkish lawyer Fethiye Cetin 12 nbsp Shortly after Hrant Dink was murdered the assassin was honored as a hero while in police custody posing with a Turkish flag with policemen 13 14 Hrant Dink the editor of the weekly bilingual newspaper Agos was assassinated in Istanbul on January 19 2007 by Ogun Samast who was reportedly acting on the orders of Yasin Hayal a militant Turkish ultra nationalist 15 16 For his statements on Armenian identity and the Armenian genocide Dink had been prosecuted three times under Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code for insulting Turkishness 17 18 The law was later amended by the Turkish parliament changing Turkishness to Turkish Nation and making it more difficult to prosecute individuals for the said offense 19 Dink had also received numerous death threats from Turkish nationalists who viewed his iconoclastic journalism particularly regarding the Armenian genocide as an act of treachery 20 Ibrahim Sahin and 36 other alleged members of the Turkish ultra nationalist Ergenekon group were arrested in January 2009 in Ankara The Turkish police said the roundup was triggered by orders Sahin gave to assassinate 12 Armenian community leaders in Sivas 21 22 According to the official investigation in Turkey Ergenekon also had a role in the murder of Hrant Dink 23 In 2002 a monument was erected in memory of Turkish Armenian composer Onno Tunc in Yalova Turkey 24 The monument to the composer of Armenian origin was subjected to much vandalism over the course of the years in which unidentified people had taken out the letters on the monument In 2012 Yalova Municipal Assembly decided to remove the monument Bilgin Kocal the former mayor of Yalova informed the public that the memorial had been destroyed by time and that it would shortly be replaced with a new one in the memory of Tunc 25 26 27 On the other hand a similar memorial stays in place at the village of Selimiye where an aircraft had crashed and the people in the village of 187 expressed their protest about the vandalism claims regarding the memorial in Yalova adding that they paid from their own funds to keep up the maintenance of the monument in their village against the wearing effect of natural causes 28 nbsp Accounts of hate speech towards targeted groups in Turkish news outlets with Armenians shown as being targeted the most according to a January April 2014 Media Watch on Hate Speech and Discriminatory Language Report 29 Sevag Balikci a Turkish soldier of Armenian descent was shot dead on April 24 2011 the day of the commemoration of the Armenian genocide during his military service in Batman 30 It was later discovered that killer Kivanc Agaoglu was an ultra nationalist 31 Through his Facebook profile it was uncovered that he was a sympathizer of nationalist politician Muhsin Yazicioglu and Turkish agent contract killer Abdullah Catli who himself had a history of anti Armenian activity such as the Armenian Genocide Memorial bombing in a Paris suburb in 1984 32 33 34 His Facebook profile also showed that he was a Great Union Party BBP sympathizer a far right nationalist party in Turkey 32 Testimony given by Sevag Balikci s fiancee stated that he was subjected to psychological pressure at the military compound 35 She was told by Sevag over the phone that he feared for his life because a certain military serviceman threatened him by saying If war were to happen with Armenia you would be the first person I would kill 35 36 On February 26 2012 on the anniversary of the Khojaly Massacre the Atsiz Youth led a demonstration took place in Istanbul which contained hate speech and threats towards Armenia and Armenians 37 38 39 40 Chants and slogans during the demonstration include You are all Armenian you are all bastards bastards of Hrant Dink can not scare us and Taksim Square today Yerevan Tomorrow We will descend upon you suddenly in the night 37 38 In 2012 the ultra nationalist ASIM DER group founded in 2002 had targeted Armenian schools churches foundations and individuals in Turkey as part of an anti Armenian hate campaign 41 Azerbaijan editMain articles Anti Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan and Armenia Azerbaijan relations nbsp nbsp Helmets of deceased Armenian troops wax mannequins of captured Armenian soldiers of the Second Nagorno Karabakh War showcased at Baku military park in Azerbaijan President Ilham Aliyev shown in the first image during a visit to the park Anti Armenian sentiment exists in Azerbaijan on institutional 42 and social 43 levels Armenians are the most vulnerable group in Azerbaijan in the field of racism and racial discrimination 44 Throughout the 20th century Armenian and the Turkish speaking Muslim Shia and Sunni then known as Caucasian Tatars later as Azerbaijanis a inhabitants of Transcaucasia have been involved in numerous conflicts Pogroms massacres and wars solidified oppositional ethnic identities between the two groups and have contributed to the development of national consciousnesses among both Armenians and Azeris 46 From 1918 to 1920 organized killings of Armenians occurred in Azerbaijan especially in the Armenian cultural centers in Baku and Shusha 47 Contemporary Armenophobia in Azerbaijan traces its roots to the last years of the Soviet Union when Armenians demanded that the Soviet authorities transfer the mostly Armenian populated Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Oblast NKAO in the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR 48 In response to these demands anti Armenian rallies were held in various cities where Azeri nationalist groups incited anti Armenian sentiments that led to pogroms in Sumgait Kirovabad and Baku From 1988 through 1990 an estimated 300 000 350 000 Armenians either fled under threat of violence or were deported from Azerbaijan and roughly 167 000 Azeris were forced to flee Armenia often under violent circumstances 49 The rising tensions between the two nations eventually escalated into a large scale military conflict over Nagorno Karabakh in which Azerbaijan lost control over around 14 50 of the country s territory to the self proclaimed Nagorno Karabakh Republic 48 Ever increasing tensions over the loss of the territory which sparked more anti Armenian sentiment 51 and the urge to revenge the loss of the territory internationally recognized as Azeri led Azerbaijan to start the second war over the territory in 2020 in which they managed to recapture part of the area In a November 2020 alert Genocide Watch reported that Armenians in Azerbaijan are dehumanized being called terrorists bandits infidels leftovers of the sword a referral to the 1915 genocide 52 53 The Armenian side has accused the Azerbaijani government of carrying out anti Armenian policy inside and outside the country which includes propaganda of hate toward Armenia and Armenians and the destruction of Armenian cultural heritage 54 55 56 According to Fyodor Lukyanov ru editor in chief of the journal Russia in Global Affairs Armenophobia is the institutional part of the modern Azerbaijani statehood and Karabakh is in the center of it 57 In 2011 the ECRI report on Azerbaijan stated that the constant negative official and media discourse against Armenia fosters a negative climate of opinion regarding people of Armenian origin who remain vulnerable to discrimination 58 According to historian Jeremy Smith National identity in post Soviet Azerbaijan rests in large part then on the cult of the Alievs alongside a sense of embattlement and victimisation