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Wikipedia

Albert Szent-Györgyi

January 01, 1970

The native form of this personal name is Szent-Györgyi Albert Imre. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.

Albert Imre Szent-Györgyi[a] de Nagyrápolt (Hungarian: nagyrápolti Szent-Györgyi Albert Imre; September 16, 1893 – October 22, 1986) was a Hungarian biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937.[5] He is credited with first isolating vitamin C and discovering many of the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle and the molecular basis of muscle contraction. He was also active in the Hungarian Resistance during World War II, and entered Hungarian politics after the war.[6]

Albert Szent-Györgyi
Szent-Györgyi c. 1948
Born
Albert Imre Szent-Györgyi

(1893-09-16)September 16, 1893
Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary
DiedOctober 22, 1986(1986-10-22) (aged 93)
Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S.
Citizenship
  • Hungary
  • U.S.
Alma mater
Known forVitamin C, discovering the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle
Spouses
  • Kornélia Demény (1917–1938)
  • Márta Borbíró (1941–1963)
  • June Susan Wichterman (1965–1968)
  • Marcia Houston (1975–1986)
AwardsNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1937)
Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh (1946)
Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (1954)
Member of the National Academy of Sciences (1956)
Scientific career
FieldsPhysiology, biochemistry
Institutions
ThesisObservations on the functions of peroxidase systems and the chemistry of the adrenal cortex (1929)
Doctoral advisorFrederick Gowland Hopkins
Signature

Early life edit

Szent-Györgyi was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary in 1893. His father, Miklós Szent-Györgyi, was a landowner, born in Marosvásárhely, Transylvania (today Târgu Mureş, Romania), a Calvinist, and could trace his ancestry back to 1608 when Sámuel, a Calvinist predicant, was ennobled.[7][8] At the time of Szent-Györgyi's birth, being of the nobility was considered important and created opportunities that otherwise were not available.[9] (Miklós Szent-Györgyi's parents were Imre Szent-Györgyi and Mária Csiky).[10] His mother, Jozefina, a Roman Catholic, was a daughter of József Lenhossék and Anna Bossányi.[11] Jozefina was a sister of Mihály Lenhossék; both of these men were Professors of Anatomy at the Eötvös Loránd University. His family included three generations of scientists.[12] Music was important in the Lenhossék family. His mother Jozefina prepared to become an opera singer and auditioned for Gustav Mahler, then a conductor at the Budapest Opera. He advised her to marry instead, since her voice was not enough. Albert himself was good at the piano, while his brother Pál became a professional violinist.

Education edit

 
Szent-Györgyi in 1917 Italy

Szent-Györgyi began his studies at the Semmelweis University in 1911,[12] and then began research in his uncle's anatomy lab. His studies were interrupted in 1914 to serve as an army medic in World War I. In 1916, disgusted with the war, Szent-Györgyi shot himself in the arm,[13] claimed to be wounded from enemy fire, and was sent home on medical leave. He was then able to finish his medical education and received his MD in 1917.[12] He married Kornélia Demény, the daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster General, that same year.[14]

After the war, Szent-Györgyi began his research career in Pozsony (today Bratislava, Slovakia). He switched universities several times over the next few years, finally ending up at the University of Groningen, where his work focused on the chemistry of cellular respiration. This work landed him a position as a Rockefeller Foundation fellow at the University of Cambridge. He received his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1929[15] where he was a student at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. His research involved isolating an organic acid, which he then called "hexuronic acid", from adrenal gland tissue.[15]

Career and research edit

Szent-Györgyi accepted a position at the University of Szeged in Hungary in 1930.[12] There Szent-Györgyi and his research fellow Joseph Svirbely found that "hexuronic acid" was actually the thus far unidentified antiscorbutic factor, known as vitamin C. After Walter Norman Haworth had determined the structure of vitamin C, and in honour of its antiscorbutic properties, it was given the formal chemical name of L-ascorbic acid. In some experiments they used paprika as the source for their vitamin C.[16] Also during this time, Szent-Györgyi continued his work on cellular respiration, identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what would become known as the Krebs cycle. In Szeged he also met Zoltán Bay, physicist, who became his personal friend and partner in research on matters of bio-physics.[citation needed]

In 1937 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion process with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid". Albert Szent-Györgyi offered all of his Nobel prize money to Finland in 1940. (Hungarian Volunteers in the Winter War travelled to fight for the Finns after the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939.)

In 1938 he began work on the biophysics of muscle movement. He found that muscles contain actin, which when combined with the protein myosin and the energy source ATP, contract muscle fibers. In 1946, Albert received the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh.

In 1947 Szent-Györgyi established the Institute for Muscle Research at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts with financial support from Hungarian businessman Stephen Rath. However, Szent-Györgyi still faced funding difficulties for several years, due to his foreign status and former association with the government of a Communist nation. In 1948, he received a research position with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland and began dividing his time between there and Woods Hole. In 1950, grants from the Armour Meat Company and the American Heart Association allowed him to establish the Institute for Muscle Research at Woods Hole. Szent-Györgyi conducted research at the MBL from 1947 to 1986 year-round. There, he found that whole muscle tissue retained its contractility almost indefinitely if stored cold in a fifty percent glycerol solution, thus eliminating the need to have fresh muscle on hand.[17]

During the 1950s Szent-Györgyi began using electron microscopes to study muscles at the subunit level. He received the Lasker Award in 1954. In 1955, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1956.[18]

