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Alu (runic)

February 10, 2024

The sequence alu (ᚨᛚᚢ) is found in numerous Elder Futhark runic inscriptions of Germanic Iron Age Scandinavia (and more rarely in early Anglo-Saxon England) between the 3rd and the 8th century. The word usually appears either alone (such as on the Elgesem runestone) or as part of an apparent formula (such as on the Lindholm "amulet" (DR 261) from Scania, Sweden). The symbols represent the runes Ansuz, Laguz, and Uruz. The origin and meaning of the word are matters of dispute, though a general agreement exists among scholars that the word represents an instance of historical runic magic or is a metaphor (or metonym) for it.[1] It is the most common of the early runic charm words.[2]

The runic charm word alu

The word disappears from runic inscriptions shortly after the Migration Period, even before the Christianization of Scandinavia.[3] It may have lived on beyond this period with an increasing association with ale, appearing in stanzas 7 and 19 of the Old Norse poem Sigrdrífumál, compiled in the 13th century Poetic Edda, where knowledge of invocative "ale runes" (Old Norse ölrúnar) is imparted by the Valkyrie Sigrdrífa.[4] Theories have been suggested that the unique term ealuscerwen (possibly "pouring away of alu"), used to describe grief or terror in the epic poem Beowulf, recorded around the 9th to 11th century, may be directly related.[4]

Etymology edit

Although the literal meaning of the word alu is generally accepted to be "ale," i.e. "intoxicating beverage," researchers have found it necessary to look deeper into the significance of the term. Earlier proposed etymologies for the word sought a connection with Proto-Germanic *aluh "amulet, taboo" from *alh "protect."[5] Cognates in Germanic dialects would include Old English ealh "temple," Gothic alhs "temple," and Old Norse alh "amulet."[6] Edgar Polomé initially proposed an etymological connection between Germanic alu and Hittite alwanza "affected by witchcraft," which is in turn connected to Greek alúõ "to be beside oneself" and Latvian aluôt "to be distraught." This etymology was later proven faulty and subsequently dropped by Polomé, though he continues to suggest that a common semantic denominator connects these words with alu.[7]

Linguistic connections have been proposed between the term and the Proto-Germanic term *aluþ, meaning "ale," and subsequently the word is sometimes translated as meaning "ale,"[8][9] though this linguistic approach has been criticized as having "crucial difficulties."[1] Polomé takes the word to belong to the "technical operative vocabulary" of the Germanic peoples, originally referring to "an ecstatic mental state as transferred to a potent drink" used in religious rituals in Germanic paganism.[8]

Raetian North Etruscan dedicatory votive objects have been discovered featuring alu where the term means "dedication". Connections have been proposed between these objects and the term alu found on runic inscriptions. Theories have been proposed that the term was loaned into Runic usage from this source.[3]

Inscriptions edit

Bracteates edit

The inscription alu appears on the following bracteates: G 205, DR BR6, DR BR13, DR BR25, DR BR42, DR BR54, DR BR59, DR BR63A, DR BR67, DR EM85;123, and DR NOR2002;10.[9]

G 205 edit

 
Bracteate G 205 bearing the inscription Alu.

A gold bracteate (G 205) discovered in Djupbrunns, Hogrän, Sweden reads simply Alu and dates from around 400 CE. The bracteate was discovered in the same location as another gold bracteate (G 204) from a considerably younger date that features the inscription ek erilaR. Today the bracteate is located in Swedish History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden.[9]

DR BR6 edit

A fragment of a bracteate (DR BR6) discovered in Skrydstrup, South Jutland, Denmark bears the term Alu. The transliteration reads:

lauk=az alu lauk=az alu

Which transcribed into Proto-Norse is:

Laukaz alu. Laukaz alu.

The fragment dates from around 400 to 650 CE. Today the bracteate is housed in the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen, Denmark.[9]

DR BR42 edit

 
The Funen bracteate (DR BR42).