and a virulent hatred of Armenia and Armenians 59 60 In the European Parliament s resolution of 10 March 2022 condemning the destruction of the Armenian heritage in Artsakh Nagorno Karabakh 61 the parliament stated European Parliament Acknowledges that the erasure of the Armenian cultural heritage is part of a wider pattern of a systematic state level policy of Armenophobia historical revisionism and hatred towards Armenians promoted by the Azerbaijani authorities including dehumanisation the glorification of violence and territorial claims against the Republic of Armenia 62 In March 2023 the European Parliament issued another resolution which condemned Azerbaijan s attacks on Armenia and called for Azerbaijan to lift its blockade of Artsakh 63 In response Azerbaijani President Aliyev described the resolution as beyond doubt originat ing from Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora long since a cancerous tumour of Europe 64 Anti Armenian hate crimes committed by Azerbaijanis have also occurred internationally beyond the country of Azerbaijan In 2004 Ramil Safarov decapitated an Armenian while he was sleeping in Hungary Status of Armenian cultural monuments edit See also Khachkar destruction in Nakhchivan In November 2020 newspaper The Guardian wrote about Azerbaijan s campaign of comprehensive cultural cleansing in Nakhichevan Satellite imagery extensive documentary evidence and personal accounts showed that 89 churches 5 840 khachkars and 22 000 tombstones were destroyed between 1997 and 2006 including the medieval necropolis of Djulfa the largest ancient Armenian cemetery in the world The Azerbaijani response has consistently been to simply deny that Armenians had ever lived in the region 65 The most publicized case of mass destruction concerns gravestones at a medieval Armenian cemetery in Julfa a sacred site of the Armenian Apostolic Church Charles Tannock the member of the foreign affairs committee of the European Parliament argued This is very similar to the Buddha statues destroyed by the Taliban They have concreted the area over and turned it into a military camp 66 The destruction of the cemetery has been widely described by Armenian sources and some non Armenian sources as an act of cultural genocide 67 68 69 European Parliament published a resolution on 10 March 2022 condemning the destruction of the Armenian heritage in Artsakh Nagorno Karabakh 61 The resolution read European Parliament Strongly condemns Azerbaijan s continued policy of erasing and denying the Armenian cultural heritage in and around Nagorno Karabakh in violation of international law and the recent decision of the ICJ 62 Ongoing genocide risk edit Since 2020 Azerbaijan has attacked Armenian positions in Nagorno Karabakh Second Nagorno Karabakh War Armenia border crisis and has also blockaded the Republic of Artsakh These events have resulted in numerous organizations including those which specialize in genocide studies reporting that Armenians are at risk of being subjected to another genocide 70 71 72 73 The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention considers Armenians to be one of the most threatened identities in the world today 74 Sheila Paylan international criminal lawyer and legal advisor to the United Nations has warned that The international community should take its R2P Responsibility to Protect commitments more seriously or risk becoming silently complicit in the next Armenian genocide or ethnic cleansing 75 Caucasus expert Laurence Broers draws parallels between the Russian discourse about Ukraine as an artificial fake nation and the Azerbaijani discourse about Armenia likewise claiming it has a fake history thereby elevating the conflict to an existential level for Armenians 76 A coalition of various human rights organizations also issued a collective genocide warning in response to the blockade All 14 risk factors for atrocity crimes identified by the UN Secretary General s Office on Genocide Prevention are now present 73 The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention Since 2021 the organization has issued various Red Flag Alerts on Azerbaijan which the organization says poses a threat of genocide to Armenians 77 It described the Azerbaijan s blockade of the Republic of Artsakh as a criminal act which intends to create terror and unbearable conditions of life for the population of Artsakh These events are not isolated events they are instead being committed within a larger genocidal pattern against Armenia and Armenians by the Azerbaijani regime 78 The group also wrote The genocidal intent of Baku has never been clearer and the actions carried out up to the moment highly predict this outcome 79 Genocide Watch issued its own genocide warnings in September 2020 saying that Because of Azerbaijan s invasion of Artsakh Genocide Watch considers Azerbaijan to be at Stage 9 Extermination and at Stage 10 Denial Genocide Watch considers that Azerbaijan s leadership may intend to forcibly deport the Armenian population of Artsakh by committing genocidal massacres that will terrorize Armenians into leaving Artsakh 80 In September 2022 Genocide Watch issued another alert stating Due to its unprovoked attacks and genocidal rhetoric against ethnic Armenians Genocide Watch considers Azerbaijan s assault on Armenia and Artsakh to be at Stage 4 Dehumanization Stage 7 Preparation Stage 8 Persecution and Stage 10 Denial 72 The group wrote a letter to the EU council warning that the European Union is turning a blind eye to the Azerbaijani dictatorship for geopolitical and resource reasons and that Azerbaijan s intentions are clear to wipe out all traces of Armenian life and of an Armenian presence in this region Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev has consistently and repeatedly stated that he intends to eradicate the indigenous Armenians dwelling in Artsakh 81 82 The International Association of Genocide Scholars IAGS issued similar statements in October 2020 Direct Turkish involvement in the decades long Nagorno Karabakh conflict is a fact that threatens to annihilate Armenians in Artsakh and beyond A recent statement issued by the Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan read that they Turkey were going to continue to fulfill the mission of their grandfathers which was carried out a century ago in the Caucasus This constitutes a direct threat of continuing the Armenian genocide that began in 1915 History from the Armenian genocide to the last three decades of conflict as well as current political statements economic policies sentiments of the societies and military actions by the Azerbaijani and Turkish leadership should warn us that genocide of the Armenians in Nagorno Karabakh and perhaps even Armenia is a very real possibility 83 In October 2022 the IAGS issued another statement condeming Azerbaijan s September 2022 attacks on the Republic of Armenia Significant genocide risk factors exist in the Nagorno Karabakh situation concerning the Armenian population and dehumanizing and other irredentist statements from Azerbaijani government officials demonstrate the existence of a risk of genocide and may amount to incitement to genocide and possibly other international crimes 70 Russia editSee also Racism in Russia and Armenia Russia relations This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it March 2024 A 19th century Russian explorer Vasili Lvovich Velichko who was active during the period when the Russian tzarism carried out a purposeful