In 1941,[19] Szent-Györgyi developed a research interest in cancer and developed ideas on applying the theories of quantum mechanics to the biochemistry (quantum biology) of cancer. The death of Rath, who had acted as the financial administrator of the Institute for Muscle Research, left Szent-Györgyi in a financial mess. Szent-Györgyi refused to submit government grants which required him to provide minute details on exactly how he intended to spend the research dollars and what he expected to find. After Szent-Györgyi commented on his financial hardships in a 1971 newspaper interview, attorney Franklin Salisbury contacted him and later helped him establish a private nonprofit organization, the National Foundation for Cancer Research. Late in life, Szent-Györgyi began to pursue free radicals as a potential cause of cancer. He came to see cancer as being ultimately an electronic problem at the molecular level. In 1974, reflecting his interests in quantum physics, he proposed the term "syntropy" replace the term "negentropy". Ralph Moss, a protégé of his in the years he performed his cancer research, wrote a biography entitled Free Radical: Albert Szent-Gyorgyi and the Battle over Vitamin C.[20] Aspects of this work are an important precursor to what is now dubbed redox signaling.[citation needed]

Statement on scientific discovery edit

Albert Szent-Györgyi, who realized that "a discovery must be, by definition, at variance with existing knowledge,"[21] divided scientists into two categories: the Apollonians and the Dionysians. He called Dionysians the scientific dissenters who explore "the fringes of knowledge". He wrote, "In science the Apollonian tends to develop established lines to perfection, while the Dionysian rather relies on intuition and is more likely to open new, unexpected alleys for research...The future of mankind depends on the progress of science, and the progress of science depends on the support it can find. Support mostly takes the form of grants, and the present methods of distributing grants unduly favor the Apollonian."[21]

Involvement in politics edit

As the government of Gyula Gömbös and the associated Hungarian National Defence Association gained control of politics in Hungary, Szent-Györgyi helped his Jewish friends escape from the country. During World War II, he joined the Hungarian resistance movement. Although Hungary was allied with the Axis Powers, the Hungarian prime minister Miklós Kállay sent Szent-Györgyi to Istanbul in 1944 under the guise of a scientific lecture to begin secret negotiations with the Allies. The Germans learned of this plot and Adolf Hitler himself issued a warrant for the arrest of Szent-Györgyi. He escaped from house arrest and spent 1944 to 1945 as a fugitive from the Gestapo.

After the war, Szent-Györgyi had become well-recognized as a public figure and there was some speculation that he might become President of Hungary, should the Soviets permit it. Szent-Györgyi established a laboratory at the University of Budapest and became head of the biochemistry department there. He was elected a member of Parliament and helped re-establish the Academy of Sciences. Dissatisfied with the Communist rule of Hungary, he emigrated to the United States in 1947.

In 1967, Szent-Györgyi signed a letter declaring his intention to refuse to pay taxes as a means of protesting against the U.S. war against Vietnam, and urging other people to take a similar stand.[22]

He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution.[23][24] As a result, for the first time in human history, a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt a Constitution for the Federation of Earth.[25]

Works online edit

  • "Teaching and the Expanding Knowledge", in Rampart Journal of Individualist Thought, Vol. 1, No. 1 (March 1965). 24–28. (Reprinted from Science, Vol. 146, No. 3649 [December 4, 1964]. 1278–1279.)

Publications edit

  • On Oxidation, Fermentation, Vitamins, Health, and Disease (1940)
  • Bioenergetics (1957)
  • Introduction to a Submolecular Biology (1960)
  • The Crazy Ape (1970) ISBN 080652930X
  • What next?! (1971) ISBN 0802220452
  • Electronic Biology and Cancer: A New Theory of Cancer (1976)
  • The living state (1972)
  • Bioelectronics: a study in cellular regulations, defense and cancer
  • Lost in the Twentieth Century 2020-01-23 at the Wayback Machine (Gandu) (1963)

Personal life edit

He married Cornelia Demény (1898-1981), daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster-General, in 1917.[14] Their daughter, Cornelia Szent-Györgyi, was born in 1918 and died in 1969. He and Cornelia divorced in 1941.

In 1941, he wed Marta Borbiro Miskolczy. She died of cancer in 1963.[citation needed]

Szent-Györgyi married June Susan Wichterman, the 25-year-old daughter of Woods Hole biologist Ralph Wichterman, in 1965. They were divorced in 1968.[citation needed]

He married his fourth wife, Marcia Houston, in 1975.[26] They adopted a daughter, Lola von Szent-Györgyi.

Death and legacy edit

Szent-Györgyi died in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, US, on October 22, 1986. He was honored with a Google Doodle September 16, 2011, 118 years after his birth.[27] In 2004, nine interviews were conducted with family, colleagues, and others to create a Szent-Györgyi oral history collection.[28]

Notes edit

  1. ^ /sɛnt ˈdʒɜːrdʒi/ sent JUR-jee,[1] also UK: /- ˈdʒɔːr-/ -⁠ JOR-,[2] US: /seɪnt ˈdʒɔːrdʒ(i)/ saynt JORJ(-ee).[3][4]