A bracteate discovered on the island of Funen, Denmark features incomprehensible and meaningful text. The bracteate is housed with many others at the National Museum of Denmark. The transcription reads:

houaz laþu aaduaaaliia a--[9]
ᚺᛟᚢᚨᛉ ᛚᚨᚦᚢ ᚨᚨᛞᚢᚫᚫᚫᛚᛁᛁᚨ ᚨ--

What is transcribed as a-- above has been tentatively read as alu. The word houaz has been interpreted as corresponding to Old Norse hávi "the high one", a name of Odin.[10]

DR NOR2002;10 edit

The Uppåkra bracteate (DR NOR2002;10), a C-bracteate found in Uppåkra, Scania, Sweden during a search with a metal detector in 2000. The bracteate bears a Proto-Norse runic inscription. The transliteration reads:

sima-ina alu[9]

The bracteate depicts a man's head over a four-legged animal. The A inscription (first part, sima-ina) is placed over the back part of the head, while the B inscription (second part, alu) is placed over the animal's front legs.

The inscription seems to belong to the big group of C-bracteates with more or less comprehensible charm words.[9][11]

Runestones edit

Eggja stone edit

Main article: Eggja stone
 
The Elgesem runestone (mirror-imaged in this engraving).

The third panel Elder Futhark inscriptions found on the 7th or 8th CE century Eggja stone discovered on the farm Eggja located in Sogn og Fjordane, Norway is often interpreted as reading alu.

Elgesem runestone edit

An inscription reading simply "alu" is found on a stone discovered in a grave mound located by the farm of Elgesem, Vestfold, Norway, in 1870.[12][13] The Elgesem runestone, listed in the Rundata catalog as N KJ57 U, is dated to about 400 CE. The stone is 172 centimeters tall and 90 centimeters wide, and the thickness is about 18 centimeters. The inscription is written counter-clockwise and is to be read from the top downwards.[14] As the stone has been purposefully shaped, it has been suggested that the Elgesem runestone was a cult stone used as part of some ritual.[15] It has also been suggested that similar shaped cult stones are depicted on the Stora Hammars I, Ardre VIII and Tängelgårda IV image stones.[15]

Eketorp slate fragment edit

The Eketorp slate fragment (Öl ACTARC37;211 U) is a runestone that was found in Eketorp, Sweden and features an Elder Futhark inscription in Proto-Norse.[9]

The first line of the inscription reads:

... alu k...[9]

The second line of the inscription reads:

...gþutþ...[9]

Kinneve stone edit

The Kinneve stone (Vg 134) is a stone fragment (measures 7,4 x 5,0 x 2,0 cm)[16] of red soapstone dated to around 600 CE.[9] It was found by chaplain John Lagerblom in 1843 in a grave[citation needed] on the area of the rectory (Prästgården) of Kinneve socken, Sweden.[9] The stone is today housed in the collection of the Västergötland museum, Skara, Sweden.[9] The inscription has been read as:

...siz alu h[9]

siz (siR - the last rune is the *Algiz rune) has by Y. Kodratoff been interpreted as the end of a name, and according to Kodratoff the h can represent the *Haglaz rune. Since the fragment was found in a grave,[citation needed] the inscription has been theorized as potentially related to a death cult or "mortuary magic."[16][17]

Årstad stone edit

The Årstad stone (N KJ58) is a runestone found in 1855 on the Årstad farm in Rogaland, Norway. It bears 18-20 runes of the Elder Futhark on three lines. The second line reads saralu,[18] which is by some scholars split into the words sar and alu.[19] Today the stone is housed in the Antiquities Collection at the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo.[20]

Other edit

The inscription alu appears on the following objects:

Nydam Mose edit

Nydam Arrow edit

The Nydam Arrow (DR 13) is an arrow discovered in Nydam Mose, South Jutland, Denmark that bears the inscription lua which has been interpreted as a distorted alu.[21] It is dated to around 200 to 350 CE. Today the arrow is housed in Museum für Vorgeschichtliche Altertümer in Kiel, Germany.[9]