anti Armenian policy 84 wrote Armenians are the extreme instance of brachycephaly their actual racial instinct make them naturally hostile to the State 85 According to a 2012 VTSIOM opinion research 6 of respondents in Moscow and 3 in Saint Petersburg were experiencing feelings of irritation hostility toward Armenians 86 In the 2000s there have been racist murders of Armenians in Russia 87 88 89 In 2002 an explosion took place in Krasnodar near the Armenian church which the local community believed was a terrorist act 90 Georgia edit nbsp Unrooted Armenian gravestones in a church yard in Velistsikhe Kakheti Georgia In the late 19th century and early 20th century anti Armenian sentiment was prevalent in both socialist and nationalist Georgian circles The economic dominance of Armenians in Tbilisi fueled verbal attacks on Armenians Droeba an influential journal described Armenians as people who strip our streets and fatten their pockets and but the last piece of property from our indebted peasant families Both Ilia Chavchavadze and Akaki Tsereteli two major literary figures attacked Armenians for their perceived mercantilism Tsereteli portrayed Armenians as a flea sucking Georgian blood in one fable Chavchavadze denounced Armenians for eating the bread baked by someone else or drinking that which is creating by another s sweat Chavchavadze s newspaper Iveria depicted Armenians as sly moneylenders and unscrupulous traders according to Stephen F Jones The Social Democratic Party of Georgia Georgian Mensheviks attacked the bourgeoisie and imperialism to liberate Georgia from both Russian imperialism and perceived Armenian economic exploitation During the existence of the Democratic Republic of Georgia 1918 21 the independent Georgian government saw Armenians as a potential fifth column for their supposed loyalty to the First Republic of Armenia and subject to manipulation by foreign powers The Georgian Armenian War of December 1918 increased anti Armenian sentiments in Georgia In post Soviet Georgia first president Zviad Gamsakhurdia an outspoken nationalist viewed Armenians along with other ethnic minorities as guests or aliens who threaten Georgia s territorial integrity 91 Joseph Stalin wrote in his 1913 essay Marxism and the National Question 92 93 What exists in Georgia is anti Armenian nationalism but this is because there is an Armenian big bourgeoisie which by crushing the small and as yet weak Georgian bourgeoisie thrusts the latter towards anti Armenian nationalism Around the time of the 2007 parliamentary elections in the breakaway region of Abkhazia the Georgian media emphasized the factor of ethnic Armenians in the area 94 The Georgian newspaper Sakartvelos Respublika predicted that much of the parliament would be Armenian and that there was even a chance of an Armenian president being elected 95 The paper also reported that the Abkhazian republic might already be receiving financial assistance from Armenians living in the United States 95 Some Armenian analysts believe such reports are attempting to create conflict between Armenians and ethnic Abkhazians to destabilize the region 95 A policy of desecration of Armenian churches and historical monuments on the territory of Georgia has actively been pursued 96 97 98 On November 16 2008 Georgian monk Tariel Sikinchelashvili vandalised the graves of patrons of art Mikhail and Lidia Tamamshev 97 The Armenian Church of Norashen in Tbilisi built in the middle of the 15th century 96 has been desecrated and misappropriated by the Georgian government despite the fact that both Armenia s and Georgia s Prime Ministers have reached an agreement on not to maltreat the church 97 Due to no law on religion the status of Surb Norashen Surb Nshan Shamhoretsor Surb Astvatsatsin Karmir Avetaran Yerevanots Surb Minas and Mugni Surb Gevorg in Tbilisi and Surb Nshan in Akhaltsikhe is unknown since being confiscated during the Soviet era 99 Armenians in Georgia and Armenia have demonstrated against the destruction On November 28 2008 Armenian demonstrators in front of the Georgian embassy in Armenia demanded that the Georgian government immediately cease encroachments on the Armenian churches and punish those guilty calling the Georgian party s actions white genocide 100 In August 2011 Georgia s Culture Minister Nika Rurua sacked director Robert Sturua as head of the Tbilisi national theatre for xenophobic comments he made earlier this year officials reported We are not going to finance xenophobia Georgia is a multicultural country Rurua said 101 Provoking public outrage Sturua said in an interview with local news agency that Saakashvili doesn t know what Georgian people need because he is Armenian I do not want Georgia to be governed by a representative of a different ethnicity he added 101 102 In July 2014 the Armenian Ejmiatsin Church in Tbilisi was attacked The Armenian diocese said it was a crime committed on ethnic and religious grounds 103 In 2018 the Tandoyants Armenian church in Tbilisi was gifted to the Georgian Orthodox Patriarchate The Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Orthodox Church in Georgia stated that the church was illegally transferred to the Georgian Patriarchate According to the Human Rights Education and Monitoring Center Tandoyants is not the only historic Armenian church the Georgian Patriarchate has targeted There are at least six others the Patriarchate has its sights set on 104 Germany editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it March 2024 United States editSee also Armenian genocide recognition Position of the United States Armenia United States relations and United States recognition of the Armenian genocide Early 20th century edit There has been historic prejudice against Armenians in the United States throughout various times at least beginning from the early 1900s In early 1900s Armenians were among the group of minorities who were barred from loaning money land and equipment particularly because of their race They were referred to as lower class Jews Moreover in Fresno California among other minorities Armenians lived on one side of Van Ness Blvd while the residents of European white origin lived on the other side A deed from one home there stated Neither said premises nor any part thereof shall be used in any matter whatsoever or occupied by any Black Chinese Japanese Hindu Armenian Asiatic or native of the Turkish Empire 105 Between the 1920s and the 1960s some houses in the Rock Creek Hills neighborhood of Kensington Maryland a suburb of Washington D C included anti Armenian language in racial covenants that were part of property deeds One deed in Rock Creek Hills declared that homes in the neighborhood shall never be used or occupied by negroes or any person or persons of negro blood or extraction or to any person of the Semitic Race blood or origin or Jews Armenians Hebrews Persians and Syrians except partial occupancy of the premises by domestic servants 106 In Anny Bakalian s book Armenian Americans From Being to Feeling Armenian various groups of Armenians were polled for discrimination based on their identity Roughly 77 of US born Armenians felt they were discriminated in getting a job while 80 responded positively to a question whether they felt discriminated in getting admitted to a school 107 American historian Justin McCarthy is known for his controversial view that no genocide was intended by the Ottoman Empire but that both Armenians and Turks died as the result of civil war Some