References edit

  1. ^ "Szent-Györgyi". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  2. ^ . Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2021-08-08.
  3. ^ "Szent-Györgyi". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  4. ^ "Szent-Györgyi". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  5. ^ Kyle, R. A.; Shampo, M. A. (2000). "Albert Szent-Györgyi—Nobel laureate". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 75 (7): 722. doi:10.4065/75.7.722. PMID 10907388.
  6. ^ "Forget vitamin C! Albert Szent-Gyorgyi lived with spies, lies". Christian Science Monitor. 2011-09-16. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  7. ^ Dr.Czeizel, E.: Családfa, page 148, Kossuth Könyvkiadó,1992.
  8. ^ Dr. Czeizel E. : Az érték még mindig bennünk van, page 172, Akadémiai kiadó, Budapest
  9. ^ Chris Gaylord (September 16, 2011). "Forget vitamin D! Albert Szent-Gyorgyi lived with spies, lies". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
  10. ^ Kapronczay K.Orvosdinasztiák II, Turul ISSN, 1997
  11. ^ Dr. Czeizel E. Családfa, page 148, Kossuth Könyvkiadó, 1992.
  12. ^ a b c d Bowden, Mary Ellen; Amy Beth Crow; Tracy Sullivan (2003). Pharmaceutical achievers: the human face of pharmaceutical research. Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-941901-30-7.
  13. ^ Remembering Albert Szent-Györgyi 2011-11-18 at the Wayback Machine. History. 16 Sep 2011. Last accessed 16 Sep 2011.
  14. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937: Albert Szent-Györgyi". Retrieved 16 September 2011.
  15. ^ a b Szent-Györgyi, Albert (1929). Observations on the functions of peroxidase systems and the chemistry of the adrenal cortex. Jisc.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. OCLC 1063377732. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.648034.[permanent dead link]
  16. ^ Szent-Gyoergyi A (June 1963). "Lost in the Twentieth Century". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 32 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.32.070163.000245. PMID 14140702.
  17. ^ "The Institute for Muscle Research, 1947-1972". Albert Szent-Gyorgyi - Profiles in Science. 2019-03-12. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
  18. ^ "Albert Szent-Gyorgyi". Nasonline.org. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  19. ^ Szent-Györgyi, A. (1941). "Towards a New Biochemistry?". Science. 93 (2426): 609–611. Bibcode:1941Sci....93..609S. doi:10.1126/science.93.2426.609. PMID 17841996.
  20. ^ ISBN 0-913729-78-7, (1988), Paragon House Publishers, New York.
  21. ^ a b Szent-Györgyi, Albert (1972). "Dionysians and Apollonians". Science. 176 (4038): 966. Bibcode:1972Sci...176..966S. doi:10.1126/science.176.4038.966. PMID 17778411. S2CID 38911665.
  22. ^ "An Open Letter" archived at Horowitz Transaction Publishers Archive
  23. ^ "Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961". Helen Keller Archive. American Foundation for the Blind. Retrieved 2023-07-01.
  24. ^ "Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials". Helen Keller Archive. American Foundation for the Blind. Retrieved 2023-07-03.
  25. ^ "Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems". The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA). Retrieved 2023-07-15.
  26. ^ "Marcia Houston Szent-Györgyi at the National Institute of Health Website". Profiles.nlm.nih.gov. 2005-05-12. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  27. ^ "Albert Szent-Gyorgyi's 118th Birthday". Google.com. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  28. ^ "Albert Szent-Gyorgi oral history collection 2004". National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography edit

