Al-Bara' ibn Malik
Al-Barāʾ ibn Mālik al-Anṣārī (Arabic: البراء بن مالك الأنصاري; died c. 641)[1] was one of the Sahaba, an Ansar belonging to the Banū al-Najjār branch of the Banu Khazraj.[1] al-Baraa' is the brother of Anas ibn Malik.
al-Bara' ibn Malik البراء بن مالك al-Ansari | |
|---|---|
| Born | |
| Died | 641/642 Shushtar, Khuzestan, Iran |
| Burial place | Khuzestan |
| Other names | Ibn Malik |
| Employer(s) | Muhammad, Abu Bakar, Umar |
| Organization | Rashidun caliphate |
| Known for |
|
| Parents |
|
| Relatives | Anas ibn Malik (brother) Zaid ibn Malik (brother) Abdullah ibn Abi Talha (step-brother) Abu Talha al-Ansari (step-father) |
| Family |
|
A courageous warrior with exceptional combat skill, al-Baraa was a Muslim hero during Early Muslim conquests who killed a hundred enemies in combat and personally breached the enemy fortress gates in the Battle of Yamama and the Siege of Shushtar.
al-Baraa' died around 641-642 as he succumbed to his wounds during his last siege in Shushtar against Sasanian Empire
Biography Edit
Al-Bara' Hailed from Banu Ghanm clan,[2] sub branch of Banū al-Najjār branch belonged to the Banu Khazraj tribe.[1]
During the time of the Prophet, al-Baraa' were working as camel chanter.[3][4] During the battle of Hunayn, al-Bara' has been rewarded Khums or fifth portion of spoils of war which he got from enemies he slay personally.[5] Al-Bara' was said to participate in all campaigns under Muhammad, except the battle of Badr.[6] Al-Bara' also recorded to participate in the pledge of the Tree during the first pilgrimage.[2] al-Bara' also recorded having participate in the Battle of Hunayn, where he received a fifth spoils of war for every person he killed during the battle.[5]
Ridda wars Edit
Following the death of the Prophet, the Muslims began to leave Islam in groups just as they had entered it. Caliph Abu Bakr dispatched eleven armies to fight the leaders of the rebellion in what became known as the Ridda wars.[7]
During the Battle of Yamama, al-Baraa' played a distinguished role when the rebels army under Musailamah Al Kadhab and his 40,000 soldiers from Banu Hanifa fortified themselves into the fortress which named Garden of Death, Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl and Khalid ibn al-Walid struggled to break through the high walls of the garden until al-Baraa' suggested they place him on a shield and using spears and catapults al-Baraa' into the fortress wall. The Muslims agreed with al-Baraa' plan and al-Baraa' immediately fell into the fortress as intended, killing many town guards on the wall and fortress gate inside singlehandedly and rushed towards the gate and open it alone from inside, allowing Muslim forces under Khalid ibn al Walid to swarm inside and killed 20,000 of the apostates, including their leader Musailama, killed by Wahshi and Abu Dujana al Ansari.[8][7] During this battle, Ibn Hajar also noted a testimony of al-Bara' himself that he engaged in a duel against a huge Musaylamah warrior nicknamed Himar al Yamama (donkey of Yamama).[9] Al-Bara managed to cut one of his foot with his sword, and caused him dropped to the ground, Then al-Bara grab the man's sword and finishing him by using his own sword.[9]
Despite suffering grave injuries which numbered over 80 wounds, al-Baraa' managed to survive in the aftermath of the Yamama battle.[Notes 1] After the battle, Khalid ibn al Walid was said to personally visit his tents where he still treating his wound and rest.[11]
Conquest of Persia Edit
On the onset of early naval incursion against Persia which started from Oman, al-Baraa' participated the naval expedition embarked from Bahrain led by Al-Ala al-Hadhrami and Arfaja al-Bariqi to expel Sasanian Empire forces in the Island of Darin (Qatif).[12] In the final battle of this island in the fortress of Zarah, al-Baraa' killed the Persian Marzban commander of the area in duel, and managed to seize the wealth of the said commander of 30,000 coins after the battle.[13][14][Notes 2] However, caliph 'Umar saw that it was too much for single person to acquire spoils of war that huge, so the Caliph decided that al-Bara' should be given a four portions after it being divided into five, while one portion are sent for the caliphate treasury.[13]