attribute his denial of the Armenian genocide 108 to anti Armenianism as he holds an honorary doctorate of the Turkish Bogazici University and he is also a board member of the Institute of Turkish Studies 109 110 Since the 1990s edit On April 24 1998 during a campus exhibit organized by the Armenian Students Association at UC Berkeley Hamid Algar a Professor of Islamic amp Persian Studies reportedly approached a group of organizers and shouted It was not a genocide but I wish it was you lying pigs The students also claimed that Algar also spat at them Following the incident members of the Armenian Students Association filed a report with campus police calling for an investigation 111 After a five month investigation the Chancellor s office issued an apology though no hate charges were filed as incident did not create a hostile environment 112 On March 10 1999 the Associated Students of University of California ASUC passed a resolution titled A Bill Against Hate Speech and in Support of Reprimand for Prof Algar condemning the incident and calling for Chancellor to review the University decision not to file charges 112 In 1999 after Rafi Manoukian got elected to Glendale City Council one resident attended the council s meetings every week to tell Armenians to go back where they came from Manoukian campaign had made a point to galvanize Glendale s large Armenian American electorate 113 In April 2007 the Los Angeles Times Managing Editor Douglas Frantz blocked a story on the Armenian genocide written by Mark Arax allegedly citing the fact Arax was of Armenian descent and therefore had a biased opinion on the subject Arax who has published similar articles before 114 has lodged a discrimination complaint and threatened a federal lawsuit Frantz who did not cite any specific factual errors in the article is accused of having a bias obtained while being stationed in Istanbul Turkey Harut Sassounian an Armenian community leader accused Frantz of having expressed support for denial of the Armenian genocide and has stated he personally believed that Armenians rebelled against the Ottoman Empire an argument commonly used to justify the killings 114 Frantz resigned from the paper not long afterward possibly due to the mounting requests for his dismissal from the Armenian community 115 In March 2012 three of five Glendale Police Department s officers of Armenian origin filed a lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court against Glendale Police Department claiming racial discrimination 116 Another incident that received less coverage was a series of hate mail campaigns directed at Paul Krekorian a city council candidate for Californian Democratic Primary making racist remarks and accusations that the Armenian community was engaging in voter fraud 117 In 2016 during a race between Glendale City Clerk Ardy Kassakhian and Glendale Council Member Laura Friedman for the 43rd District Assembly seat Kassakhian s campaign faced numerous threats and criticism based on the candidate s ethnicity At one point in the campaign Kassakhian s office was evacuated after receiving a phone call that threatened the safety of employees and volunteers 118 On April 20 2016 Armenian genocide denial propaganda appeared in the sky over the Hudson River between Manhattan and Northern New Jersey The skywriting featured messages such as 101 years of Geno lie BFF Russia Armenia and FactCheckArmenia com The aerial stunt was part of a campaign by the website Fact Check Armenia an Armenian genocide denialist site The writing could be seen from roughly a 15 mile 24 km radius The media attention from the incident resulted in an official apology by the skywriting company 119 In the 4th episode of Season 3 of the CBS sitcom 2 Broke Girls aired on October 14 2013 when a new cappuccino maker is brought into the cupcake store by a co worker he says he bought it for a cheap price from a person who stole it but sells it at a profit adding it s the Armenian way When the character is pressed that he is not Armenian he says I know But it s the Armenian way This scene was characterized as racist by Asbarez Editor Ara Khachatourian who criticized CBS for promotion of racial stereotypes in their shows 120 In the January 9 2018 episode of the Comedy Central late night program The Daily Show Trevor Noah stated This is like really funny Only Donald Trump could defend himself and in the same sentence completely undermine his whole point It would be like someone saying I m the most tolerant guy out there just ask this filthy Armenian 121 Armenian American organizations criticized Noah for alleged racism against Armenians In a joint press release the Armenian Bar Association and the Armenian Rights Watch Committee ARWC compared Filthy Armenians to other offensive racial epithets which although may have been intended to coax a laugh from the audience by ridiculing President Trump s self proclaimed genius and tolerance constitutes affront and slander The organizations called for The Daily Show and Trevor Noah to issue a retraction and an apology 122 The Armenian National Committee of America ANCA also called for an apology 123 In July 2020 the KZV Armenian School and its adjacent Armenian Community Center in San Francisco were vandalized overnight with threatening and racist graffiti According to San Francisco officials the attack claimed to support a violent anti Armenian movement led by Azerbaijan 124 The messages contained curse words and appeared to be connected to increased tensions between Azerbaijan and Armenia 125 The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi noted that The KZV Armenian School is a part of the beautiful fabric of our San Francisco family The hateful defacing of this place of community and learning is a disgrace San Francisco District Attorney Chesa Boudin and San Francisco Mayor London Breed also condemned the hate act 126 On September 24 2021 the St Peter Armenian Church in Fernando Valley California was vandalized The suspect broke eight very rare stained glass windows of the church with a baseball bat The ANCA WR Executive Director Armen Sahakyan said This act of vandalism is especially concerning as we recently marked one year since the Armenophobic hate crimes that took place in San Francisco The Los Angeles Police Department continues its investigation on this crime 127 In the 2022 Los Angeles City Council scandal Nury Martinez referred to Areen Ibranossian an advisor to councillor Paul Krekorian as The guy with one eyebrow Martinez wasn t able to recall the last name and Cedillo replied It ends in i a n I bet you 128 Ibranossian said This type of depiction of Armenians is not uncommon and is too often tolerated Growing up in Torrance California he was called towel head and camel jockey 129 In 2023 the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau CFPB ordered Citigroup to pay 24 5 million in fines and 1 4 million in restitution to Armenian Americans alleging that the bank had illegally discriminated against members of the ethnic group and had unjustly denied them credit cards for which they had applied in a period beginning in 2015 and ending in 2021 130 131 According to the CFPB Citigroup employees used the presence of ian or yan in applicant surnames as an indicator that a customer should undergo enhanced screening processes while also deciding to avoid making mention of this screening method in emails 130 The suffixes ian and yan are frequently found in Armenian surnames 132 Israel editSee also Armenian