  • US National Library of Medicine. The Albert Szent-Györgyi Papers.NIH Profiles in Science
  • Ralph Moss (1988). Free Radical Albert Szent-Györgyi and the Battle over Vitamin C. Paragon House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-913729-78-6.
  • Szolcsányi, János (October 2007). "[Memories of Albert Szent-Györgyi in 1943 about the beginning of his research and about his mentor, Géza Mansfeld]". Orvosi Hetilap. 148 (42): 2007–11. doi:10.1556/OH.2007.H2142. PMID 17932008.
  • Juhász-Nagy, Sándor (March 2002). "[Albert Szent-Györgyi—biography of a free genius]". Orvosi Hetilap. 143 (12): 611–4. PMID 11963399.
  • Vértes, L (December 2000). "[László Németh and Albert Szent-Györgyi. Honoring anniversaries]". Orvosi Hetilap. 141 (52): 2831–3. PMID 11202120.
  • Manchester, K L (January 1998). "Albert Szent-Györgyi and the unravelling of biological oxidation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 23 (1): 37–40. doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(97)01167-5. PMID 9478135.
  • Gábor, M (January 1996). "[Albert Szent-Györgyi and flavonoid research]". Orvosi Hetilap. 137 (2): 83–4. PMID 8721874.
  • Nagy, I Z (1995). "Semiconduction of proteins as an attribute of the living state: the ideas of Albert Szent-Györgyi revisited in light of the recent knowledge regarding oxygen free radicals". Exp. Gerontol. 30 (3–4): 327–35. doi:10.1016/0531-5565(94)00043-3. PMID 7556511. S2CID 54230701.
  • Zallár, A; Szabó T (April 1989). "Habent sua fata libelli: the adventurous story of Albert Szent-Györgyi's book entitled Studies on Muscle (1945)". Acta Physiol. Scand. 135 (4): 423–4. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08599.x. PMID 2660487.
  • Szilárd, J (May 1988). "[The Nobel prize. (Pro memoria Albert Szent-Györgyi). The University of Szeged Medical School named after Albert Szent-Györgyi]". Orvosi Hetilap. 129 (18): 949–50. PMID 3290769.
  • Szabó, T; Zallár A; Zallár I (1988). "Albert Szent-Györgyi in Szeged". Geographia Medica. 18: 153–6. PMID 3049243.
  • Banga, I (January 1987). "[In memory of Albert Szent-Györgyi]". Orvosi Hetilap. 128 (2): 97–8. PMID 3547244.
  • Cohen, S S (1987). "Thoughts on the later career of Albert Szent-Gyorgyi". Acta Biochim. Biophys. Hung. 22 (2–3): 141–8. PMID 3118622.
  • Straub, F B (1987). "The charismatic teacher at Szeged: Albert Szent-Györgyi". Acta Biochim. Biophys. Hung. 22 (2–3): 135–9. PMID 3118621.
  • "[Salute to the 90-year old Albert Szent-Györgyi]". Orvosi Hetilap. 124 (40): 2435–6. October 1983. PMID 6369221.
  • Bendiner, E (May 1982). "Albert Szent-Györgyi: the art in being wrong". Hospital Practice (Hospital Ed.). 17 (5): 179–84, 185–6, 192. doi:10.1080/21548331.1982.11702318. PMID 7044943.
  • Szállási, A (February 1980). "[Albert Szent-Györgyi in the journal Nyugat]". Orvosi Hetilap. 121 (8): 468. PMID 6992048.
  • Holden, C (February 1979). "Albert-Szent-Györgyi, electrons, and cancer". Science. 203 (4380): 522–4. Bibcode:1979Sci...203..522H. doi:10.1126/science.366748. PMID 366748.
  • Süle, T (December 1977). "[Albert Szent-Györgyi in Hungarian numismatics]". Orvosi Hetilap. 118 (52): 3170–1. PMID 341025.
  • Szállási, A (November 1977). "[Albert Szent-Györgyi was awarded the Nobel Prize 40 years ago]". Orvosi Hetilap. 118 (46): 2782–3. PMID 335333.
  • Kardos, I (1975). "A talk with Albert Szent-Györgyi". The New Hungarian Quarterly. 16 (57): 136–50. PMID 11635455.
  • Szállási, A (December 1974). "[2 interesting early articles by Albert Szent-Györgyi]". Orvosi Hetilap. 115 (52): 3118–9. PMID 4612454.
  • Kenéz, J (December 1973). "[Eventful life of a scientist. 80th birthday of Nobel prize winner Albert Szent-Györgyi]". Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 115 (51): 2324–6. PMID 4589872.
  • Miura, Y (December 1969). "[Doctor Albert von Szent-Gyoergyi]". Nippon Ishikai Zasshi. Journal of the Japan Medical Association. 62 (11): 1164–8. PMID 4903813.
  • Kenéz, J (December 1968). "[Albert Szent-Györgyi is 75 years old]". Orvosi Hetilap. 109 (50): 2777–81. PMID 4887815.
  • Sulek, K (May 1968). "[Nobel prize for Albert Szant-Györgyi in 1937 for studies on the metabolic processes, particularly of vitamin C and catalysis of fumaric acid]". Wiad. Lek. 21 (10): 911. PMID 4875831.
  • Ilona Újszászi (ed.): The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. ISBN 978-963-306-347-7
  • László Dux: On the Basics of Biochemistry. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 13–23. ISBN 978-963-306-347-7
  • János Wölfling: Life through the eyes of a chemist. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 24–34. ISBN 978-963-306-347-7
  • Gábor Tóth: From vitamins to peptides - Research topics in Szent-Györgyi's departments. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 35–57. ISBN 978-963-306-347-7
  • István Hannus: The Analysis of Vitamin C in Szeged. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 58–76. ISBN 978-963-306-347-7
  • Mária Homoki-Nagy: Protection of the creations of the mind in the history of Hungarian law. Copyright and patent rights; primacy and ethics in science. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 77–93. ISBN 978-963-306-347-7
  • Miklós Gábor: Albert Szent-Györgyi's Studies on Flavones. Impact of the Discovery. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 94-122. ISBN 978-963-306-347-7
  • Tamás Vajda: Effects of the discovery of vitamin C on the paprika industry and the economy of the southern part of the Hungarian Great Plain. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 123–152. ISBN 978-963-306-347-7
  • Béla Pukánszky: The thoughts of Albert Szent-Györgyi on pedagogy. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 153–169. ISBN 978-963-306-347-7
  • Csaba Jancsák: Albert Szent-Györgyi and the Student Union of the University of Szeged. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 170–193. ISBN 978-963-306-347-7
  • József Pál: From the Unity of Life to the Coequality of the Forms of Consciousness. Worries of Albert Szent-Györgyi in Times of War. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 194–210. ISBN 978-963-306-347-7 http://publicatio.bibl.u-szeged.hu/6615/1/Sz_Gy-Unity_of_life.pdf[permanent dead link]
  • Ildikó Tasiné Csúcs: The science-rescuing activity of Albert Szent-Györgyi and its roots in Hungary after 1945. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 211–227. ISBN 978-963-306-347-7 http://publicatio.bibl.u-szeged.hu/5744/1/Science_rescuing.pdf
  • József Pál: About Albert Szent-Györgyi's Poems. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 228–237. ISBN 978-963-306-347-7
  • Gábor Szabó: The passage of Szent-Györgyi to biophysics: a journey from the blur of the boundaries of disciplines through the instruments used for research with a stopover at the paprika centrifuge and arriving at the super lasers. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 238–253. ISBN 978-963-306-347-7

External links edit

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Albert Szent-Györgyi.