Later, during the Muslim conquest of Persia, al-Bara' participated in the battle of al-Qadisiyyah, where he was urged by other soldiers to pray for victory on this difficult battle, since the Muslim soldiers in that battle believed if al-Baraa' prayed, his wishes will always be granted by Allah.[15]
During Muslim conquest of Khuzestan, The highest commander of Muslim army, Abu Musa al-Ash'ari requested to the caliph to provide him with elite guards from Ansar (military) component, which replied by Umar to sent a group of Ansaris including al-Bara' ibn Malik along with his brother, Anas.[16][17] In the campaign on Khuzestan, the Muslims faced a particularly difficult battle on the bridge of Susa, eastern of Tigris river, as the enemy gained upper hand at the first of the battle.[18] Thus the Muslims soldiers once again came to al-Bara' asking for prayer, and after al-Bara' finished his prayer, the Muslims fight again until the managed to gained upper hand and seized victory.[18]
Later, during the Siege of Shushtar, al-Baraa' once again gave important contribution as he and Mujaz'ah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi lead a small team of 35 soldiers to sneak from the waterway under the impenetrable fortress wall that has been besieged for almost one year,[19] and killing many guards on the city gate before opened the gate and allowed the Muslims army under Abu Musa al-Ash'ari storm the city and subdue the town.[20] According to his own word that has been recorded in Siyar A'lam Nubala chronicle written by Al-Dhahabi[21] and in Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah chronicle which written by Ibn al-Athir, al-Bara' ibn Malik singlehandedly slayed at least 100 Sassanid soldiers during this battle alone.[Notes 3][23][24][Notes 4]
Death Edit
Muslim chroniclers recorded two versions regarding when al-Bara' fallen on the battle:
- According to Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani version The martyrdom al-Bara' was seeking was gained in the Siege of Shushtar in Persia, but only after he rescued his brother Anas from the molten hooks, which caused he suffered grief injury to the point that his own palms melted and showing the bones in his effort to break the chain from Anas, al-Baraa' succumbed to the wound shortly after Anas were rescued.[26][27]
- Meanwhile, Malik ibn Anas,[28] Tabari,[25] Bukhari, Ibn Hibban, and Ibn Manda reported the second version that al-Baraa' was fallen indeed in siege of Shushtar, but not by the molten steel hook of Sassanid army, instead he died at the hand of Hormuzan in this battle.[29] al-Dhahabi favored this version as he deemed this authentic,[18] which also narrated by al-Bayhaqi.[15] Al-Dhahabi also add note that al-Bara' was twenty years old during his death.[2]
Character assessment Edit
|
| al Bara' ibn Malik words to Anas ibn Malik.[30][Notes 5] |
Chroniclers describe that al-Baraa' was skinny and thin in appearance but extremely brave on the battlefield.[29]
However, this attribute were viewed as downside by Umar ibn al Khattab, as the caliph once gave message to his generals to never assign al-Baraa' to hold any command position, since Umar saw al-Baraa' reckless bravery will expose his own soldiers to dangers.[32] Nevertheless, despite his doubt on al-Bara' leadership, caliph Umar still valued al-Bara' martial prowess, as remarked by modern writer Khalid Muhammad Khalid in his book, Rijala Hawla Rasulullah Shalallahu 'Alaihi Wassalam, that during the Muslim conquest of Khuzestan, when Suhayl ibn Adiyy were sent by Abu Musa al-Ash'ari to invade Ahwaz, caliph Umar specifically instructed Abu Musa to include al-Bara' within Suhayl invading force.[33]