genocide recognition Position of Israel Armenian Jewish relations and Armenia Israel relations Israel Armenia relations have been complicated throughout history resulting in anti Armenian sentiments in Israel The Jerusalem Post reported in 2009 that out of all Christians in Jerusalem s Old City Armenians were most often spat on by Haredi and Orthodox Jews 133 In 2011 several instances of spitting and verbal attacks on Armenian clergymen by Haredi Jews were reported in the Old City 134 In a 2013 interview Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem Nourhan Manougian stated that Armenians in Israel are treated as third class citizens 135 In 2019 it was reported that 60 Armenian Church students attempted to lynch two Jewish men on the eve of Shavuot in Jerusalem further increasing tensions between the religious groups 136 In 2023 Al Jazeera reported that anti Christian violence coinciding with anti Palestinian violence is becoming more widespread and normalized especially by fundamentalist and right wing Jews Various anti Christian laws were made including limiting the amount of worshippers who can enter the Holy Sepulchre 30 graves in Mount Zion were vandalized and the Armenian quarter was spray painted with the words Death to Arabs Christians and Armenians 137 Israel has long refused to recognize the Armenian Genocide mainly to avoid harming its relations with Turkey Former President and Prime Minister of Israel Shimon Peres referred to the history of the Armenian Genocide as meaningless and said that We reject attempts to create a similarity between the Holocaust and the Armenian allegations Nothing similar to the Holocaust occurred It is a tragedy what the Armenians went through but not a genocide 138 Other major figures and organizations in Israel have also propped up Turkey s genocide denial In particular the Turkish Israeli and Azerbaijani Israeli communities have encouraged genocide denial in Israel 139 The Knesset Committee on Education Culture and Sports recognized the Armenian Genocide on August 1 2016 140 When visiting the Israeli President the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem on May 9 2016 Reuven Rivlin concluded his speech by saying that the Armenians were massacred in 1915 My parents remember thousands of Armenian migrants finding asylum at the Armenian Church No one in Israel denies that an entire nation was massacred 140 Recognition of the Armenian Genocide in Israel remains to be an extremely contentious issue influenced heavily by Azerbaijan Israel Relations 141 Israel s strategic alliance with Azerbaijan and Armenia s alliance with Iran have both resulted in hostility between the Israeli and Armenian governments and the subsequent deterioration of Armenia Israel relations In both the First and Second Nagorno Karabakh Wars Israel has supplied Azerbaijan with advanced weaponry At a protest against Israel s arms sales to Azerbaijan counter protesters smashed a protester s car and blocked the road they were driving along 142 Many Israelis have also sympathized with Azerbaijan due to Azerbaijan s long and peaceful historical relations with Jews Because of strong relations between Israel and Azerbaijan pro Israeli lobbying groups such as AIPAC have defended and lobbied for Azerbaijan against Armenia 143 Daesh editFurther information Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State With the breakout of the Syrian Civil War and subsequent rise of Daesh Armenians alongside Assyrians Alawites and Shia Muslims were some of the groups persecuted in areas occupied by Daesh militants Armenian sites were targets of Daesh infamous cultural destruction After occupying Raqqa Daesh fighters destroyed the Church of the Martyrs an Armenian Catholic church 144 More infamously Daesh fighters destroyed the Armenian Genocide Memorial in Deir ez Zor 145 culturally significant to Armenians as Deir ez Zor was the last destination before Armenians in 1915 would reach the Syrian Desert with many dying along the way As Daesh began taking control of many cities towns and villages thousands of Christians were forced to flee either abroad or to other safer areas in Syria Others editPakistan edit See also Armenia Pakistan relations Pakistan is the only United Nations member state that has not recognized the Republic of Armenia citing its support to Azerbaijan in the Nagorno Karabakh conflict 146 Tajikistan edit In early 1990 39 Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan were settled in Tajikistan False rumors spread that allegedly up to 5 000 Armenians were being resettled in new housing in Dushanbe experiencing acute housing shortage at that time This led to riots which targeted both the Communist government and Armenians 147 The Soviet Ministry of Interior MVD suppressed the demonstrations during which more than 20 people were killed and over 500 were injured 148 Ukraine edit See also Armenia Ukraine relations In 1944 in the town of Kuty in eastern Poland Ukrainian nationalists from the OUN UPA massacred as part of the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia Armenians and Poles killing 200 people Kuty was the largest concentration of Armenians in Poland 149 150 In 2009 an ethnic conflict broke out in the city of Marhanets following the murder of a Ukrainian man by an Armenian A fight between Ukrainians and Armenians started in the Scorpion cafe citation needed and later turned into riots and pogroms against Armenians 151 accompanied by the burning of houses and cars which led to exodus of Armenians from the city 152 In 2023 Armenian media accused Oleksiy Danilov the secretary of Ukraine s National Security and Defense Council of making anti Armenian statements 153 East Turkestan edit Uyghur separatist leader Isa Alptekin spouted anti Armenian rhetoric while he was in Turkey and claimed that our innocent Turkish Muslim brothers were massacred by Armenian murderers 154 See also editList of anti Armenian massacres Anti Oriental Orthodox sentiment Anti Assyrian sentiment Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians Armenian exodus from Nagorno KarabakhNotes edit The term Tatars employed by the Russians referred to Turkish speaking Muslims Shia and Sunni of Transcaucasia 45 Unlike Armenians and Georgians the Tatars did not have their own alphabet and used the Perso Arabic script 45 After 1918 with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and especially during the Soviet era the Tatar group identified itself as Azerbaijani 45 References edit Black Garden by Thomas De Waal Aug 25 2004 page 42 Communal Violence The Armenians and the Copts as Case Studies by Margaret J Wyszomirsky World Politics Vol 27 No 3 Apr 1975 p 438 Hamidian Massacres Armenian Genocide Levon Marashlian Politics and Demography Armenians Turks and Kurds in the Ottoman Empire Cambridge MA Zoryan Institute 1991 Samuel Totten Paul Robert Bartrop Steven L Jacobs eds Dictionary of Genocide Greenwood Publishing 2008 ISBN 0 313 34642 9 p 19 Noel Lise Intolerance A General Survey Arnold Bennett 1994 ISBN 0 7735 1187 3 p 101 Schaefer Richard T 2008 Encyclopedia of Race Ethnicity and Society p 90 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GENOCIDE SCHOLARS Archived from the original on April 16 2006 Retrieved April 16 2006 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link from the International Association of Genocide Scholars to Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan June 13 2005 Saracoglu Cenk 2011 Kurds of Modern Turkey Migration Neoliberalism