January 01, 1970
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The native form of this personal name is Szent Gyorgyi Albert Imre This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals Albert Imre Szent Gyorgyi a de Nagyrapolt Hungarian nagyrapolti Szent Gyorgyi Albert Imre September 16 1893 October 22 1986 was a Hungarian biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937 5 He is credited with first isolating vitamin C and discovering many of the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle and the molecular basis of muscle contraction He was also active in the Hungarian Resistance during World War II and entered Hungarian politics after the war 6 Albert Szent GyorgyiSzent Gyorgyi c 1948BornAlbert Imre Szent Gyorgyi 1893 09 16 September 16 1893Budapest Kingdom of Hungary Austria HungaryDiedOctober 22 1986 1986 10 22 aged 93 Woods Hole Massachusetts U S CitizenshipHungaryU S Alma materSemmelweis University MD University of Cambridge PhD Known forVitamin C discovering the components and reactions of the citric acid cycleSpousesKornelia Demeny 1917 1938 Marta Borbiro 1941 1963 June Susan Wichterman 1965 1968 Marcia Houston 1975 1986 AwardsNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937 Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh 1946 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research 1954 Member of the National Academy of Sciences 1956 Scientific careerFieldsPhysiology biochemistryInstitutionsUniversity of SzegedUniversity of CambridgeMarine Biological LaboratoryThesisObservations on the functions of peroxidase systems and the chemistry of the adrenal cortex 1929 Doctoral advisorFrederick Gowland HopkinsSignature Contents 1 Early life 2 Education 3 Career and research 3 1 Statement on scientific discovery 3 2 Involvement in politics 3 3 Works online 3 4 Publications 4 Personal life 4 1 Death and legacy 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksEarly life editSzent Gyorgyi was born in Budapest Kingdom of Hungary in 1893 His father Miklos Szent Gyorgyi was a landowner born in Marosvasarhely Transylvania today Targu Mures Romania a Calvinist and could trace his ancestry back to 1608 when Samuel a Calvinist predicant was ennobled 7 8 At the time of Szent Gyorgyi s birth being of the nobility was considered important and created opportunities that otherwise were not available 9 Miklos Szent Gyorgyi s parents were Imre Szent Gyorgyi and Maria Csiky 10 His mother Jozefina a Roman Catholic was a daughter of Jozsef Lenhossek and Anna Bossanyi 11 Jozefina was a sister of Mihaly Lenhossek both of these men were Professors of Anatomy at the Eotvos Lorand University His family included three generations of scientists 12 Music was important in the Lenhossek family His mother Jozefina prepared to become an opera singer and auditioned for Gustav Mahler then a conductor at the Budapest Opera He advised her to marry instead since her voice was not enough Albert himself was good at the piano while his brother Pal became a professional violinist Education edit nbsp Szent Gyorgyi in 1917 Italy Szent Gyorgyi began his studies at the Semmelweis University in 1911 12 and then began research in his uncle s anatomy lab His studies were interrupted in 1914 to serve as an army medic in World War I In 1916 disgusted with the war Szent Gyorgyi shot himself in the arm 13 claimed to be wounded from enemy fire and was sent home on medical leave He was then able to finish his medical education and received his MD in 1917 12 He married Kornelia Demeny the daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster General that same year 14 After the war Szent Gyorgyi began his research career in Pozsony today Bratislava Slovakia He switched universities several times over the next few years finally ending up at the University of Groningen where his work focused on the chemistry of cellular respiration This work landed him a position as a Rockefeller Foundation fellow at the University of Cambridge He received his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1929 15 where he was a student at Fitzwilliam College Cambridge His research involved isolating an organic acid which he then called hexuronic acid from adrenal gland tissue 15 Career and research editSzent Gyorgyi accepted a position at the University of Szeged in Hungary in 1930 12 There Szent Gyorgyi and his research fellow Joseph Svirbely found that hexuronic acid was actually the thus far unidentified antiscorbutic factor known as vitamin C After Walter Norman Haworth had determined the structure of vitamin C and in honour of its antiscorbutic properties it was given the formal chemical name of L ascorbic acid In some experiments they used paprika as the source for their vitamin C 16 Also during this time Szent Gyorgyi continued his work on cellular respiration identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what would become known as the Krebs cycle In Szeged he also met Zoltan Bay physicist who became his personal friend and partner in research on matters of bio physics citation needed In 1937 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion process with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid Albert Szent Gyorgyi offered all of his Nobel prize money to Finland in 1940 Hungarian Volunteers in the Winter War travelled to fight for the Finns after the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939 In 1938 he began work on the biophysics of muscle movement He found that muscles contain actin which when combined with the protein myosin and the energy source ATP contract muscle fibers In 1946 Albert received the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh In 1947 Szent Gyorgyi established the Institute for Muscle Research at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole Massachusetts with financial support from Hungarian businessman Stephen Rath However Szent Gyorgyi still faced funding difficulties for several years due to his foreign status and former association with the government of a Communist nation In 1948 he received a research position with the National Institutes of Health NIH in