Nydam arrow shafts edit

The Nydam arrow shafts (DR MS1995;344 and DR AUD1994;266) are two arrow shafts discovered in Nydam Mose, South Jutland, Denmark that bear the inscriptions la and lua respectively. They have both been interpreted as alu, but it is not certain. The arrow shafts are dated to around 300 to 350 CE. Today they are housed at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen.[9]

Nydam axe shaft edit

The Nydam axe shaft (DR MS1995;341) is a wooden axe shaft discovered in Nydam Mose, South Jutland, Denmark that bears a runic inscription. It is dated to around 300 to 350 CE. Today it is housed at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen.[9]

Værløse Fibula edit

 
Detail of the inscription on the Værløse Fibula reading alugod followed by a swastika.

A 3rd century silver fibula (DR EM85;123) from Værløse, Zealand, Denmark features a runic inscription on its pinholder that simply reads "alugod" followed by a swastika.[10] The Værløse Fibula is housed at the National Museum of Denmark.

Lindholm "amulet" edit

Main article: Lindholm amulet

The Lindholm "amulet" (DR 261) is a bone piece found in Skåne, dated to the 2nd to 4th centuries. The inscription contains the word alu.

Cremation urns edit

Main article: Spong Hill

Three 5th century cremation urns from Spong Hill, Norfolk, England bear the impression of the term alu by "the same runic stamp" in mirror-runes.[22]

Setre Comb edit

Main article: Setre Comb

The Setre Comb is a comb from the 6th or early 7th century featuring runic inscriptions. The comb is the subject of an amount of scholarly discourse as most experts accept the reading of the Germanic charm word alu and Nanna, though there exists questions as to if Nanna is the same figure as the goddess from later attestations.[1]

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alu (runic).

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c Macleod (2006:24).
  2. ^ Macleod (2006:1009)
  3. ^ a b Macleod (2006:100–101).
  4. ^ a b Orchard (1997:5).
  5. ^ Simek (1995:16-17).
  6. ^ Fick (1909:21).
  7. ^ Polomé (1995:244-264).
  8. ^ a b Flowers (2006:75).
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Runic text according to Projektet Samnordisk Runtextdatabas - Rundata for Windows 2.0.
  10. ^ a b According to the objects display at the National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  11. ^ (in Danish) New finds from Denmark and Skåne.[permanent dead link] Uppåkra runebrakteat. Linked from Rundata.
  12. ^ Looijenga (2003:194).
  13. ^ Page (2005:30).
  14. ^ Aschehoug og Gyldendals (2005:438).
  15. ^ a b Antonsen (1988:50-53).
  16. ^ a b (in Swedish) Västra Götalands Runstenar 2005-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Runic Inscriptions 2020-04-23 at the Wayback Machine by Yves Kodratoff.
  18. ^ Antonsen (2002:223).
  19. ^ According to Runenprojekt Kiel's 2008-06-16 at the Wayback Machine entry on interpretations to the Årstad inscription.
  20. ^ (in Norwegian) Entry on Årstad-steinen in Aschehoug og Gyldendals Store norske leksikon[permanent dead link], 4th edition, 2005-07. Retrieved at 01.06.2008.
  21. ^ Knirk (2002:644)
  22. ^ Hines (2002:189).