Anas ibn Malik were recorded to say that al-Bara' had a beautiful voice and loved reciting poems frequently, until Anas persuade his brother to recite Qur'an instead of poetries.[9]
Prayer Edit
Chroniclers narrated that prophet Muhammad once praised al-Baraa' as a pious figure whose prayer will be always responded by Allah, despite his poor and underestimated social status.[29][34]
Caliphate soldiers during battle of Qadisiyyah believed the miraculous prayer of al-Bara' urged al-Bara' to use his prayer to win the battle,[33] as they though the battle of Qadisiyyah, were difficult to won.[15]
While another record during the battle of the bridge of Susa in Iran, the Muslim soldiers once again came to al-Bara' to seek for his prayer to win the battle.[18]
Meanwhile, during the siege of Shushtar, Muslim historians also though that it is due to al-Baraa' prayer that the fortress of Shushtar can be subdued by Muslim forces, despite the city was very hard to subdue and believed to be almost impossible to breach by any military mean.[29] various narration further adds that al-Barra' also included his victorious prayer that he also wished to get killed by enemy in the battle of Susa bridge, so he can achieve martyrdom.[18][26][35]
Legacy Edit
Scholar analysis Edit
al-Bara' is viewed highly in the Islamic scholarly community in general,[26] as Companions of the Prophet, collectively named al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ (pious ancestors), they are regarded as their as daily religious role model.[36] This view was outlined by Ibn Taymiyyah, both in their figure as a guideline and in practicing Islamic religious observances.[36] Ibn Taymiyyah further observes the special rank within the Companions from the Ansar, which are according to him, vital for the faith, as he quoted the hadith, "love for the Ansar is a sign of Iman, while hatred against them is a sign of hypocrisy".[36]
Spoils of war Edit
Scholars of Islamic Fiqh jurisprudence have taken notes regarding al-Bara' case when his managed to seize massive amount of a spoils of war during the battle in Darin island, after he managed to subdue Sassanid fortress and killing the commander, which immediately ruled by Umar the spoils from the enemy seized by al-Bara' should be divided by five, whereas four portions be given to al-Bara, while one portion are separated to be combined to the total amount spoils of the battle.[13] incident has discussed about the rulings in Sunni jurisprudence on the later era about how every single soldier has a right for a Khums, or four of a fifth portion of spoils of war, according to his performance deeds in the battlefield.[13]
Averroes from Maliki school remarked this record in his book Bidayat al Mujtahid Wa Nihayat al Muqtashid which he got from the tradition of Ibn Abi Shaybah and Ibn Sirin, that the case of al-Bara' divided share were the first case in Islam history, and has become guidelines by later jurists to measure the rights of soldiers regarding spoils of war.[37] While Ibn Mawaz, another Maliki scholar, has denied this al-Bara' tradition regarding spoils of war, as he though he never knew such Hadith existed.[5]
However, Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam, a Shafiite scholar and Mamluk general in 12th AD century who led Baibars army against Louis IX of France crusaders and Ilkhanate Mongol, dismissed Ibn Mawaz's claim and has argued with another tradition that this practice has been done before as Muhammad during the battle of Hunayn, and Muhammad even gave the fifth spoils to al-Bara',[38] the very same person who were given the fifth by Umar in Darin island battle.[5]
Martyrdom Edit
