Andosols are soils found in volcanic areas formed in volcanic tephra. In some cases Andosols can also be found outside active volcanic areas.[1] Andosols cover an estimated 1–2% of Earth's ice-free land surface. Andosols are a Reference Soil Group of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB).[2] They are closely related to other types of soils such as Vitrosols, Vitrandosols, Vitrons and Pumice Soils that are used in different soil classification systems. The name comes from Japanese an (暗 'dark') and do (土 'soil'), synonymous with kuroboku (黒ぼく).[3] In the USDA soil taxonomy (ST), many Andosols belong to the order of the Andisols.[4] However, the definitions are different. Some Histosols (WRB) belong to the Andisols (ST), and some Andosols (WRB) belong to the Inceptisols (ST).
Andosols typically develop in parent materials containing high proportions of glass. If significant amounts of glasses are still present, they show vitric properties and receive the Vitric qualifier. With advanced weathering of the glasses, they show andic properties. There are two possibilities of soil formation. In more acidic tephras in humid climates, complexes of organic matter with Al ions develop, and the Andosols are characterized by the Aluandic qualifier. If the tephras are more basic or the climate is dry, amorphous colloidal materials, including allophane and imogolite develop, and the Andosols are given the Silandic qualifier.[5] In both cases, they contain many ferrihydrite and have a bulk density ≤ 0.9 kg/dm3.[6] Silandic Andosols are very fertile except in cases where phosphorus is easily fixed (this sometimes occurs in the tropics). They can usually support intensive cropping, with areas used for wet rice in Java supporting some of the densest populations in the world. Other Andosol areas support crops of fruit, maize, tea, coffee or tobacco. In the Pacific Northwest USA, Andosols support very productive forests.
Fossil Andosols are known from areas far from present-day volcanic activity and have in some cases been dated as far back as the Precambrian 1.5 billion years ago.[8][9]
^Andosols by Olafur Arnalds in Encyclopedia of Soil Science, pp. 39–26.
^IUSS Working Group WRB (2022). "World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition" (PDF). International Union of Soil Sciences, Vienna.
^Pavel Vladimirovich Krasilʹnikov (2009). A Handbook of Soil Terminology, Correlation and Classification. Earthscan. p. 376. ISBN978-1-84977-435-2. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
^Major Soils of the World. ISRIC Wageningen, The Netherlands. 2001 2014-10-23 at the Wayback Machine
^W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard (2022). Soils of the World. Springer. p. 256. ISBN978-3-540-30460-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^"Caracterização e Diagnóstico da Ilha do Pico" (PDF). servicos-sraa.azores.gov.pt. p. 62. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
^Grunwald, Sabine. "Andisols". Soil & Water Sciences. University of Florida. Retrieved 2006-05-14.
^. Soil and Land Sciences Division. University of Idaho. Archived from the original on 2009-03-09. Retrieved 2006-05-14.
Further readingedit
W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 11.3.3. ISBN978-3-540-30460-9
External linksedit
Profile photos (with classification) WRB homepage
Profile photos (with classification) IUSS World of Soils
January 01, 1970
andosol, soils, found, volcanic, areas, formed, volcanic, tephra, some, cases, also, found, outside, active, volcanic, areas, cover, estimated, earth, free, land, surface, reference, soil, group, world, reference, base, soil, resources, they, closely, related,. Andosols are soils found in volcanic areas formed in volcanic tephra In some cases Andosols can also be found outside active volcanic areas 1 Andosols cover an estimated 1 2 of Earth s ice free land surface Andosols are a Reference Soil Group of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources WRB 2 They are closely related to other types of soils such as Vitrosols Vitrandosols Vitrons and Pumice Soils that are used in different soil classification systems The name comes from Japanese an 暗 dark and do 土 soil synonymous with kuroboku 黒 ぼく 3 In the USDA soil taxonomy ST many Andosols belong to the order of the Andisols 4 However the definitions are different Some Histosols WRB belong to the Andisols ST and some Andosols WRB belong to the Inceptisols ST AndosolAn Andosol profileUsed inWRBWRB codeANProfileAh Bwb CgParent materialtephraClimatevarious Andosols typically develop in parent materials containing high proportions of glass If significant amounts of glasses are still present they show vitric properties and receive the Vitric qualifier With advanced weathering of the glasses they show andic properties There are two possibilities of soil formation In more acidic tephras in humid climates complexes of organic matter with Al ions develop and the Andosols are characterized by the Aluandic qualifier If the tephras are more basic or the climate is dry amorphous colloidal materials including allophane and imogolite develop and the Andosols are given the Silandic qualifier 5 In both cases they contain many ferrihydrite and have a bulk density 0 9 kg dm3 6 Silandic Andosols are very fertile except in cases where phosphorus is easily fixed this sometimes occurs in the tropics They can usually support intensive cropping with areas used for wet rice in Java supporting some of the densest populations in the world Other Andosol areas support crops of fruit maize tea coffee or tobacco In the Pacific Northwest USA Andosols support very productive forests Andosols occupy 1 2 of global ice free land area Most occur around the Pacific Ring of Fire with the largest areas found in central Chile Ecuador Colombia Mexico the Pacific Northwest US Japan Java and New Zealand s North Island Other areas occur in the East African Rift Italy Iceland and Hawaiʻi They are the most common type of soil in the Azores 7 Fossil Andosols are known from areas far from present day volcanic activity and have in some cases been dated as far back as the Precambrian 1 5 billion years ago 8 9 Contents 1 Important qualifiers 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksImportant qualifiers editVitric Andosols with limited soil formation still containing significant amounts of volcanic glasses Aluandic Andosols with advanced soil formation containing many complexes of organic substances and aluminium Silandic Andosols with advanced soil formation containing many allophanes and imogolites See also editPedogenesis Pedology soil study Soil classification TrumaoReferences edit Andosols by Olafur Arnalds in Encyclopedia of Soil Science pp 39 26 IUSS Working Group WRB 2022 World Reference Base for Soil Resources fourth edition PDF International Union of Soil Sciences Vienna Pavel Vladimirovich Krasilʹnikov 2009 A Handbook of Soil Terminology Correlation and Classification Earthscan p 376 ISBN 978 1 84977 435 2 Retrieved 30 August 2013 Major Soils of the World ISRIC Wageningen The Netherlands 2001 Archived 2014 10 23 at the Wayback Machine W Zech P Schad G Hintermaier Erhard 2022 Soils of the World Springer p 256 ISBN 978 3 540 30460 9 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Andisols National Resource Conservation Service United States Department of Agriculture Archived from the original on 9 May 2006 Retrieved 2006 05 14 Caracterizacao e Diagnostico da Ilha do Pico PDF servicos sraa azores gov pt p 62 Retrieved 7 May 2021 Grunwald Sabine Andisols Soil amp Water Sciences University of Florida Retrieved 2006 05 14 Andisols Soil and Land Sciences Division University of Idaho Archived from the original on 2009 03 09 Retrieved 2006 05 14 Further reading editW Zech P Schad G Hintermaier Erhard Soils of the World Springer Berlin 2022 Chapter 11 3 3 ISBN 978 3 540 30460 9External links editProfile photos with classification WRB homepage Profile photos with classification IUSS World of Soils Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Andosol amp oldid 1204630718, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