Bethesda Maryland and began dividing his time between there and Woods Hole In 1950 grants from the Armour Meat Company and the American Heart Association allowed him to establish the Institute for Muscle Research at Woods Hole Szent Gyorgyi conducted research at the MBL from 1947 to 1986 year round There he found that whole muscle tissue retained its contractility almost indefinitely if stored cold in a fifty percent glycerol solution thus eliminating the need to have fresh muscle on hand 17 During the 1950s Szent Gyorgyi began using electron microscopes to study muscles at the subunit level He received the Lasker Award in 1954 In 1955 he became a naturalized citizen of the United States He was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences NAS in 1956 18 In 1941 19 Szent Gyorgyi developed a research interest in cancer and developed ideas on applying the theories of quantum mechanics to the biochemistry quantum biology of cancer The death of Rath who had acted as the financial administrator of the Institute for Muscle Research left Szent Gyorgyi in a financial mess Szent Gyorgyi refused to submit government grants which required him to provide minute details on exactly how he intended to spend the research dollars and what he expected to find After Szent Gyorgyi commented on his financial hardships in a 1971 newspaper interview attorney Franklin Salisbury contacted him and later helped him establish a private nonprofit organization the National Foundation for Cancer Research Late in life Szent Gyorgyi began to pursue free radicals as a potential cause of cancer He came to see cancer as being ultimately an electronic problem at the molecular level In 1974 reflecting his interests in quantum physics he proposed the term syntropy replace the term negentropy Ralph Moss a protege of his in the years he performed his cancer research wrote a biography entitled Free Radical Albert Szent Gyorgyi and the Battle over Vitamin C 20 Aspects of this work are an important precursor to what is now dubbed redox signaling citation needed Statement on scientific discovery edit Albert Szent Gyorgyi who realized that a discovery must be by definition at variance with existing knowledge 21 divided scientists into two categories the Apollonians and the Dionysians He called Dionysians the scientific dissenters who explore the fringes of knowledge He wrote In science the Apollonian tends to develop established lines to perfection while the Dionysian rather relies on intuition and is more likely to open new unexpected alleys for research The future of mankind depends on the progress of science and the progress of science depends on the support it can find Support mostly takes the form of grants and the present methods of distributing grants unduly favor the Apollonian 21 Involvement in politics edit As the government of Gyula Gombos and the associated Hungarian National Defence Association gained control of politics in Hungary Szent Gyorgyi helped his Jewish friends escape from the country During World War II he joined the Hungarian resistance movement Although Hungary was allied with the Axis Powers the Hungarian prime minister Miklos Kallay sent Szent Gyorgyi to Istanbul in 1944 under the guise of a scientific lecture to begin secret negotiations with the Allies The Germans learned of this plot and Adolf Hitler himself issued a warrant for the arrest of Szent Gyorgyi He escaped from house arrest and spent 1944 to 1945 as a fugitive from the Gestapo After the war Szent Gyorgyi had become well recognized as a public figure and there was some speculation that he might become President of Hungary should the Soviets permit it Szent Gyorgyi established a laboratory at the University of Budapest and became head of the biochemistry department there He was elected a member of Parliament and helped re establish the Academy of Sciences Dissatisfied with the Communist rule of Hungary he emigrated to the United States in 1947 In 1967 Szent Gyorgyi signed a letter declaring his intention to refuse to pay taxes as a means of protesting against the U S war against Vietnam and urging other people to take a similar stand 22 He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution 23 24 As a result for the first time in human history a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt a Constitution for the Federation of Earth 25 Works online edit Teaching and the Expanding Knowledge in Rampart Journal of Individualist Thought Vol 1 No 1 March 1965 24 28 Reprinted from Science Vol 146 No 3649 December 4 1964 1278 1279 Publications edit On Oxidation Fermentation Vitamins Health and Disease 1940 Bioenergetics 1957 Introduction to a Submolecular Biology 1960 The Crazy Ape 1970 ISBN 080652930X What next 1971 ISBN 0802220452 Electronic Biology and Cancer A New Theory of Cancer 1976 The living state 1972 Bioelectronics a study in cellular regulations defense and cancer Lost in the Twentieth Century Archived 2020 01 23 at the Wayback Machine Gandu 1963 Personal life editHe married Cornelia Demeny 1898 1981 daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster General in 1917 14 Their daughter Cornelia Szent Gyorgyi was born in 1918 and died in 1969 He and Cornelia divorced in 1941 In 1941 he wed Marta Borbiro Miskolczy She died of cancer in 1963 citation needed Szent Gyorgyi married June Susan Wichterman the 25 year old daughter of Woods Hole biologist Ralph Wichterman in 1965 They were divorced in 1968 citation needed He married his fourth wife Marcia Houston in 1975 26 They adopted a daughter Lola von Szent Gyorgyi Death and legacy edit Szent Gyorgyi died in Woods Hole Massachusetts US on October 22 1986 He was honored with a Google Doodle September 16 2011 118 years after his birth 27 In 2004 nine interviews were conducted with family colleagues and others to create a Szent Gyorgyi oral history collection 28 Notes edit s ɛ n t ˈ dʒ ɜːr dʒ i sent JUR jee 1 also UK ˈ dʒ ɔːr JOR 2 US s eɪ n t ˈ dʒ ɔːr dʒ i saynt JORJ ee 3 4 References edit Szent Gyorgyi Collins English Dictionary HarperCollins Retrieved 8 September 2019 Szent Gyorgyi Albert von Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 