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The Academy of Gondishapur (Persian: فرهنگستان گندیشاپور, Farhangestân-e Gondišâpur), also known as the Gondishapur University (دانشگاه گندیشاپور Dânešgâh-e Gondišapur), was one of the three Sasanian centers of education (Ctesiphon, Ras al-Ayn, Gundeshapur)[1] and academy of learning in the city of Gundeshapur, Iran during late antiquity, the intellectual center of the Sasanian Empire. It offered education and training in medicine, philosophy, theology and science. The faculty were versed in Persian traditions. According to The Cambridge History of Iran, it was the most important medical center of the ancient world during the 6th and 7th centuries.[2]
Remains of the University in the ancient city of Gundeshapur
However, it was under the rule of the Sassanid emperor Khosrau I (a.d. 531-579), known to the Greeks and Romans as Chosroes, that Gondeshapur became known for medicine and learning. Khosrau I gave refuge to various Greek philosophers and Syriac-speaking Nestorian Christians fleeing religious persecution by the Byzantine empire. The Sassanids had long battled the Romans and Byzantines for control of present-day Iraq and Syria and were naturally disposed to welcome the refugees.
Emperor Khosrau I commissioned the refugees to translate Greek and Syriac texts into Pahlavi. They translated various works on medicine, astronomy, philosophy, and useful crafts.
Although almost all the physicians of the medical academy were Persians, yet they wrote their treatises in Syriac, because medicine had a literary tradition in Syriac.[6]
Significance of Gondeshapur
[T]o a very large extent, the credit for the whole hospital system must be given to Persia.[7]
In addition to systemizing medical treatment and knowledge, the scholars of the academy also transformed medical education; rather than apprenticing with just one physician, medical students were required to work in the hospital under the supervision of the whole medical faculty. There is even evidence that graduates had to pass exams in order to practice as accredited Gondeshapur physicians (as recorded in an Arabic text, the Tārīkh al-ḥukamā). Gondeshapur also had a pivotal role in the history of mathematics.[8]
Gondeshapur under Muslim rule
In 832 AD, Caliphal-Ma'mūn bolstered the famous House of Wisdom. There the methods of Gondeshapur were emulated; indeed, the House of Wisdom was staffed with graduates of the older Academy of Gondeshapur. It is believed that the House of Wisdom was disbanded under Al-Mutawakkil, al-Ma'mūn's successor.
However, by that time the intellectual center of the Abbasid Caliphate had definitively shifted to Baghdad, as henceforth there are few references in contemporary literature to universities or hospitals at Gondeshapur. The significance of the center gradually declined. Al-Muqaddasi's Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions (c. 1000 AD) described Gondeshapur as falling into ruins.[9]
The last known head of Gundeshapur's hospital died in 869.[10]
Soon after the founding of the modern school of Jondishapur, Tal'at Basari was appointed vice chancellor of the university, the first woman to reach such a post in any university in Iran.
Under the Pahlavi dynasty, the heritage of Gondeshapur was memorialized by the founding of the Jondishapur University and its twin institution Jondishapur University of Medical Sciences, near the city of Ahvaz in 1955.
The latter-day Jondishapur University of Medical Sciences was founded and named after its Sassanid predecessor, by its founder and first Chancellor, Dr. Mohammad Kar, Father of Cyrus Kar, in Ahvaz in 1959.
The first woman to be appointed as vice-chancellor in a university in Iran, Dr. Tal'at Basari, was appointed at this university in the mid-1960s, and starting 1968, plans for the modern campus were designed by famed architect Kamran Diba.[11]
Ancient Gondeshapur is also slated for an archaeological investigation. Experts from the Archaeological Research Center of Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago plan to start excavations in early 2006.
^"SYRIAC LANGUAGE i. IRANIAN LOANWORDS IN SYRIAC – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org.
^Elgood, Cyril. A medical history of Persia, Cambridge University Press, 1951, p. 173
^Joseph, George Gheverghese (1991). The crest of the peacock : non-European roots of mathematics. London: I. B. Tauris.
^Le Strange, Guy (1905). The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. p. 238. OCLC 1044046.