Since Madhhab Sahabi (opinion of the Companions of the Prophet) were accepted as one of the jurisprudence source in Islam,[39] The historical act of al-Bara' to seek martyrdom in Jihad by plunging himself inside enemy castle in the Battle of Yamamah, where the enemy barricaded themselves, are translated by Islamist factions with Extremism view that the Terrorism act using Suicide attack with IED were allowed in modern analogy (Qiyas).[40] Thus, leading some extremist movements such as Free Syrian Army, ISIS[41] Kurdistan Ansar as Sunna Group,[42] and Al-Qaeda in various regions to form a suicide squad which they named, in curiously similar theme, as "al-Bara Ibn Malik Martyrs' Brigade" in accordance to their apparent attempt to associate their acts with al Bara' in Yamama.[43]
However, this view were rejected by contemporary Islamic scholars,[44] particularly those in line with the view of Abdullah Ibn Jibreen,[45]Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz and Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen,[46] three of prominent Saudi Arabia Muftis and clerics, opined that the act of al-Baraa' cannot be analogized as an act suicide bombings particularly for three different reasons:
- Method which done by al-Bara' were not determinantly suicide in nature, despite the high chance of fatality for such act.[45][44]
- The act of al-Baraa' were authorized by legal government which had de facto and de jure authority. in this case are the Rashidun Caliphate, which al-Baraa' owed his allegiance.[46] While modern day terrorist organizations were non-state actors, which cannot burdened and bound with treaty, pact or responsibility.[45]
- The targets of modern-day terrorists are not in line with al-Bara aggression in Yamama, since al-Bara' were targeting legitimate hostile combatants on the battlefield, while non-state terrorists also targeting illegitimate subjects recklessly, such as fellow Muslim civilians and Dhimmi non-Muslims who are forbidden to be harassed in Islamic beliefs.[45] Furthermore, the act of suicide bombing terrorism during modern day in Palestine were deemed by Ibn Uthaymeen not beneficial to Islam and it will only do harm to the Muslim communities in Palestine, and to the perpetrator of the act as the bombers were threaten with hellfire in the afterlife.[47]
The Fatwa by Abdu al-Aziz ibn Baz were particularly aimed to deny the ruling from Yusuf al-Qaradawi who viewed that the Martyrdom act of al-Bara' in battle and Ashabul Ukhdud in Yemen were viewed the same as suicide bombers in modern time.[48]
Modern day grand Mufti of Saudi Sheikh Abdulaziz al-Sheikh, further strengthened his predecessors view by issuing Fatwa particularly disallow terroristm act of suicide bombing.[49] Like the Salafi scholars before him, Abdulaziz al-Sheikh similarly saying suicide bombers does not represent the jurisprudential analogy with al-Bara' martyrdom, thus dismissing claim from proponents of modern-day practice of terrorism using suicide bombing as Jihad.[49]
Institutions & landmarks Edit
In 20th AD modern era, there are several places and institutes which named over al-Bara ibn Malik, such as Al Bara' Bin Malik Mixed Elementary School in Saudi Arabia.[50] While in Qatar, al-Bara' ibn Malik were also used as street name.[51]
See also Edit
References Edit
Footnotes Edit
- ^ eighty-one wounds according to Khalifah ibn Khayyat, Ibn Hajar and al Dhahabi on their recorded narratives.[10]
- ^ According to Baladhuri, 40,000 coin.[12]
- ^ This claim come from al-Bara' testimony which narration are recorded in Al-Baghawi and commented by Al-Tabarani. Nur al-Din al-Haythami also narrating this from al-Bara brother, Anas. This was deemed authentic by Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri.[22]
- ^ Tabari recorded during this battle, other Muslim warriors such as Majza'ah ibn Thawr, Ka'b ibn Sur, and Abu Tamimah also reported marked similar kill counts with al-Bara'.[25]
- ^ Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri recorded from Hammad ibn Salamah, that of enemies the number al-Bara' has killed were 92 instead of 99 about .[31]
Secondary sources Edit
- ^ a b c Sadigh, Kianoush; Negahban, Farzin (2013). "Al-Barāʾ b. Mālik". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.