References edit

  • Antonsen, Elmer H. (1988). "On the Mythological Interpretation of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions". In Jazayery, Mohammad Ali; Winter, Werner (eds.). Languages and Cultures: Studies in Honor of Edgar C. Polomé. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 43–54. ISBN 3-11-010204-8.
  • Aschehoug og Gyldendals (2005). Store Norske Leksikon. Kunnskapsforlaget. ISBN 82-573-1440-4.
  • Fick, August/Torp, Alf (1909). Vergleichendes Worterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen: Dritter Teil: Wortschatz der Germanischen Spracheinheit. Vandenhoek und Ruptecht:Göttingen.
  • Flowers, Stephen. "How To Do Things With Runes: A Semiotic Approach To Operative Communication" as collected in: Stocklund, Marie. (Chief editor.) (2006) Runes And Their Secrets: Studies In Runology. Museum Tusculanum Press ISBN 87-635-0428-6.
  • Wilhelm Heizmann: Die Formelwörter der Goldbrakteaten. In: Wilhelm Heizmann, Morten Axboe (Ed.): Die Goldbrakteaten der Völkerwanderungszeit - Auswertung und Neufunde. (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - Ergänzungsbände 40). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2011, pp. 533.
  • Hines, John. "Grave Finds With Runic Inscriptions From Great Britain" as collected in Düwel, Klaus. (Editor) (2002) Runeninschriften als Quelle Interdisziplinaerer Forschung: Abhandlungen des Vierten Internationalen Symposiums Uber Runen Und Runeninschriften in Goettingen vom 4.-9. August 1995. Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978-3-11-015455-9.
  • Knirk, James E. (2002) "Runes: Origin, development of the futhark, functions, applications, and methodological considerations" in The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages (Bandle, Oscar Ed.). Berlin, New York:de Gruyter (2002). ISBN 3-11-014876-5.
  • Krause, Wolfgang (1932), referenced in Simek, Rudolf (1995) Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie. 2., Auflage. Stuttgart: Kröner 1995. ISBN 3-520-36802-1.
  • Looijenga, Tineke (2003). Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions. BRILL ISBN 90-04-12396-2.
  • Macleod, Mindy. Mees, Bernard (2006). Runic Amulets and Magic Objects. Boydell Press ISBN 1-84383-205-4.
  • Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-34520-2.
  • Page, Raymond I. (2005). Runes. The British Museum Press ISBN 0-7141-8065-3.
  • Polomé, Edgar C. (1995). "Diachronic stratification of the Germanic vocabulary" in Insights in Germanic Linguistics. (Ed.: Rauch, Irmengard). de Gruyter: Berlin, New York. ISBN 3-11-014359-3.