and Exclusion in Turkish Society London I B Tauris p 175 ISBN 9780857719102 Turkish citizens mistrust foreigners opinion poll says Hurriyet Daily News 2 May 2011 Minority Rights Group International Turkey Armenians Archived from the original on 8 May 2015 Retrieved 6 April 2015 Tremblay Pinar 11 October 2015 Grew up Kurdish forced to be Turkish now called Armenian Al Monitor Samast a jandarma karakolunda kahraman muamelesi Radikal in Turkish 2 February 2007 Archived from the original on 5 February 2007 Retrieved 6 October 2016 Watson Ivan 12 January 2012 Turkey remembers murdered journalist CNN Harvey Benjamin 2007 01 24 Suspect in Journalist Death Makes Threat The Guardian London Associated Press Retrieved 2007 01 24 dead link Turkish Armenian writer shot dead BBC News 2007 01 19 Archived from the original on 4 February 2007 Retrieved 2007 01 19 Robert Mahoney 2006 06 15 Bad blood in Turkey PDF Committee to Protect Journalists Archived from the original PDF on 16 January 2007 Retrieved 2007 01 17 IPI Deplores Callous Murder of Journalist in Istanbul International Press Institute 2007 01 22 Archived from the original on 3 March 2007 Retrieved 2007 01 24 Turkey Archived from the original on 14 January 2020 Retrieved 6 April 2015 Committee to Protect Journalists 2007 01 19 Turkish Armenian editor murdered in Istanbul Archived from the original on 25 January 2007 Retrieved 2007 01 24 Dink had received numerous death threats from nationalist Turks who viewed his iconoclastic journalism particularly on the mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century as an act of treachery Turkish police uncover arms cache The Wall Street Journal Jan 10 2009 E I R GmbH Archived from the original on 17 April 2021 Retrieved 6 April 2015 Montgomery Devin 2008 07 12 Turkey arrests two ex generals for alleged coup plot JURIST Archived from the original on 2008 12 26 Retrieved 2008 07 07 BUYUKFURAN ARMUTLU Ibrahim 2002 06 11 Onno Tunc aniti acildi Hurriyet in Turkish Retrieved 2008 07 09 Turkish municipality destroys monument of Armenian musician composer Retrieved 6 April 2015 Helix Consulting LLC Monument to Armenian musician Onno Tunc destroyed in Turkey Retrieved 6 April 2015 Onno Tunc anitini yiktik cunku Sabah 30 April 2012 Retrieved 6 April 2015 Haber Onno Tunc aniti na Selimiye halki el surdurmuyor Archived from the original on 18 April 2013 Retrieved 6 April 2015 Sahan Idil Engindeniz Firat Derya Sannan Baris January April 2014 Media Watch on Hate Speech and Discriminatory Language Report PDF Hrant Dink Foundation Archived from the original PDF on 2019 12 07 Retrieved 2014 09 15 Armenian private killed intentionally new testimony shows Today s Zaman 2012 01 27 Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 Retrieved 14 December 2012 Sevag Sahin i vuran asker BBP li miydi in Turkish Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 Retrieved 14 December 2012 a b Halavurt Sevag 24 Nisan da Planli Sekilde Oldurulmus Olabilir Bianet in Turkish May 4 2011 Retrieved 29 December 2012 Translated from Turkish On May 1 2011 after investigating into the background of the suspect we discovered that he was a sympathizer of the BBP We also have encountured nationalist themes in his social networks For example Muhsin Yazicioglu and Abdullah Catli photos were present according to Balikci lawyer Halavurt Title translated from Turkish What Happened to Sevag Balikci Radikal in Turkish Retrieved 29 December 2012 Translated from Turkish We discovered that he was a sympathizer of the BBP We also have encountered nationalist themes in his social networks For example Muhsin Yazicioglu and Abdullah Catli photos were present according to Balikci lawyer Halavurt Sevag in Olumunde Supheler Artiyor Nor Zartonk in Turkish Archived from the original on 15 April 2013 Retrieved 29 December 2012 Title translated from Turkish Doubts emerge on the death of Sevag a b Fiance of Armenian soldier killed in Turkish army testifies before court News am Archived from the original on 30 January 2013 Retrieved 29 December 2012 Nisanlidan Ermenilerle savasirsak ilk seni oldururum iddiasi Sabah in Turkish 2012 04 06 Retrieved 29 December 2012 Title translated from Turkish From the fiance If we were to go to war with Armenia I would kill you first a b Azeris mark 20th anniversary of Khojaly Massacre in Istanbul Hurriyet February 26 2012 Retrieved 22 December 2012 One banner carried by dozens of protestors said You are all Armenians you are all bastards a b Inciting Hatred Turkish Protesters Call Armenians Bastards Asbarez February 28 2012 Archived from the original on 18 March 2015 Retrieved 22 December 2012 Mount Ararat will Become Your Grave Chant Turkish Students Khojaly Massacre Protests gone wrong in Istanbul You are all Armenian you are all bastards National Turk 28 February 2012 Retrieved 22 December 2012 Protests in Istanbul You are all Armenian you are all bastards LBC International 2012 02 26 Retrieved 22 December 2012 Ultra nationalist group targets Turkey s Armenians Zaman 28 November 2012 Archived from the original on 29 November 2012 Retrieved 31 May 2013 in Russian Fyodor Lukyanov ru Editor in Chief of the journal Russia in Global Affairs Pervyj i nerazreshimyj Vzglyad 2 August 2011 Retrieved 12 January 2013 Armyanofobiya institucionalnaya chast sovremennoj azerbajdzhanskoj gosudarstvennosti i konechno Karabah v centre etogo vsego Armenophobia is the institutional part of the modern Azerbaijani statehood and Karabakh is in the center of it Report on Azerbaijan PDF Strasbourg European Commission against Racism and Intolerance 15 April 2003 p 2 Archived from the original PDF on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 22 January 2013 Due to the conflict there is a widespread negative sentiment toward Armenians in Azerbaijani society today In general hate speech and derogatory public statements against Armenians take place routinely Second report on Azerbaijan PDF Strasbourg European Commission against Racism and Intolerance 24 May 2007 Archived from the original PDF on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 23 January 2013 a b c Bournoutian George 2018 Armenia and Imperial Decline The Yerevan Province 1900 1914 Routledge p 35 note 25 Dawisha Karen Parrot Bruce 1994 The International Politics of Eurasia Armonk NY M E Sharpe p 242 ISBN 9781563243530 Robert Gerwarth John Horne eds 27 September 2012 War in peace paramilitary violence in Europe after the Great War Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199654918 a b Human Rights in the OSCE Region Europe Central Asia and North America Report 2005 Events of 2004 International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 Retrieved 19 January 2013 The unresolved conflict with Armenia over Nagorno Karabakh stimulated armenophobia Human Rights Watch 1994 Azerbaijan seven years of conflict in Nagorno Karabakh New York Humans Rights Watch ISBN 1 56432 142 8 de Waal Thomas 2003 Black garden Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war New York New York University Press p 286 ISBN 9780814719459 This means that the combined area of Azerbaijan under Armenian occupation was approximately 11 797 km2 or 4 555 square miles Azerbaijan s total area is 86 600 km2 So the occupied zone is in fact 13 62 percent of Azerbaijan still a large figure but a long way short of President Aliev s repeated claim Second report on Azerbaijan PDF Strasbourg European Commission against Racism and Intolerance 24 May 2007 Archived from the original PDF