- ^ a b c ad-Dhahabi, Shams ad Din. "Siyar a'lam Nubala" (in Arabic). AL-Islam. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- ^ "Al-Adab Al-Mufrad » Betting and similar pastimes - كتاب القمار ونحوه » Hadith 1264". Sunnah.com. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
Grade Sahih/Authentic (Nasiruddin Al-Albani)
- ^ "Al-Adab Al-Mufrad » Betting and similar pastimes - كتاب القمار ونحوه » Hadith 1264;". Retrieved 25 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d Abdul Aziz bin Abd al-Salam bin Abi al-Qasim bin Hassan al-Salami al-Shafi'i, Izz al-Din (2006). Jihad Sepanjang Zaman (in Indonesian). Niaga Swadaya. p. 190. ISBN 9793746467. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- ^ ibn al-Athir, Ali; Al-Jazari, Ali Bin Abi Al-Karam Muhammad Bin Muhammad Bin Abdul-Karim Bin Abdul-Wahed Al-Shaibani (1994). "Sa;d ibn Abi Waqqas". Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah (in Arabic). Dar al-Kotob Ilmiya. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ^ a b Ismā'īl ibn 'Umar ibn Kathīr, Abu al-Fiḍā 'Imād Ad-Din; Ibrahim Akram, Agha (2015). Kalid Ibn Al-walid. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-5084-3520-4. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
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- ^ a b c Ibn Muhammad al-Huqail, Ibrahim (2007). "بطولات البراء بن مالك رضي الله عنه" [Butulat al bara' bin malik radhiyallahu anh]. Alukah (Dr.) (in Arabic). Retrieved 11 December 2021.
Al-Isbah; Ibn Hajar recorded the narration from attributed it to Al-Baghawi through Ayoub, on the authority of Ibn Sirin, on the authority of Anas ibn Malik, on the authority of Al-Bara himself
- ^ Ibn Muhammad al-Huqail, Ibrahim (2007). "بطولات البراء بن مالك رضي الله عنه" [Butulat al bara' bin malik radhiyallahu anh]. Alukah (Dr.) (in Arabic). Retrieved 11 December 2021.
Khalifa in his History (109), and Al-Isbah (1/236) and Al-Isti`ab (1/287) Ibn Hajar and Siyar A'lam Nubala Al Dhahabi (1/196)
- ^ Raf'at al-Basya, Abdurrahman; Mahdamy, Abdulkadir (2017). Ayu, Sudjilah (ed.). Sosok Para Sahabat Nabi [Figures of the Companions of Prophet] (Hardcover) (in Indonesian). Qisthi Press. p. 51. ISBN 9789793715506. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
Umar said: "...don't ever assign al-Barra' (ibn Malik) as commander, since his bravery can cause his soldiers to fall until the last man..."
- ^ a b Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. Futuh al Buldan (Conquest of Countries):Oman (in Arabic). al-Eman website. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d Sabiq, Sayyid (2017). Fiqih Sunna 4; quoting Abu Shayban Hadith regarding the spoils of war according to Islam in Mushannad Abi Shayban (in Indonesian). Republika Penerbit. p. 458. ISBN 9786020822624. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
- ^ Sabiq, Sayyid. Fikih Sunnah – Jilid 5 (Ebook) (in Indonesian). Cakrawala Publishing; quoting Abu Shayban and Abu Dawud. p. 84. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
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(9) [14194])) Narrated by Abu Na'im in "Hilyat al-Awliya'" (1/7), and al-Bayhaqi in "Shu'ab al-Iman" (7/331) similarly. From the hadith of Anas, may God be pleased with him. Al-Tirmidhi narrated the beginning of it (3854), and he said: It is authentic and hasan from this route.
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- ^ al Dhahabi, Shams ad-Dīn. "Siyar A'lam Nubala". Retrieved 15 January 2021.
