African Americans in Alabama
African Americans in Alabama or Black Alabamians are residents of the state of Alabama who are of African American ancestry. They have a history in Alabama from the era of slavery through the Civil War, emancipation, the Reconstruction era, resurgence of white supremacy with the Ku Klux Klan and Jim Crow Laws, the Civil Right movement, into recent decades. According to the 2020 Census, approximately 25.8% of Alabama's population is African American.[4]
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 1,348,681[1] (2017) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Bullock County, Dallas County, Greene County, Hale County, Lowndes County, Macon County, Marengo County, Montgomery County, Perry County, Sumter County, and Wilcox County.[2] | |
| Languages | |
| Southern American English, African American English, African American Vernacular English | |
| Religion | |
| Historically Black Protestant[3] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Black Southerners, Alabama Creole people, White Americans in Alabama |
History edit
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African slaves were brought to Alabama during the slave trade.[5]
Business and finance edit
In 1890, The Penny Savings Bank, the first black-owned and black-operated financial institution in Alabama, was founded by William R. Pettiford.[6] In 1997, the 19,077 businesses owned by black people in Alabama generated around $1 billion in revenue and employed 13,232 people. Businesses owned by black people made up 6.7% of all non-farm businesses in Alabama placing Alabama ninth in the United States for the percentage of black businesses.[7]
In 2010, 15% of white Alabamians, which was 487,100, were in poverty while 37% of black Alabamians were in poverty, which was 457,900.[8] In 2013, the median household income in Alabama was $42,849, the average white household income was $49,465 while the black household income was $29,210. The national median household income was $52,250, the average white household income was $55,867 while the black household income was $34,815.[9]
Entertainment edit
In 1914, the Lyric Theatre was created in Birmingham, Alabama, and was one of the first places in the American South where black and white people saw the same shows although black people were in an isolated section.[6]
During the time of Negro league baseball the Birmingham Black Barons was organized in 1920.[10]
Population edit
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1800 | 517 | — | |
| 1810 | 2,624 | 407.5% | |
| 1820 | 42,450 | 1,517.8% | |
| 1830 | 119,121 | 180.6% | |
| 1840 | 255,571 | 114.5% | |
| 1850 | 345,109 | 35.0% | |
| 1860 | 437,770 | 26.8% | |
| 1870 | 475,510 | 8.6% | |
| 1880 | 600,103 | 26.2% | |
| 1890 | 678,489 | 13.1% | |
| 1900 | 827,307 | 21.9% | |
| 1910 | 908,282 | 9.8% | |
| 1920 | 900,652 | −0.8% | |
| 1930 | 944,834 | 4.9% | |
| 1940 | 983,290 | 4.1% | |
| 1950 | 979,617 | −0.4% | |
| 1960 | 980,271 | 0.1% | |
| 1970 | 903,467 | −7.8% | |
| 1980 | 996,000 | 10.2% | |
| 1990 | 1,020,677 | 2.5% | |
| 2000 | 1,138,726 | 11.6% | |
| 2010 | 1,251,311 | 9.9% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[11] | |||
Black slaves arrived in present day Alabama during the late 18th and early 19th century in the Mississippi Territory. At the time of the 1800 Census there were 517 black people in the Alabama portion of the Mississippi Territory, with 494 slaves and 23 free blacks. By the time of the 1810 Census the population of black people had risen to 2,624, with 2,565 slaves and 59 free blacks.[11]
In 1817, the Alabama Territory was formed from the Mississippi Territory and was later admitted as a state in 1819.[12] The 1820 Census showed that the population of black people had increased by 1,517.8% to 42,450, with 41,879 slaves and 571 free blacks.[11]
In 1808, the importation of slaves was banned, but the external importation of slaves would continue with the last slave ship, Clotilda, bringing slaves into Alabama in 1860.[13] The last three survivors of the Atlantic slave trade, Cudjoe Lewis, Redoshi, and Matilda McCrear, were all brought to Alabama.[14][15]
Politics edit
Appointed and elected officials edit
In 1870, Benjamin S. Turner, who was born a slave on March 17, 1825, in Weldon, North Carolina, was elected as Alabama's first black member of the United States House of Representatives. Turner would serve until 1873, as he lost reelection in 1872 due to the black vote being split between himself and independent candidate Philip Joseph allowing Democratic nominee Frederick George Bromberg to win.[16]
In 1870, Jeremiah Haralson, who was born a slave on April 1, 1846, in Columbus, Georgia, was elected as the first black member of the Alabama House of Representatives.[17][18] In 1868, Benjamin F. Royal was elected as the first black member of the Alabama Senate.[19] In 1970, Fred Gray and Thomas Reed became the first black people elected to the Alabama House of Representatives since the end of Reconstruction.[20] In 1992, Sundra Escott-Russell was elected as the first black female member of the Alabama Senate.[19]
In 1947, Oscar Adams established the first black law firm in Birmingham, Alabama, and was later appointed as the first black justice on the Supreme Court of Alabama. U. W. Clemon, who had aided in the Civil rights movement through lawsuit against discriminatory work practices, was appointed as the first black federal judge in Alabama in 1980.[21]
Adams was appointed to the court by Governor Fob James in 1980, and won election in 1982, making him the first black person to win a statewide office in Alabama.[22]
Andrew Hayden, who was elected as the mayor of Uniontown, Alabama, was the first black person to defeat an incumbent white mayor in Alabama.[23] Richard Arrington Jr., who had served on the Birmingham, Alabama city council from 1971 to 1979, was elected as the city's first black mayor in 1979, and took office in 1980.[21] Steven Reed served as the first black probate judge in Montgomery County, Alabama, and was elected as Montgomery, Alabama's first black mayor in 2019.[24]
Slavery edit
On December 2, 1865, the Alabama Legislature ratified the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery.[25]
Voter registration edit
