Edward Bernard Raczyński
Count Edward Bernard Raczyński (19 December 1891 – 30 July 1993) was a Polish diplomat, writer, politician, President of Poland-in-exile (between 1979 and 1986).
Count Edward Bernard Raczyński | |
|---|---|
| President of Poland President-in-exile | |
| In office 8 April 1979 – 8 April 1986 | |
| Prime Minister | Kazimierz Sabbat |
| Preceded by | Stanisław Ostrowski |
| Succeeded by | Kazimierz Sabbat |
| Minister of the Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland 2nd Minister in Exile | |
| In office 22 August 1941 – 14 July 1943 | |
| President | Władysław Raczkiewicz |
| Prime Minister | Władysław Sikorski, Stanisław Mikołajczyk |
| Preceded by | August Zaleski |
| Succeeded by | Tadeusz Romer |
| Poland Ambassador to the United Kingdom | |
| In office 1 November 1934 – 5 July 1945 | |
| Appointed by | Ignacy Mościcki |
| Monarch | George V Edward VIII George VI |
| Preceded by | Konstanty Skirmunt |
| Succeeded by | Henryk Strasburger |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 19 December 1891 Zakopane, Austro-Hungary (now Poland) |
| Died | 30 July 1993 (aged 101) London, United Kingdom [1] |
| Political party | Independent |
| Spouse(s) | Lady Joyous Markham (died) Cecylia Jaroszyńska (died) Aniela Lilpop |
| Profession | Politician, Diplomat, Writer |
He was the longest living (101), and oldest serving Polish President (from the age of 88 to 95).
Biography edit
Count Edward Bernard Maria Raczyński was born on 19 December 1891 in Zakopane to a Polish aristocratic family. His father was Count Edward Aleksander Raczyński of Nałęcz coat of arms, and his mother Róża née Countess Potocka. The Raczyńskis were related to the Austro-Hungarian house of Habsburgs. The full name was "Raczyński z Małyszyna", as they were a branch of the noble family Nałęcz-Małyski from Greater Poland (the area of the town of Wieluń) and about 1540 took their name from the estate of Raczyn near Wieluń. However, the Raczyńskis remained relatively unknown until the 18th century, when four of them became Senators of Poland under different reigns. One of the Raczyńskis became a Knight of the Order of the White Eagle during the reign of King August the Strong, six of them were awarded the Virtuti Militari order during the time of Duchy of Warsaw and three received the same distinction during the November Uprising of 1831. The title of Count was awarded to different branches of the family by Prussian Kings Friedrich Wilhelm III (in 1824) and Wilhelm II (in 1905). One of their kin was a Knight of the highest Prussian Order of the Black Eagle.
Raczyński spent most of his childhood in Kraków, in the family palace Pod Baranami and in the family palace in Rogalin in Greater Poland. He studied law in Leipzig, Kraków, and London (the London School of Economics) and was awarded with a doctorate of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków in 1915. In November 1918, Raczynski joined the army of the resuscitated Poland, from which he was called to the diplomatic service in May 1919. Until 1925, he worked in Polish embassies and missions in Bern, Copenhagen and London. Back in Warsaw, he became the head of the department of international agreements. In 1932, Raczyński was appointed Polish ambassador to the League of Nations and in 1934 he became the ambassador of the Republic of Poland in the United Kingdom. On behalf of Poland, he signed the Polish-British alliance[2] (25 August 1939) which ultimately led the United Kingdom to declare war on Nazi Germany after the country's invasion.
World War II edit
Following the 1 September 1939 German Invasion of Poland Raczyński remained in London where he continued to serve as the ambassador of the Polish Government in Exile and one of its prominent members. Between 22 July 1941 and 14 July 1943 he was also the Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs in the cabinet of Władysław Sikorski. In this capacity, he provided the Allies with one of the earliest and most accurate accounts of the ongoing Holocaust ("The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland", Raczyński's Note addressed to the Governments of the United Nations on 10 December 1942")[3] and pleaded for action.[4][5]
Later life edit
After 1945, when the government of the United Kingdom broke the pacts with Poland and withdrew support for the Polish government, Raczyński remained in London, where he acted as one of the most notable members of Polish diaspora there. He was active in various political and social organisations in exile, including the Fundusz Pomocy Krajowi (Help for the Country Fund) which actively supported the democratic opposition in communist-controlled Poland. Between 1954 and 1972 he was one of the members of the Council of the Three, the collective presidential body of the Polish government in exile. He was also a member of the Committee for Polish Affairs and an advisor of various British governmental agencies and ministries.
In March 1979, Raczyński became president in exile, after being previously chosen by the outgoing President Stanisław Ostrowski. In turn, he chose as his successor Prime Minister Kazimierz Sabbat.
During the Raczyński presidency (1979–1986) the Solidarity movement was established in Poland. Raczyński played an important role in raising awareness about the events in Poland in Western countries and in establishing closer ties with the opposition movement in Poland.