on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 23 January 2013 Watch Genocide 2020 05 11 Turkey Erdogan uses Leftovers of the Sword anti Christian hate speech genocidewatch Retrieved 2023 03 13 Watch Genocide 2020 11 06 Genocide Emergency Alert on the War in Artsakh Nagorno Karabakh PDF genocidewatch Retrieved 2023 03 13 Azerbaijan The Status of Armenians Russians Jews and other minorities PDF Washington DC Immigration and Naturalization Service 1993 p 10 Retrieved 25 January 2013 Despite the constitutional guarantees against religious discrimination numerous acts of vandalism against the Armenian Apostolic Church have been reported throughout Azerbaijan These acts are clearly connected to anti Armenian sentiments brought to the surface by the war between Armenia and Azerbaijan Peter G Stone Joanne Farchakh Bajjaly 2008 The destruction of cultural heritage in Iraq Woodbridge Suffolk Boydell Press p xi ISBN 9781843833840 Adalian Rouben Paul 2010 Historical dictionary of Armenia Lanham Md Scarecrow Press p 95 ISBN 9780810860964 in Russian Fyodor Lukyanov ru editor in chief of the journal Russia in Global Affairs Pervyj i nerazreshimyj Vzglyad 2 August 2011 Retrieved 25 April 2014 Armyanofobiya institucionalnaya chast sovremennoj azerbajdzhanskoj gosudarstvennosti i konechno Karabah v centre etogo vsego ECRI report on Azerbaijan fourth monitoring cycle PDF Strasbourg France European Commission against Racism and Intolerance 31 May 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 16 March 2013 Retrieved 19 January 2013 Alt URL Cheterian Vicken 2018 The Uses and Abuses of History Genocide and the Making of the Karabakh Conflict Europe Asia Studies 70 6 884 903 doi 10 1080 09668136 2018 1489634 S2CID 158760921 Smith Jeremy 2013 Red Nations Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 11131 7 a b EU Parliament condemns destruction of Armenian heritage in Nagorno Karabakh OC Media 2022 03 10 Retrieved 2022 03 12 a b JOINT MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on the destruction of cultural heritage in Nagorno Karabakh www europarl europa eu Retrieved 2022 03 12 KOVATCHEV Andrey REPORT on EU Armenia relations A9 0036 2023 European Parliament www europarl europa eu Retrieved 2023 03 18 Azerbaijani Parliament issues protest statement regarding European Parliament s resolution Apa az Retrieved 2023 03 18 The ceasefire agreement with Azerbaijan comes with great risks for Armenia The Guardian 19 November 2020 Castle Stephen 23 October 2011 Azerbaijan flattened sacred Armenian site The Independent Archived from the original on 2022 05 07 Antonyan Yulia Siekierski Konrad 2014 A neopagan movement in Armenia the children of Ara In Aitamurto Kaarina Simpson Scott eds Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe Routledge p 280 By analogy other tragic events or threatening processes are designated today by Armenians as cultural genocide for example the destruction by Azerbaijanis of the Armenian cemetery in Julfa Ghazinyan Aris 13 January 2006 Cultural War Systematic destruction of Old Julfa khachkars raises international attention ArmeniaNow Archived from the original on 25 November 2015 Retrieved 24 November 2015 another cultural genocide being perpetrated by Azerbaijan Ugur Umit Ungor 2015 Cultural genocide Destruction of material and non material human culture In Carmichael Cathie Maguire Richard C eds The Routledge History of Genocide Routledge p 250 ISBN 9781317514848 a b O Brien Melanie WIlliams Timothy Martinez Elisenda White Julia October 24 2022 Statement on Azerbaijani Aggression Against the Republic of Armenia and the Indigenous Armenians of the South Caucasus PDF The International Association of Genocide Scholars Veldkamp Joel 19 December 2022 Genocide Warning for Nagorno Karabakh issued by human rights organizations Anglican Ink Archived from the original on 20 December 2022 Retrieved 20 December 2022 a b Genocide Warning Azerbaijan and Nagorno Karabakh Genocide Watch September 23 2022 retrieved 3 January 2023 a b Genocide Warning Nagorno Karabakh 120 000 people are under siege Retrieved 2022 12 28 Annual Report 2022 Lemkin Institute For Genocide Prevention Lemkin Institute Retrieved 2023 02 03 Do the Armenians Face a Second Genocide Newsweek 2022 12 14 Retrieved 2023 03 14 Boy Ann Dorit 2023 01 18 Blockade in the Southern Caucasus There Is Every Reason to Expect More Violence This Year Der Spiegel ISSN 2195 1349 Retrieved 2023 03 14 Armenia Project Lemkin Institute Retrieved 2023 02 03 Red Flag Alert for Genocide Azerbaijan Update 5 Lemkin Institute Archived from the original on 2022 12 22 Retrieved 2023 03 14 Red Flag Alert for Genocide Azerbaijan Update 4 Lemkin Institute Archived from the original on 2023 02 27 Retrieved 2023 03 14 Watch Genocide 2020 11 06 Genocide Emergency Alert on the War in Artsakh Nagorno Karabakh genocidewatch Retrieved 2023 03 13 von Joeden Forgey Elisa Victoria Massimino Irene 2022 05 15 Open Letter to Charles Michel President of the European Council Regarding Complicity in Genocide PDF LemkinInstitute Twitter Retrieved 2023 05 15 Statement from a group of Genocide scholars on the Imminent Genocidal Threat deriving from Azerbaijan and Turkey against Artsakh Nagorno Karabakh www genocide museum am Retrieved 2023 03 14 V A Shnirelman Albanskij mif v kn Vojny pamyati Mify identichnost i politika v Zakavkaze M IKC Akademkniga 2003 Retrieved 6 April 2015 Benthall Jonathan ed The best of Anthropology Today 2002 Routledge ISBN 0 415 26255 0 p 350 by Anatoly Khazanov Moskvichi i peterburzhcy o svoih etnicheskih simpatiyah i antipatiyah Residents of Moscow and St Petersburg about their ethnic sympathies and antipathies Russian Public Opinion Research Center 24 January 2012 Retrieved 5 January 2013 Armenian student killed in Moscow race attack Nick Paton Walsh in Moscow The Guardian Monday 24 April 2006 Six Russians Jailed For Racist Killing Of Armenian March 14 2007 Reuters Mibchuani Teimuraz 2009 Armenian Battalion Named After Bagramyan and Ethnic Cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies ISBN 978 9941126796 Archived from the original on 2016 06 04 Terian Artur 11 November 2002 Armenian Church In Russia Damaged By Blast azatutyun am RFE RL Jones Stephen F 1993 Georgian Armenian Relations in 1918 20 and 1991 94 A Comparison Armenian Review 46 1 4 57 77 Service Robert 2005 Stalin A Biography Harvard University Press p 98 ISBN 9780674016972 Stalin J V Marxism and the National Question marxists org Marxists Internet Archive Ŕđe inece aidđin a Ŕaoŕccc ăeŕcŕec ăđoccineco NEC CŔ REGNUM Retrieved 6 April 2015 a b c Focus on Faction Georgian media stirs Abkhazian Armenian conflict News ArmeniaNow com Archived from the original on 2 February 2008 Retrieved 6 April 2015 a b The cultural genocide of Armenian historical monuments in Georgia Organisation for the support of the Armenian Diocese in Georgia Kanter a b c Vandalism and misappropriation of Armenian churches in Georgia goes on PanARMENIAN Net Retrieved 2008 11 29 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Refworld Georgia Collapse of Armenian Church Provokes Row Refworld Archived from the original on 16 April 2013 Retrieved 6 April 2015 Armenians of Georgia urge to stop barbarous destruction of Armenian cultural heritage PanArmenian net Retrieved 2008 11 29 Protest Action Against Encroachments On Armenian Churches in Georgia Held in Yerevan defacto am Retrieved 2008 11 29 a b Georgia sacks theatre legend for xenophobia AFP August 2011 Điaĺđn Nnođoŕ Nŕŕeŕracec ŕđe ici Đinaŕen