In 1901, a new state constitution was created for Alabama. When the convention opened John M. Knox, the chairman of the constitutional convention, stated that "[W]hat is it we want to do? Why it is within the limits imposed by the Federal Constitution, to establish white supremacy in this State,". Henry Fontaine Reese, a delegate from Selma, Alabama, stated that "When you pay $1.50 for a poll tax, in Dallas County, I believe you disenfranchise 10 Negroes. Give us this $1.50 for educational purposes and for the disenfranchisement of a vicious and useless class." A poll tax, a literacy test, property requirements, and disqualification for certain criminal convictions were added to the constitution. Following the passage of the constitution black voter registration fell from more than 180,000 in 1900, to less than 3,000 in 1903.[26]
Following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 the percentage of black registered voters rose from 13.7% in 1960, to 61.3% by 1969. The highest percentage of voter registration between 1960 and 2004 reached its highest amount with 74.3% in 1998.[27]
Following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 the United States Department of Justice blocked over one hundred voting policy changes in Alabama from 1969 to 2008, and had over eight hundred changed or withdrawn.[26]
On July 25, 2019, Alabama Secretary of State John Merrill announced that 94% of all eligible Alabamians and 96% all of eligible black people in Alabama were registered to vote.[28] However, according to the United States Census Bureau only 69% of all eligible Alabamians and 67.4% of all black people in Alabama were registered to vote.[26]
Education edit
The Lincoln Normal School was one of the oldest HBCUs (historically black colleges and universities) in the United States, it was opened two years after the American Civil War in 1867[29] and closed in 1970.
The Burrell Academy was a primary school located in Selma, Alabama, established in 1869.[30] It was the first Black school in the city of Selma, and it burned down in a suspicious fire in 1900.[30] In 1903, the Burrell Academy was rebuilt by the American Missionary Association (A.M.A), which had decided to move the building to Florence, Alabama and rename it the Burrell Normal School.[31]
The Calhoun Colored School, active from 1892 to 1945, was a private boarding and day school for Black students in Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama.[32]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Alabama". blackdemographics.com.
- ^ "Black Population Up in Alabama, People Reported as Both Black, White More than Doubles, Census Indicates".
- ^ "Religious Landscape Study".
- ^ ALABAMA: 2020 Census (Selection: Race by ethnicity, Black or African American alone)
- ^ "Slavery".
- ^ a b "A Timeline of Birmingham's Black History". Birmingham Times. February 6, 2020. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ^ "African American-Owned Business in Alabama Generate $1 Billion in Revenues". The Culverhouse College of Business. August 7, 2019. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
- ^ "Poverty in Alabama". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ^ "In Alabama, major income gaps between races, genders". Montgomery Advertiser. September 25, 2014. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ^ "The Birmingham Black Barons". Negro Southern League Museum. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Alabama's population: 1800 to the modern era". AL.com. December 28, 2019. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ^ "What was Alabama like in 1817, when it became a territory?". AL.com. May 18, 2019. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ^ "The 'Clotilda,' the Last Known Slave Ship to Arrive in the U.S., Is Found". Smithsonian. May 22, 2019. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ^ "Alabama woman now thought be last African slave to live in US". AL.com. April 3, 2019. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ^ "'Remarkable' woman discovered as last known survivor of transatlantic slave trade". CNN. March 26, 2020. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ^ "Representative Benjamin Turner of Alabama". United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ^ "HARALSON, Jeremiah". United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ^ "Alabama man only Congressman ever killed by wild animals". AL.com. March 29, 2019. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ^ a b "Alabama Senate". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ^ "On this day in Alabama history: First black legislators elected since Reconstruction". Alabama NewsCenter. November 3, 2018. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ^ a b "African American Experience in Birmingham". Birmingham Public Library. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020.
- ^ "Blacks fare well at Alabama polls, except in statewide races". Birmingham Post-Herald. February 10, 1988. p. B1. from the original on August 19, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Andrew Hayden". The Selma Times-Journal. September 15, 1972. p. 1. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Montgomery, Ala., elects its first African American mayor after 200 years". The Washington Post. October 9, 2019. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ^ "Reconstruction Constitutions". Encyclopedia of Alabama. April 7, 2020. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Alive and Well: Voter Suppression and Election Mismanagement in Alabama". Southern Poverty Law Center. February 10, 2020. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ^ Wayne, Stephen (2008). Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process Fifth Edition. Rowman & Littlefield.
- ^ "Alabama's 3.5 Million Registered Voters Continues to Shatter State Records". Secretary of State of Alabama. July 25, 2019. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ^ "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Phillips Memorial Auditorium". National Park Service. Retrieved September 28, 2023. With accompanying pictures
- ^ a b (PDF). National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. pp. 202–212. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2023.
- ^ Hartshorn, W. N.; Penniman, George W., eds. (1910). An Era of Progress and Promise: 1863–1910. Boston, MA: Priscilla Pub. Co. p. 151. OCLC 5343815.
- ^ Ellis, R.H. (1984). "The Calhoun School, Miss Charlotte Thorn's "Lighthouse on the Hill" in Lowndes County, Alabama". The Alabama Review.
External links edit
- African Presence in Alabama
- The Life of the Negro Slave in Alabama