President Raczyński at some point considered naming Władysław Bartoszewski as his successor, as he wanted to choose someone "from the country" and with strong ties to the Polish opposition movement. Bartoszewski, however, declined the offer.[6]
After serving a 7-year term he resigned from his post on 8 April 1986. He was the last Polish President-in-Exile who had held an important office during the era of the 2nd Republic: his successors, Kazimierz Sabbat and Ryszard Kaczorowski were in their twenties at the outset of the Second World War.[7] As he left office he received a praise for reuniting the Polish political emigration and reshaping the Government in exile.[8]
Death and legacy edit
Raczyński died on 30 July 1993 at his home in London, the last male descendant of his line. His coffin was placed in the mausoleum of his family located at the chapel in Rogalin. In his last will and testament, Count Raczyński bequeathed his family's palace in Rogalin, and his library to the Polish nation. He was the longest living head of state in Poland's history and one of the very few centenarians among European politicians of the 20th century.[9]
In 2004, a blue plaque was installed on the house where he lived and died, No. 8 Lennox Gardens in Brompton.[10]
Honours edit
- Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (Poland)
- Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX from the Pope
- Doctor Honoris Causa of the Polish University Abroad, London, in 1982; Jagellonian University in 1992
- Honorary citizen of the cities of Kraków and Poznań
Family edit
In 1925, Edward Raczyński married Joyous Markham, daughter of a British coal mining mogul, Sir Arthur Markham, 1st Baronet, but she died in 1931.
On 25 August 1932 he married his second wife, Cecylia Maria Jaroszyńska, by whom he had three daughters:
- Wanda Dembińska née Raczyńska (1933-2016), wife of Capt. Ryszard Dembiński (1924-2008), who was chairman of the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum in 1979-2003
- Viridianna Rey, née Raczyńska (b. 1935), wife of Count Xawery Rey (1934–1987)
- Katarzyna Raczyńska (b. 1939)
In 1962, his second wife Cecylia died.
In 1991, at the age of 99, Edward Raczyński married his third wife, Aniela Lilpop (daughter of architect, Franciszek Lilpop), thus legalizing a union of many years.
Bibliography edit
Raczyński's Works
- Edward Raczyński, The British-Polish Alliance, Its Origin and Meaning; London 1948
- Edward Raczyński, W sojuszniczym Londynie. Dziennik ambasadora Edwarda Raczyńskiego 1939–1945; London 1960. ISBN 0-85065-287-1
- Edward Raczynski, "In Allied London. The Wartime diaries of the Polish Ambassador", London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962.
- Omar Khayyám, Rubayat. Polish translation by Edward Raczyński, London, 1960.
- Edward Raczyński, Rogalin i jego mieszkańcy. London, 1969. ISBN 83-919577-0-5
- Edward Raczyński, Pani Róża (a Biography of his mother), London 1969. ISBN 83-901583-2-9
- Edward Raczyński, Od Narcyza Kulikowskiego do Winstona Churchilla. London 1976
- Edward Raczynski (with Tadeusz Zenczykowski), "Od Genewy do Jalty. Rozmowy radiowe", London, Puls, 1988.
- Edward Raczyński, Czas wielkich zmian. Paris 1990. ISBN 2-85316-064-5
Family History
- Simon Konarski, Armorial de la Noblesse Polonaise titrée, Paris 1958
Raczyński's Biography
- Krzysztof Kania, Edward Bernard Raczynski, 1891–1993, Dyplomata i Polityk, Wydawnictwo Neriton, Warszawa, 2014
See also edit
- History of Poland
- Polish Government in Exile
- Edward Raczyński
- Edward Raczyński (1786–1845), Polish conservative politician, protector of arts, founder of the Raczynski Library in Poznań
References edit
- ^ Pace, Eric (August 2, 1993). "Count Raczynski, 101, Diplomat Who Served Poland in Wartime". The New York Times.
- ^ Wikisource:Agreement of Mutual Assistance between the United Kingdom and Poland-London (1939)
- ^ "The mass extermination of Jews in German occupied Poland, Note addressed to the Governments of the United Nations on December 10, 1942" published later (30 December 1942) by the Polish Foreign Ministry as a brochure distributed to politicians and the medias : http://www.projectinposterum.org/docs/mass_extermination.htm
- ^ Martin Gilbert, Auschwitz and the Allies, 1981 (Pimlico edition, p. 96) "Further pressure for action came from the Polish Ambassador, Count Raczynski, who, at a meeting with Anthony Eden on the morning of december 1 (1942) "drew attention", as the Foreign Office noted, "to the wholesale destruction of Jews in Poland" (..) Raczynski had two suggestions : a "warning to Laval" concerning the deportations from France, and a meeting of representatives of the occupied countries to discuss and publicize the persecution. But the Foreign Office rejected the idea of such a meeting"
- ^ Walter Laqueur, The terrible secret, 1980 (Penguin edition, p. 236). "On January 18, 1943 Count Raczynski, the Polish Foreign Minister, presented the following demands at the Allied Council : a) The bombing of Germany as a reprisal for the continued extermination of the Polish Jews. b) To press Berlin to let the Jews out of the German-dominated countries, particularly Poland. c) To demand action so as to make the Allied as well as the neutral countries accept the Jews, who had succeeded or would succeed in leaving German-occupied countries. Raczynski did not advance demands for reprisals against German war prisoners and German nationals living in the Allied countries, considering them contrary to the accepted practices of international law. Anthony Eden, acting on behalf of the British Government, rejected the Polish demands and offered instead some vague promises to intervene in certain neutral countries"
- ^ Michał Komar, Władysław Bartoszewski, Skąd pan jest? (a long interview). Świat Książki, Warszawa, 2006
- ^ "Prezydenci Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na Uchodzstwie, 1939–1990" (The Presidents of the Polish Republic in exile), Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa, Warszawa 2002
- ^ "Prezydenci Polski 1920-2006 (Od Narutowicza po Kaczyłskiego)". Archived from the original on May 4, 2007. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
- ^ "Obituary: Count Edward Raczynski". The Independent. 1993-07-30. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
- ^ . Government News. May 24, 2004. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
External links edit
- rogalin.org – Informations for tourists and citizens.