2021 08 08 Szent Gyorgyi The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins Retrieved 8 September 2019 Szent Gyorgyi Merriam Webster com Dictionary Retrieved 8 September 2019 Kyle R A Shampo M A 2000 Albert Szent Gyorgyi Nobel laureate Mayo Clinic Proceedings 75 7 722 doi 10 4065 75 7 722 PMID 10907388 Forget vitamin C Albert Szent Gyorgyi lived with spies lies Christian Science Monitor 2011 09 16 ISSN 0882 7729 Retrieved 2019 10 07 Dr Czeizel E Csaladfa page 148 Kossuth Konyvkiado 1992 Dr Czeizel E Az ertek meg mindig bennunk van page 172 Akademiai kiado Budapest Chris Gaylord September 16 2011 Forget vitamin D Albert Szent Gyorgyi lived with spies lies Christian Science Monitor Retrieved September 16 2011 Kapronczay K Orvosdinasztiak II Turul ISSN 1997 Dr Czeizel E Csaladfa page 148 Kossuth Konyvkiado 1992 a b c d Bowden Mary Ellen Amy Beth Crow Tracy Sullivan 2003 Pharmaceutical achievers the human face of pharmaceutical research Chemical Heritage Foundation p 30 ISBN 978 0 941901 30 7 Remembering Albert Szent Gyorgyi Archived 2011 11 18 at the Wayback Machine History 16 Sep 2011 Last accessed 16 Sep 2011 a b The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937 Albert Szent Gyorgyi Retrieved 16 September 2011 a b Szent Gyorgyi Albert 1929 Observations on the functions of peroxidase systems and the chemistry of the adrenal cortex Jisc ac uk PhD thesis University of Cambridge OCLC 1063377732 EThOS uk bl ethos 648034 permanent dead link Szent Gyoergyi A June 1963 Lost in the Twentieth Century Annual Review of Biochemistry 32 1 1 14 doi 10 1146 annurev bi 32 070163 000245 PMID 14140702 The Institute for Muscle Research 1947 1972 Albert Szent Gyorgyi Profiles in Science 2019 03 12 Retrieved 2023 03 07 Albert Szent Gyorgyi Nasonline org Retrieved 29 April 2019 Szent Gyorgyi A 1941 Towards a New Biochemistry Science 93 2426 609 611 Bibcode 1941Sci 93 609S doi 10 1126 science 93 2426 609 PMID 17841996 ISBN 0 913729 78 7 1988 Paragon House Publishers New York a b Szent Gyorgyi Albert 1972 Dionysians and Apollonians Science 176 4038 966 Bibcode 1972Sci 176 966S doi 10 1126 science 176 4038 966 PMID 17778411 S2CID 38911665 An Open Letter archived at Horowitz Transaction Publishers Archive Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace 1961 Helen Keller Archive American Foundation for the Blind Retrieved 2023 07 01 Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen enclosing current materials Helen Keller Archive American Foundation for the Blind Retrieved 2023 07 03 Preparing earth constitution Global Strategies amp Solutions The Encyclopedia of World Problems The Encyclopedia of World Problems Union of International Associations UIA Retrieved 2023 07 15 Marcia Houston Szent Gyorgyi at the National Institute of Health Website Profiles nlm nih gov 2005 05 12 Retrieved 2011 09 15 Albert Szent Gyorgyi s 118th Birthday Google com Retrieved 8 February 2015 Albert Szent Gyorgi oral history collection 2004 National Library of Medicine Bibliography editThis section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia s inclusion policy May 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message US National Library of Medicine The Albert Szent Gyorgyi Papers NIH Profiles in Science Ralph Moss 1988 Free Radical Albert Szent Gyorgyi and the Battle over Vitamin C Paragon House Publishers ISBN 978 0 913729 78 6 Szolcsanyi Janos October 2007 Memories of Albert Szent Gyorgyi in 1943 about the beginning of his research and about his mentor Geza Mansfeld Orvosi Hetilap 148 42 2007 11 doi 10 1556 OH 2007 H2142 PMID 17932008 Juhasz Nagy Sandor March 2002 Albert Szent Gyorgyi biography of a free genius Orvosi Hetilap 143 12 611 4 PMID 11963399 Vertes L December 2000 Laszlo Nemeth and Albert Szent Gyorgyi Honoring anniversaries Orvosi Hetilap 141 52 2831 3 PMID 11202120 Manchester K L January 1998 Albert Szent Gyorgyi and the unravelling of biological oxidation Trends Biochem Sci 23 1 37 40 doi 10 1016 S0968 0004 97 01167 5 PMID 9478135 Gabor M January 1996 Albert Szent Gyorgyi and flavonoid research Orvosi Hetilap 137 2 83 4 PMID 8721874 Nagy I Z 1995 Semiconduction of proteins as an attribute of the living state the ideas of Albert Szent Gyorgyi revisited in light of the recent knowledge regarding oxygen free radicals Exp Gerontol 30 3 4 327 35 doi 10 1016 0531 5565 94 00043 3 PMID 7556511 S2CID 54230701 Zallar A Szabo T April 1989 Habent sua fata libelli the adventurous story of Albert Szent Gyorgyi s book entitled Studies on Muscle 1945 Acta Physiol Scand 135 4 423 4 doi 10 1111 j 1748 1716 1989 tb08599 x PMID 2660487 Szilard J May 1988 The Nobel prize Pro memoria Albert Szent Gyorgyi The University of Szeged Medical School named after Albert Szent Gyorgyi Orvosi Hetilap 129 18 949 50 PMID 3290769 Szabo T Zallar A Zallar I 1988 Albert Szent Gyorgyi in Szeged Geographia Medica 18 153 6 PMID 3049243 Banga I January 1987 In memory of Albert Szent Gyorgyi Orvosi Hetilap 128 2 97 8 PMID 3547244 Cohen S S 1987 Thoughts on the later career of Albert Szent Gyorgyi Acta Biochim Biophys Hung 22 2 3 141 8 PMID 3118622 Straub F B 1987 The charismatic teacher at Szeged Albert Szent Gyorgyi Acta Biochim Biophys Hung 22 2 3 135 9 PMID 3118621 Salute to the 90 year old Albert Szent Gyorgyi Orvosi Hetilap 124 40 2435 6 October 1983 PMID 6369221 Bendiner E May 1982 Albert Szent Gyorgyi the art in being wrong Hospital Practice Hospital Ed 17 5 179 84 185 6 192 doi 10 1080 21548331 1982 11702318 PMID 7044943 Szallasi A February 1980 Albert Szent Gyorgyi in the journal Nyugat Orvosi Hetilap 121 8 468 PMID 6992048 Holden C February 1979 Albert Szent Gyorgyi electrons and cancer Science 203 4380 522 4 Bibcode 1979Sci 203 522H doi 10 1126 science 366748 PMID 366748 Sule T December 1977 Albert Szent Gyorgyi in Hungarian numismatics Orvosi Hetilap 118 52 3170 1 PMID 341025 Szallasi A November 1977 Albert Szent Gyorgyi was awarded the Nobel Prize 40 years ago Orvosi Hetilap 118 46 2782 3 PMID 335333 Kardos I 1975 A talk with Albert Szent Gyorgyi The New Hungarian Quarterly 16 57 136 50 PMID 11635455 Szallasi A December 1974 2 interesting early