Hill, Donald. Islamic Science and Engineering. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. ISBN0-7486-0455-3
External links
Medicine in ancient Iran
January 30, 2023
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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Persian October 2013 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Persian article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 294 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Persian Wikipedia article at fa دانشگاه گندی شاپور see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated fa دانشگاه گندی شاپور to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French October 2013 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the French article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 5 284 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Academie de Gondichapour see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated fr Academie de Gondichapour to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Coordinates 32 17 N 48 31 E 32 283 N 48 517 E 32 283 48 517 The Academy of Gondishapur Persian فرهنگستان گندی شاپور Farhangestan e Gondisapur also known as the Gondishapur University دانشگاه گندی شاپور Danesgah e Gondisapur was one of the three Sasanian centers of education Ctesiphon Ras al Ayn Gundeshapur 1 and academy of learning in the city of Gundeshapur Iran during late antiquity the intellectual center of the Sasanian Empire It offered education and training in medicine philosophy theology and science The faculty were versed in Persian traditions According to The Cambridge History of Iran it was the most important medical center of the ancient world during the 6th and 7th centuries 2 Remains of the University in the ancient city of Gundeshapur Under the Pahlavi dynasty the heritage of Gondeshapur was memorialized by the founding of the Jondishapur University and its twin institution Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences near the city of Ahvaz in 1955 After Iranian revolution in 1979 the university was renamed to Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz but the twin institution kept its name Jundishapur Contents 1 History 2 Significance of Gondeshapur 3 Gondeshapur under Muslim rule 4 Famous physicians of Gondeshapur 5 Modern Gondeshapur 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksHistory EditIn a d 489 the East Syriac Christian theological and scientific center in Edessa was ordered closed by the Byzantine emperor Zeno and was transferred and absorbed into the School of Nisibis in Asia Minor 3 also known as Nisibin then under Persian rule Here Nestorian scholars together with Hellenistic philosophers banished from Athens by Justinian in 529 carried out important research in medicine astronomy and mathematics 4 However it was under the rule of the Sassanid emperor Khosrau I a d 531 579 known to the Greeks and Romans as Chosroes that Gondeshapur became known for medicine and learning Khosrau I gave refuge to various Greek philosophers and Syriac speaking Nestorian Christians fleeing religious persecution by the Byzantine empire The Sassanids had long battled the Romans and Byzantines for control of present day Iraq and Syria and were naturally disposed to welcome the refugees Emperor Khosrau I commissioned the refugees to translate Greek and Syriac texts into Pahlavi They translated various works on medicine astronomy philosophy and useful crafts A Church of the East monastery was established in the city of Gondishapur sometime before 376 7 By the 6th century the city became famed for its theological school where Rabban Hormizd once studied According to a letter from the Catholicos of the East Timothy I the Metropolitanate of Beth Huzaye took charge of both the theological and medical institutions 5 Although almost all the physicians of the medical academy were Persians yet they wrote their treatises in Syriac because medicine had a literary tradition in Syriac 6 Significance of Gondeshapur Edit T o a very large extent the credit for the whole hospital system must be given to Persia 7 Cyril Elgood A Medical History of Persia In addition to systemizing medical treatment and knowledge the scholars of the academy also transformed medical education rather than apprenticing with just one physician medical students were required to work in the hospital under the supervision of the whole medical faculty There is even evidence that graduates had to pass exams in order to practice as accredited Gondeshapur physicians as recorded in an Arabic text the Tarikh al ḥukama Gondeshapur also had a pivotal role in the history of mathematics 8 Gondeshapur under Muslim rule EditIn 832 AD Caliph al Ma mun bolstered the famous House of Wisdom There the methods of Gondeshapur were emulated indeed the House of Wisdom was staffed with graduates of the older Academy of Gondeshapur It is believed that the House of Wisdom was disbanded under Al Mutawakkil al Ma mun s successor However by that time the intellectual center of the Abbasid Caliphate had definitively shifted to Baghdad as henceforth there are few references in contemporary literature to universities or hospitals at Gondeshapur The significance of the center gradually declined Al Muqaddasi s Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions c 1000 AD described Gondeshapur as falling into ruins 9 The last known head of Gundeshapur s hospital died in 869 10 Famous physicians of Gondeshapur EditBorzuya Bukhtishu Masawaiyh Sarakhsi Sabur ibn Sahl Nafi ibn al HarithModern Gondeshapur Edit Soon after the founding of the modern school of Jondishapur Tal at Basari was appointed vice chancellor of the university the first woman to reach such a post in any university in Iran Under the Pahlavi dynasty the heritage of Gondeshapur was memorialized by the founding of the Jondishapur University and its twin institution Jondishapur University of Medical Sciences near the city of Ahvaz in 1955 The latter day Jondishapur University of Medical Sciences was founded and named after its Sassanid predecessor by its founder and first Chancellor Dr Mohammad Kar Father of Cyrus Kar in Ahvaz in 1959 Jondishapur University was renamed to Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 1981 in honor of Mostafa Chamran It has been renamed again as Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences recently The first woman to be appointed as vice chancellor in a university in Iran Dr Tal at Basari was appointed at this university in the mid 1960s and starting 1968 plans for the modern campus were designed by famed architect Kamran Diba 11 Ancient Gondeshapur is also slated for an archaeological investigation Experts from the Archaeological Research Center of Iran s Cultural Heritage Organization and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago plan to start excavations in early 2006 See also Edit Christianity portalNezamiyehNotes Edit Spangler decline of the west pp200 Vol 4 p396 ISBN 0 521 20093 8 University of Tehran Overview Historical Events Archived from the original on February 3 2011 Hill Donald Islamic Science and Engineering 1993 Edinburgh Univ Press ISBN 0 7486 0455 3 p 4 Baum amp Winkler 2010 p 64 SYRIAC LANGUAGE i IRANIAN LOANWORDS IN SYRIAC Encyclopaedia Iranica www iranicaonline org Elgood Cyril A medical history of Persia Cambridge University Press 1951 p 173 Joseph George Gheverghese 1991 The crest of the peacock non European roots of mathematics London I B Tauris Le Strange Guy 1905 The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate Mesopotamia Persia and Central Asia from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur New York Barnes amp Noble Inc p 238 OCLC 1044046 Alireza Shapour Shahbazi Lutz Richter Bernburg GONDESAPUR Encyclopaedia Iranica artnet AG Products Investor Relations www artnet com References EditThe Cambridge History of Iran Vol 4 ISBN 0 521 20093 8 Baum Wilhelm Winkler Dietmar W 2010 The Church of the East A Concise History London New York Routledge Curzon Dols Michael W The origins of the Islamic hospital myth and reality Bulletin of the History of Medicine 61 3 1987 pp 367 90 Frye Richard Nelson The Golden Age of Persia Weidenfeld amp Nicolson 1993 Hau Friedrun R Gondeschapur eine Medizinschule aus dem 6 Jahrhundert n Chr Gesnerus XXXVI 1979 98 115 Piyrnia Mansoureh Salar Zanana Iran 1995 Maryland Mehran Iran Publishing Hill Donald Islamic Science and Engineering 1993 Edinburgh Univ Press ISBN 0 7486 0455 3External links EditMedicine in ancient Iran Jondishapur according to Ahvaz University Gundishapur according to jazirehdanesh In Persian imam khomeini hospital Gundishapur medical center Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Academy of Gondishapur amp oldid 1121242812, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