February 10, 2024
runic, sequence, ᚨᛚᚢ, found, numerous, elder, futhark, runic, inscriptions, germanic, iron, scandinavia, more, rarely, early, anglo, saxon, england, between, century, word, usually, appears, either, alone, such, elgesem, runestone, part, apparent, formula, suc. The sequence alu ᚨᛚᚢ is found in numerous Elder Futhark runic inscriptions of Germanic Iron Age Scandinavia and more rarely in early Anglo Saxon England between the 3rd and the 8th century The word usually appears either alone such as on the Elgesem runestone or as part of an apparent formula such as on the Lindholm amulet DR 261 from Scania Sweden The symbols represent the runes Ansuz Laguz and Uruz The origin and meaning of the word are matters of dispute though a general agreement exists among scholars that the word represents an instance of historical runic magic or is a metaphor or metonym for it 1 It is the most common of the early runic charm words 2 The runic charm word aluThe word disappears from runic inscriptions shortly after the Migration Period even before the Christianization of Scandinavia 3 It may have lived on beyond this period with an increasing association with ale appearing in stanzas 7 and 19 of the Old Norse poem Sigrdrifumal compiled in the 13th century Poetic Edda where knowledge of invocative ale runes Old Norse olrunar is imparted by the Valkyrie Sigrdrifa 4 Theories have been suggested that the unique term ealuscerwen possibly pouring away of alu used to describe grief or terror in the epic poem Beowulf recorded around the 9th to 11th century may be directly related 4 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Inscriptions 2 1 Bracteates 2 1 1 G 205 2 1 2 DR BR6 2 1 3 DR BR42 2 1 4 DR NOR2002 10 2 2 Runestones 2 2 1 Eggja stone 2 2 2 Elgesem runestone 2 2 3 Eketorp slate fragment 2 2 4 Kinneve stone 2 2 5 Arstad stone 2 3 Other 2 3 1 Nydam Mose 2 3 1 1 Nydam Arrow 2 3 1 2 Nydam arrow shafts 2 3 1 3 Nydam axe shaft 2 3 2 Vaerlose Fibula 2 3 3 Lindholm amulet 2 3 4 Cremation urns 2 3 5 Setre Comb 3 See also 4 Notes 5 ReferencesEtymology editAlthough the literal meaning of the word alu is generally accepted to be ale i e intoxicating beverage researchers have found it necessary to look deeper into the significance of the term Earlier proposed etymologies for the word sought a connection with Proto Germanic aluh amulet taboo from alh protect 5 Cognates in Germanic dialects would include Old English ealh temple Gothic alhs temple and Old Norse alh amulet 6 Edgar Polome initially proposed an etymological connection between Germanic alu and Hittite alwanza affected by witchcraft which is in turn connected to Greek aluo to be beside oneself and Latvian aluot to be distraught This etymology was later proven faulty and subsequently dropped by Polome though he continues to suggest that a common semantic denominator connects these words with alu 7 Linguistic connections have been proposed between the term and the Proto Germanic term aluth meaning ale and subsequently the word is sometimes translated as meaning ale 8 9 though this linguistic approach has been criticized as having crucial difficulties 1 Polome takes the word to belong to the technical operative vocabulary of the Germanic peoples originally referring to an ecstatic mental state as transferred to a potent drink used in religious rituals in Germanic paganism 8 Raetian North Etruscan dedicatory votive objects have been discovered featuring alu where the term means dedication Connections have been proposed between these objects and the term alu found on runic inscriptions Theories have been proposed that the term was loaned into Runic usage from this source 3 Inscriptions editBracteates edit The inscription alu appears on the following bracteates G 205 DR BR6 DR BR13 DR BR25 DR BR42 DR BR54 DR BR59 DR BR63A DR BR67 DR EM85 123 and DR NOR2002 10 9 G 205 edit nbsp Bracteate G 205 bearing the inscription Alu A gold bracteate G 205 discovered in Djupbrunns Hogran Sweden reads simply Alu and dates from around 400 CE The bracteate was discovered in the same location as another gold bracteate G 204 from a considerably younger date that features the inscription ek erilaR Today the bracteate is located in Swedish History Museum Stockholm Sweden 9 DR BR6 edit A fragment of a bracteate DR BR6 discovered in Skrydstrup South Jutland Denmark bears the term Alu The transliteration reads lauk az alu lauk az aluWhich transcribed into Proto Norse is Laukaz alu Laukaz alu The fragment dates from around 400 to 650 CE Today the bracteate is housed in the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen Denmark 9 DR BR42 edit nbsp The Funen bracteate DR BR42 A