Retrieved 6 April 2015 Priests attacked at Armenian church in Tbilisi Democracy amp Freedom Watch 20 July 2014 Retrieved 9 October 2014 Georgian Orthodox Church takes aim at Armenian churches There is interest in erasing any evidence of Armenians in Tbilisi by Neil Hauer Bradley Jardine Eurasianet Nov 5 2018 Diana Aguilera 8 December 2015 Diversity In Fresno How Racial Covenants Once Ruled Prestigious Neighborhoods Retrieved 1 May 2016 Racist housing covenants haunt property records across the country New laws make them easier to remove The Washington Post Retrieved 2022 04 17 Anny Bakalian Armenian Americans From Being to Feeling Armenian 1993 ISBN 978 1560000259 pp 223 4 Stanley Alessandra 2006 04 17 A PBS Documentary Makes Its Case for the Armenian Genocide With or Without a Debate The New York Times Retrieved 2006 09 02 MacDonald David B Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide the Holocaust and Historical Representation London Routledge 2008 p 121 ISBN 0 415 43061 5 Board of Governors Institute of Turkish Studies 2008 11 04 Archived from the original on 2008 12 24 Retrieved 2008 11 05 Berkeley Professor Spits at Armenian Student Asbarez com Retrieved 1 May 2016 a b UC Berkeley Senate Calls On Prof to Apologize Asbarez com Retrieved 1 May 2016 Xenophobia and Death Threats Plague Glendale Politics Retrieved 3 November 2016 a b Armenian genocide dispute erupts at LAT LA Observed Retrieved 6 April 2015 Genocide Controversy Leads L A Times Managing Editor To Resign 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speech as conflicts with Azerbaijan intensify Megan Cassidy and Brett Simpson San Francisco Chronicle July 25 2020 SF Armenian school community center vandalized with hateful graffiti By Eric Ting SFGATE 25 07 2020 Attack on KZV School Armenian Center to be Investigated as Hate Crime Asbarez Daily 25 07 2020 St Peter Armenian Church in San Fernando Valley vandalized Public Radio of Armenia Retrieved 2021 09 24 Lin Summer October 11 2022 Nury Martinez leak reveals insults about Jews Armenians too Archived from the original on October 11 2022 Retrieved October 12 2022 Abcarian Robin October 11 2022 Column Almost no one was spared in that racist conversation among top L A Latino officials Los Angeles Times a b Benoit David Feuer Will 8 November 2023 Citigroup Fined for Discriminating Against Armenian Americans The Wall Street Journal Matthews Chris 8 November 2023 CFPB fines Citi 26 million for intentional discrimination against Armenian Americans MarketWatch Saul Derek 8 November 2023 Citigroup Fined 25 9 Million For Allegedly Discriminating Against Armenian Americans Forbes Derfner Larry 26 November 2009 Mouths filled with hatred The Jerusalem Post Of all Old City Christians the Armenians get spat on most frequently because their quarter stands closest to those hot spots Rosenberg Oz 6 November 2011 Armenian clergy subjected to Haredi spitting attacks Haaretz Retrieved 3 March 2014 We are third class citizens says Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem Haaretz 29 June 2012 Retrieved 31 August 2013 Israel David 18 June 2019 Report 60 Armenian Church Students Attempted Lynching of 2 Jews on Eve of Shavuot The Jewish Press Al Jazeera Staff 9 April 2023 Death to Christians Violence steps up under new Israeli gov t Quote by Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres 5 September 2017 The Jews Who Befriended Turkey and Became Genocide Deniers Haaretz a b Israeli Knesset Committee Recognizes Armenian Genocide Armenian National Committee of America 2016 08 01 Retrieved 2021 04 08 Lazar Berman 27 April 2021 Why Israel won t follow Biden s lead and recognize Armenian genocide The Times of Israel Retrieved 26 September 2021 In Israel Azeris attacked peaceful Armenian protesters with batons and stones 17 October 2020 How pro Israel Jews Became Azerbaijan s Secret Weapon in Washington Haaretz Hubbard Ben 23 July 2014 Islamic State Controls Raqqa The New York Times Toi Staff IS said to destroy Armenian Genocide memorial Times of Israel Pakistani President Islamabad will support Azerbaijan in Nagorno Karabakh issue ArmeniaNow 14 February 2012 Retrieved 2 March 2014 Horowitz Donald L 2002 The Deadly Ethnic Riot University of California Press pp 74 ISBN 0 520 23642 4 Takeyh Ray Nikolas K Gvosdev 2004 The Receding Shadow of the Prophet Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 0 275 97629 7 Tadeusz Isakowicz Zaleski Przemilczane ludobojstwo na Kresach Krakow 2008 ISBN 978 83 922939 8 9 Romuald Niedzielko Kresowa ksiega sprawiedliwych 1939 1945 O Ukraincach ratujacych Polakow poddanych eksterminacji przez OUN i UPA Warszawa 2007 ISBN 978 83 60464 61 8 Sanamyan Emil 3 July 2009 Armenians targeted in Ukraine incident Armenian Reporter Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 Retrieved 3 March 2014 The knifing death of Sergei Bondarenko pictured was followed by anti Armenian reprisals in a small Ukrainian town Mezhnacionalnye stolknoveniya v Margance Archived 2012 04 26 at the Wayback Machine Armyane massovo vyezzhayut v drugie goroda Ukrainian Official Explains Anti Armenian Statement Azatutyun am 25 January 2023 Retrieved 25 January 2023 Isa Yusuf Alptekin ve Turkiye nin Siyasal Hayatina Etkileri Archived from the original on 5 October 2016 Retrieved 1 May 2016 Further reading editHilmar Kaiser Imperialism Racism and Development Theories The Construction of a Dominant Paradigm on Ottoman Armenians Gomidas Institute Ann Arbor MI 1997 Onat Ismail Cubukcu Suat Demir Fatih Akca Davut 2020 Framing anti Americanism in Turkey An empirical comparison of domestic and international media International Journal of Media amp Cultural Politics 16 2 139 157 doi 10 1386 macp 00021 1 S2CID 225861881 Suciyan Talin 2015 The Armenians in Modern Turkey Post Genocide Society Politics and History Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 0 85772 773 2 Naydenova Desislava 2014 Anti Armenian Polemics in a Slavic Canon Law Miscellany Ms Slav No 461 from the Manuscript Collection of the Romanian Academy Etudes balkaniques 3 82 95 ISSN 2534 8574 Kolsto Pal Blakkisrud Helge 2013 Yielding to the sons of the soil Abkhazian democracy and the marginalization of the Armenian vote Ethnic and Racial Studies 36 12 2075 2095 doi 10 1080 01419870 2012 675079 S2CID 144252799 Kasbarian Sossie Oktem Kerem 2014 Subversive friendships Turkish and Armenian encounters in transnational space Patterns of Prejudice 48 2 121 146 doi 10 1080 0031322X 2014 900208 S2CID 144649549 Ihrig Stefan 2016 Justifying Genocide Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 50479 0 Nefes Turkay Salim 2021 The Relationship between Perceived Security Threats and Negative Descriptions of Armenians in Turkish Politics 1946 1960 Nationalities Papers 50 6 1217 1231 doi 10 1017 nps 2021 6 Nefes Turkay Salim 2021 Explaining negative descriptions of Armenians in Turkish parliamentary speeches 1960 1980 via group position theory Quality amp Quantity 55 6 2237 2252 doi 10 1007 s11135 021 01108 8 hdl 10261 306132 S2CID 233944826 Richard Albrecht nous voulons une Armenie sans Armeniens Drei Jahrzehnte Armenierbilder in kolonial imperialistischen und totalitar faschistischen Diskursen in Deutschland 1913 1943 page 625 Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Religions und Kulturgeschichte 106 2012 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Anti Armenian sentiment amp oldid 1221047389, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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