articles by Albert Szent Gyorgyi Orvosi Hetilap 115 52 3118 9 PMID 4612454 Kenez J December 1973 Eventful life of a scientist 80th birthday of Nobel prize winner Albert Szent Gyorgyi Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 115 51 2324 6 PMID 4589872 Miura Y December 1969 Doctor Albert von Szent Gyoergyi Nippon Ishikai Zasshi Journal of the Japan Medical Association 62 11 1164 8 PMID 4903813 Kenez J December 1968 Albert Szent Gyorgyi is 75 years old Orvosi Hetilap 109 50 2777 81 PMID 4887815 Sulek K May 1968 Nobel prize for Albert Szant Gyorgyi in 1937 for studies on the metabolic processes particularly of vitamin C and catalysis of fumaric acid Wiad Lek 21 10 911 PMID 4875831 Ilona Ujszaszi ed The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent Gyorgyi Szegedi Egyetemi Tudastar 2 Series editors Laszlo Dux Istvan Hannus Jozsef Pal Ilona Ujszaszi Publishing Department University of Szeged 2014 ISBN 978 963 306 347 7 Laszlo Dux On the Basics of Biochemistry In The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent Gyorgyi Szegedi Egyetemi Tudastar 2 Series editors Laszlo Dux Istvan Hannus Jozsef Pal Ilona Ujszaszi Publishing Department University of Szeged 2014 13 23 ISBN 978 963 306 347 7 Janos Wolfling Life through the eyes of a chemist In The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent Gyorgyi Szegedi Egyetemi Tudastar 2 Series editors Laszlo Dux Istvan Hannus Jozsef Pal Ilona Ujszaszi Publishing Department University of Szeged 2014 24 34 ISBN 978 963 306 347 7 Gabor Toth From vitamins to peptides Research topics in Szent Gyorgyi s departments In The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent Gyorgyi Szegedi Egyetemi Tudastar 2 Series editors Laszlo Dux Istvan Hannus Jozsef Pal Ilona Ujszaszi Publishing Department University of Szeged 2014 35 57 ISBN 978 963 306 347 7 Istvan Hannus The Analysis of Vitamin C in Szeged In The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent Gyorgyi Szegedi Egyetemi Tudastar 2 Series editors Laszlo Dux Istvan Hannus Jozsef Pal Ilona Ujszaszi Publishing Department University of Szeged 2014 58 76 ISBN 978 963 306 347 7 Maria Homoki Nagy Protection of the creations of the mind in the history of Hungarian law Copyright and patent rights primacy and ethics in science In The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent Gyorgyi Szegedi Egyetemi Tudastar 2 Series editors Laszlo Dux Istvan Hannus Jozsef Pal Ilona Ujszaszi Publishing Department University of Szeged 2014 77 93 ISBN 978 963 306 347 7 Miklos Gabor Albert Szent Gyorgyi s Studies on Flavones Impact of the Discovery In The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent Gyorgyi Szegedi Egyetemi Tudastar 2 Series editors Laszlo Dux Istvan Hannus Jozsef Pal Ilona Ujszaszi Publishing Department University of Szeged 2014 94 122 ISBN 978 963 306 347 7 Tamas Vajda Effects of the discovery of vitamin C on the paprika industry and the economy of the southern part of the Hungarian Great Plain In The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent Gyorgyi Szegedi Egyetemi Tudastar 2 Series editors Laszlo Dux Istvan Hannus Jozsef Pal Ilona Ujszaszi Publishing Department University of Szeged 2014 123 152 ISBN 978 963 306 347 7 Bela Pukanszky The thoughts of Albert Szent Gyorgyi on pedagogy In The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent Gyorgyi Szegedi Egyetemi Tudastar 2 Series editors Laszlo Dux Istvan Hannus Jozsef Pal Ilona Ujszaszi Publishing Department University of Szeged 2014 153 169 ISBN 978 963 306 347 7 Csaba Jancsak Albert Szent Gyorgyi and the Student Union of the University of Szeged In The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent Gyorgyi Szegedi Egyetemi Tudastar 2 Series editors Laszlo Dux Istvan Hannus Jozsef Pal Ilona Ujszaszi Publishing Department University of Szeged 2014 170 193 ISBN 978 963 306 347 7 Jozsef Pal From the Unity of Life to the Coequality of the Forms of Consciousness Worries of Albert Szent Gyorgyi in Times of War In The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent Gyorgyi Szegedi Egyetemi Tudastar 2 Series editors Laszlo Dux Istvan Hannus Jozsef Pal Ilona Ujszaszi Publishing Department University of Szeged 2014 194 210 ISBN 978 963 306 347 7 http publicatio bibl u szeged hu 6615 1 Sz Gy Unity of life pdf permanent dead link Ildiko Tasine Csucs The science rescuing activity of Albert Szent Gyorgyi and its roots in Hungary after 1945 In The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent Gyorgyi Szegedi Egyetemi Tudastar 2 Series editors Laszlo Dux Istvan Hannus Jozsef Pal Ilona Ujszaszi Publishing Department University of Szeged 2014 211 227 ISBN 978 963 306 347 7 http publicatio bibl u szeged hu 5744 1 Science rescuing pdf Jozsef Pal About Albert Szent Gyorgyi s Poems In The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent Gyorgyi Szegedi Egyetemi Tudastar 2 Series editors Laszlo Dux Istvan Hannus Jozsef Pal Ilona Ujszaszi Publishing Department University of Szeged 2014 228 237 ISBN 978 963 306 347 7 https web archive org web 20160506215625 http publicatio bibl u szeged hu 6611 1 A Sz Gy poems pdf Gabor Szabo The passage of Szent Gyorgyi to biophysics a journey from the blur of the boundaries of disciplines through the instruments used for research with a stopover at the paprika centrifuge and arriving at the super lasers In The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent Gyorgyi Szegedi Egyetemi Tudastar 2 Series editors Laszlo Dux Istvan Hannus Jozsef Pal Ilona Ujszaszi Publishing Department University of Szeged 2014 238 253 ISBN 978 963 306 347 7External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Albert Szent Gyorgyi Albert Szent Gyorgyi on Nobelprize org nbsp Works by Albert Szent Gyorgyi at Biodiversity Heritage Library nbsp Works by or about Albert Szent Gyorgyi at Internet Archive Newspaper clippings about Albert Szent Gyorgyi in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW nbsp Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Albert Szent Gyorgyi amp oldid 1219130354, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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