bracteate discovered on the island of Funen Denmark features incomprehensible and meaningful text The bracteate is housed with many others at the National Museum of Denmark The transcription reads houaz lathu aaduaaaliia a 9 ᚺᛟᚢᚨᛉ ᛚᚨᚦᚢ ᚨᚨᛞᚢᚫᚫᚫᛚᛁᛁᚨ ᚨ What is transcribed as a above has been tentatively read as alu The word houaz has been interpreted as corresponding to Old Norse havi the high one a name of Odin 10 DR NOR2002 10 edit The Uppakra bracteate DR NOR2002 10 a C bracteate found in Uppakra Scania Sweden during a search with a metal detector in 2000 The bracteate bears a Proto Norse runic inscription The transliteration reads sima ina alu 9 The bracteate depicts a man s head over a four legged animal The A inscription first part sima ina is placed over the back part of the head while the B inscription second part alu is placed over the animal s front legs The inscription seems to belong to the big group of C bracteates with more or less comprehensible charm words 9 11 Runestones edit Eggja stone edit Main article Eggja stone nbsp The Elgesem runestone mirror imaged in this engraving The third panel Elder Futhark inscriptions found on the 7th or 8th CE century Eggja stone discovered on the farm Eggja located in Sogn og Fjordane Norway is often interpreted as reading alu Elgesem runestone edit An inscription reading simply alu is found on a stone discovered in a grave mound located by the farm of Elgesem Vestfold Norway in 1870 12 13 The Elgesem runestone listed in the Rundata catalog as N KJ57 U is dated to about 400 CE The stone is 172 centimeters tall and 90 centimeters wide and the thickness is about 18 centimeters The inscription is written counter clockwise and is to be read from the top downwards 14 As the stone has been purposefully shaped it has been suggested that the Elgesem runestone was a cult stone used as part of some ritual 15 It has also been suggested that similar shaped cult stones are depicted on the Stora Hammars I Ardre VIII and Tangelgarda IV image stones 15 Eketorp slate fragment edit The Eketorp slate fragment Ol ACTARC37 211 U is a runestone that was found in Eketorp Sweden and features an Elder Futhark inscription in Proto Norse 9 The first line of the inscription reads alu k 9 The second line of the inscription reads gthutth 9 Kinneve stone edit The Kinneve stone Vg 134 is a stone fragment measures 7 4 x 5 0 x 2 0 cm 16 of red soapstone dated to around 600 CE 9 It was found by chaplain John Lagerblom in 1843 in a grave citation needed on the area of the rectory Prastgarden of Kinneve socken Sweden 9 The stone is today housed in the collection of the Vastergotland museum Skara Sweden 9 The inscription has been read as siz alu h 9 siz siR the last rune is the Algiz rune has by Y Kodratoff been interpreted as the end of a name and according to Kodratoff the h can represent the Haglaz rune Since the fragment was found in a grave citation needed the inscription has been theorized as potentially related to a death cult or mortuary magic 16 17 Arstad stone edit The Arstad stone N KJ58 is a runestone found in 1855 on the Arstad farm in Rogaland Norway It bears 18 20 runes of the Elder Futhark on three lines The second line reads saralu 18 which is by some scholars split into the words sar and alu 19 Today the stone is housed in the Antiquities Collection at the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo 20 Other edit The inscription alu appears on the following objects Nydam Mose edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it November 2020 Nydam Arrow edit The Nydam Arrow DR 13 is an arrow discovered in Nydam Mose South Jutland Denmark that bears the inscription lua which has been interpreted as a distorted alu 21 It is dated to around 200 to 350 CE Today the arrow is housed in Museum fur Vorgeschichtliche Altertumer in Kiel Germany 9 Nydam arrow shafts edit The Nydam arrow shafts DR MS1995 344 and DR AUD1994 266 are two arrow shafts discovered in Nydam Mose South Jutland Denmark that bear the inscriptions la and lua respectively They have both been interpreted as alu but it is not certain The arrow shafts are dated to around 300 to 350 CE Today they are housed at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen 9 Nydam axe shaft edit The Nydam axe shaft DR MS1995 341 is a wooden axe shaft discovered in Nydam Mose South Jutland Denmark that bears a runic inscription It is dated to around 300 to 350 CE Today it is housed at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen 9 Vaerlose Fibula edit nbsp Detail of the inscription on the Vaerlose Fibula reading alugod followed by a swastika A 3rd century silver fibula DR EM85 123 from Vaerlose Zealand Denmark