- ^ Yusuf al-Kandahlawi, Muhammad (1999). Awad Ma'ruf, Bashar (ed.). كتاب حياة الصحابة. Beirut, Lebanon: ar-Risala foundation. p. 153. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
- ^ al Jazari, Ali 'Izz al-Din Ibn al-Athir. "Usd al-ghābah fi ma'rifat al-ṣaḥābah: "The Lions of the Forest and the knowledge about the Companions"". al Eman. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
- ^ Muhammad Khalid, Khalid (2006). MAHDI SHARIF, MHAMMAD (ed.). Men Around the Messenger Allah's Blessing and Peace be Upon Him. Dar al Kotob Ilmiyah. p. 317. ISBN 9782745139795. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
- ^ a b at-Tabari, Ibn Jarir (2015). Juynboll, G. H. (ed.). The History of Al-Tabari Vol. 13 The Conquest of Iraq, Southwestern Persia, and Egypt: The Middle Years of 'Umar's Caliphate A.D. 636-642/A.H. 15-21 (Ebook). State University of New York Press. p. 134. ISBN 9781438408125. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
- ^ a b c Mujib, Fathul (2008). Mustajab, Athirah (ed.). Al-Barra' bin Malik Al-Anshari, Sang Ujung Tombak Pasukan [al-Barra' ibn Malik al-Ansari, spearhead of the army; referencing from Kisah Kepahlawanan Para Shahabat Radhiyallahu 'Anhum. Fathul Mujib. Jumadil Akhir 1429 H/Juli 2008 M. Penerbit Hikmah Anak Sholih (HAS)] (in Indonesian). YPIA Da'wah center Yogyakarta. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
- ^ al-Asqalani, Ibn Hajar (2006). "Al-Bara ibn Malik" (in Arabic). Islamstory. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
Ibn Hajar reported from the authority of Ishaq ibn Abdullah ibn Abi Talhah
- ^ Ibn Anas, Malik. موسوعة شروح الموطأ - 24 ، 25 - الفهارس العامة. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
Muwatta Imam Malik recording from the authority of Ibn Sirin
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- ^ al-Nishapuri, Al-Hakim. "al Mustadrak 'Ala Sahihayn". Islamweb. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
- ^ Raf'at al-Basya, Abdurrahman; Mahdamy, Abdulkadir (2017). Ayu, Sudjilah (ed.). Sosok Para Sahabat Nabi [Figures of the Companions of Prophet] (Hardcover) (in Indonesian). Qisthi Press. p. 47. ISBN 9789793715506. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
Umar said: "...don't ever assign al-Barra' (ibn Malik) as commander, since his bravery can cause his soldiers to fall until the last man..."
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Grade: Hasan/sounds chain (Darussalam Publisher)
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Hz. Bara always begged and prayed to Allah: "O Lord! Do not allow me to die in my bed. I hope that Allah will not make me die in my bed. " ; [1]Tabaqat, 7: 16. [2]Usdul-Ghaba, 1: 172. [3]Tirmidhi, Manaqib: 54.
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[Disalin dari majalah As-Sunnah Edisi Khusus/Tahun VIII/1425H/2004M. Diterbitkan Yayasan Lajnah Istiqomah Surakarta, Jl. Solo – Purwodadi Km.8 Selokaton Gondangrejo Solo 57183 Telp. 0271-858197 Fax 0271-858196.Kontak Pemasaran 085290093792, 08121533647, 081575792961, Redaksi 08122589079]
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Riyaadh us-Saaliheen (1/164-166),
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- ^ a b Mas'ud Hilali, Sa'd ad Din (2011). الجديد في الفقه السياسي المعاصر [al Jadid fi al fiqh al siyasii al ma'ashir]. Wahbaa Library For Publis. p. 113. ISBN 9796500078342. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- ^ "Coca-Cola Finalizes the First Phase of "Schools e-com"". albawaba news. albawaba. 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
- ^ "Temporary closure on Ibn Dirham Street". Ashgal Public Works Authority. Ashgal. 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
Online biography Edit
"al-Bara' bin Malik ( البراء بن مالك بن النضر ( رضي الله عنه". muslimscholars.info (in English and Arabic). Retrieved 27 December 2021.