features a runic inscription on its pinholder that simply reads alugod followed by a swastika 10 The Vaerlose Fibula is housed at the National Museum of Denmark Lindholm amulet edit Main article Lindholm amulet The Lindholm amulet DR 261 is a bone piece found in Skane dated to the 2nd to 4th centuries The inscription contains the word alu Cremation urns edit Main article Spong Hill Three 5th century cremation urns from Spong Hill Norfolk England bear the impression of the term alu by the same runic stamp in mirror runes 22 Setre Comb edit Main article Setre Comb The Setre Comb is a comb from the 6th or early 7th century featuring runic inscriptions The comb is the subject of an amount of scholarly discourse as most experts accept the reading of the Germanic charm word alu and Nanna though there exists questions as to if Nanna is the same figure as the goddess from later attestations 1 See also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alu runic Erilaz Laukaz List of runestones Runic magic SymbelNotes edit a b c Macleod 2006 24 Macleod 2006 1009 a b Macleod 2006 100 101 a b Orchard 1997 5 Simek 1995 16 17 Fick 1909 21 Polome 1995 244 264 a b Flowers 2006 75 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Runic text according to Projektet Samnordisk Runtextdatabas Rundata for Windows 2 0 a b According to the objects display at the National Museum of Denmark Copenhagen Denmark in Danish New finds from Denmark and Skane permanent dead link Uppakra runebrakteat Linked from Rundata Looijenga 2003 194 Page 2005 30 Aschehoug og Gyldendals 2005 438 a b Antonsen 1988 50 53 a b in Swedish Vastra Gotalands Runstenar Archived 2005 02 17 at the Wayback Machine Runic Inscriptions Archived 2020 04 23 at the Wayback Machine by Yves Kodratoff Antonsen 2002 223 According to Runenprojekt Kiel s Archived 2008 06 16 at the Wayback Machine entry on interpretations to the Arstad inscription in Norwegian Entry on Arstad steinen in Aschehoug og Gyldendals Store norske leksikon permanent dead link 4th edition 2005 07 Retrieved at 01 06 2008 Knirk 2002 644 Hines 2002 189 References editAntonsen Elmer H 1988 On the Mythological Interpretation of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions In Jazayery Mohammad Ali Winter Werner eds Languages and Cultures Studies in Honor of Edgar C Polome Mouton de Gruyter pp 43 54 ISBN 3 11 010204 8 Aschehoug og Gyldendals 2005 Store Norske Leksikon Kunnskapsforlaget ISBN 82 573 1440 4 Fick August Torp Alf 1909 Vergleichendes Worterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen Dritter Teil Wortschatz der Germanischen Spracheinheit Vandenhoek und Ruptecht Gottingen Flowers Stephen How To Do Things With Runes A Semiotic Approach To Operative Communication as collected in Stocklund Marie Chief editor 2006 Runes And Their Secrets Studies In Runology Museum Tusculanum Press ISBN 87 635 0428 6 Wilhelm Heizmann Die Formelworter der Goldbrakteaten In Wilhelm Heizmann Morten Axboe Ed Die Goldbrakteaten der Volkerwanderungszeit Auswertung und Neufunde Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde Erganzungsbande 40 Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York 2011 pp 533 Hines John Grave Finds With Runic Inscriptions From Great Britain as collected in Duwel Klaus Editor 2002 Runeninschriften als Quelle Interdisziplinaerer Forschung Abhandlungen des Vierten Internationalen Symposiums Uber Runen Und Runeninschriften in Goettingen vom 4 9 August 1995 Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 015455 9 Knirk James E 2002 Runes Origin development of the futhark functions applications and methodological considerations in The Nordic Languages An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages Bandle Oscar Ed Berlin New York de Gruyter 2002 ISBN 3 11 014876 5 Krause Wolfgang 1932 referenced in Simek Rudolf 1995 Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie 2 Auflage Stuttgart Kroner 1995 ISBN 3 520 36802 1 Looijenga Tineke 2003 Texts amp Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions BRILL ISBN 90 04 12396 2 Macleod Mindy Mees Bernard 2006 Runic Amulets and Magic Objects Boydell Press ISBN 1 84383 205 4 Orchard Andy 1997 Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend Cassell ISBN 0 304 34520 2 Page Raymond I 2005 Runes The British Museum Press ISBN 0 7141 8065 3 Polome Edgar C 1995 Diachronic stratification of the Germanic vocabulary in Insights in Germanic Linguistics Ed Rauch Irmengard de Gruyter Berlin New York ISBN 3 11 014359 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alu runic amp oldid 1171339441, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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