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Wikipedia

Academic studies about Wikipedia

January 13, 2023

For a listing about this subject, see Wikipedia:Academic studies of Wikipedia.

Wikipedia has been studied extensively. Between 2001 and 2010, researchers published at least 1,746 peer-reviewed articles about the online encyclopedia.[1] Such studies are greatly facilitated by the fact that Wikipedia's database can be downloaded without help from the site owner.[2]

Research topics have included the reliability of the encyclopedia and various forms of systemic bias; social aspects of the Wikipedia community (including administration, policy, and demographics); the encyclopedia as a dataset for machine learning; and whether Wikipedia trends might predict or influence human behaviour.

Notable findings include factual accuracy similar to other encyclopedias, the presence of cultural and gender bias as well as gaps in coverage of the Global South; that a tiny minority of editors produce the majority of content; various models for understanding online conflict; and limited correlation between Wikipedia trends and various phenomena such as stock market movements or electoral results.

Content

Production

A minority of editors produce the majority of persistent content

Studies from 2005 to 2007 found that a small minority of editors produce most of the edits on Wikipedia, and that the distribution of edits follows a power law with about half of the total edits produced by 1% of the editors. Another 2007 study found that 'elite' editors with many edits produced 30% of the content changes, measured in number of words. These editors were also more likely to add, rather than delete, content.[3]

A 2007 study from the University of Minnesota used reader-based measures that weighted content based on the number of times it was viewed (a persistent word view (PWV)). This study analyzed trillions of word views from September 2002 − October 2006 and concluded that 0.1% of the Wikipedia community (4200 users) produced 44% of the word views during this time. The editors concluded that,[3]

Growth of PWV share increases super-exponentially by edit count rank; in other words, elite editors (those who edit the most times) account for more value than they would given a power-law relationship.

A 2009 study determined that one percent of editors who average more than 1000 edits/month make 55% of edits.[4]

Work distribution and social strata

Further information: Criticism of Wikipedia § Social stratification

A peer-reviewed paper noted the "social stratification in the Wikipedia society" due to the "admins class". The paper suggested that such stratification could be beneficial in some respects but recognized a "clear subsequent shift in power among levels of stratification" due to the "status and power differentials" between administrators and other editors.[5]

Analyzing the entire edit history of English Wikipedia up to July 2006, the same study determined that the influence of administrator edits on contents has steadily diminished since 2003, when administrators performed roughly 50% of total edits, to 2006 when only 10% of the edits were performed by administrators. This happened despite the fact that the average number of edits per administrator had increased more than fivefold during the same period. This phenomenon was labeled the "rise of the crowd" by the authors of the paper. An analysis that used as metric the number of words edited instead of the number of edit actions showed a similar pattern. Because the admin class is somewhat arbitrary with respect to the number of edits, the study also considered a breakdown of users in categories based on the number of edits performed. The results for "elite users", i.e. users with more than 10,000 edits, were somewhat in line with those obtained for administrators, except that "the number of words changed by elite users has kept up with the changes made by novice users, even though the number of edits made by novice users has grown proportionally faster". The study concludes:

Thus though their influence may have waned in recent years, elite users appear to continue to contribute a sizeable portion of the work done in Wikipedia. Furthermore, ... edits made by elite users appear to be substantial in nature. That is, they appear to be doing more than just fixing spelling errors or reformatting citations

Reliability

Main article: Reliability of Wikipedia

An Argumentation conference paper (2010) assessed whether trust in Wikipedia is based on epistemic or pragmatic merits. While readers may not assess the actual knowledge and expertise of the authors of a given article, they may assess the contributors' passion for the project, and communicative design through which that passion is made manifest, and provide a reason for trust.[6]

In details, the author argued that Wikipedia can't be trusted based on individual expertise, collective knowledge, or past experience of reliability. This is because anonymity and pseudonymity prevent knowledge assessment, and "anti-expert culture" makes it unlikely that this will change. Editing Wikipedia may largely be confined to an elite group of editors, without aggregating "wisdom of the crowd" which in some cases lowers the quality of an article anyway. Personal experiences and empirical studies, confirmed by incidents including Seigenthaler biography controversy, point to the conclusion that Wikipedia is not generally reliable. Hence, these epistemic factors don't justify consulting with Wikipedia.

The author then proposed rationale to trust Wikipedia based on pragmatic values, which roughly can be summarized into two factors. First, the size and activity around Wikipedia indicates that editors are deeply committed to provide the world with knowledge. Second, transparent developments of policies, practices, institutions, and technologies in addition to conspicuous massive efforts, address the possible concerns that one might have in trusting Wikipedia. The concerns raised include the definition of provided knowledge, preventing distorted contributions from people not sharing the same commitment, correcting editing damages, and article quality control and improvement.

Health information

Main article: Health information on Wikipedia

Health information on English Wikipedia is popularly accessed as results from search engines and search engine result page, which frequently deliver links to Wikipedia articles.[7] Independent assessments of the quality of health information provided on Wikipedia and of who is accessing the information have been undertaken. The number and demographics of people who seek health information on Wikipedia, the scope of health information on Wikipedia, and the quality of the information on Wikipedia have been studied.[8] There are drawbacks to using Wikipedia as a source of health information.[further explanation needed]

Bias

Research has consistently shown that Wikipedia systematically over-represents a point of view (POV) belonging to a particular demographic described as the "average Wikipedian", who is an educated, technically inclined, English speaking white male, aged 15-49 from a developed Christian country in the northern hemisphere.[9] This POV is over-represented in relation to all existing POVs.[10][11] This systemic bias in editor demographic results in cultural bias, gender bias, and lack of information about the Global South.[12][13]

There are two broad types of bias, which are implicit (when a topic is omitted) and explicit (when a certain POV is supported in an article or by references).[10]

Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Wikipedia articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation, they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a neutral point of view.[12]

Geographical bias

Main article: Geographical bias on Wikipedia

Research conducted in 2009 by the Oxford Internet Institute showed that geotagged articles in all language editions of Wikipedia covered about half a million places on Earth. However, the geographic distribution of articles was highly uneven: most articles are written about North America, Europe, and East Asia, with very little coverage of large parts of the developing world, including most of Africa.[14]

Another 2009 study of 15 language editions determined that each edition was highly 'self-focused', with emphasis on the geographic 'home region' of that edition.[15]

Gender bias

Main article: Gender bias on Wikipedia

The gender bias on Wikipedia has been widely discussed.[4] A 2010 survey found that only 13% of editors and 31% of readers were female.[4] A 2017 paper confirmed that only 15% of the editing community is female.[10]

A 2021 study by Francesca Tripodi found that of the roughly 1.5 million biographical articles on the English Wikipedia in 2021, only 19% were about women.[16][17] The study found that biographies that do exist are considerably more likely to be nominated for deletion than existing articles of men.[16][17]

Addressing bias

Some studies have investigated the work of WikiProject Countering Systemic Bias (WP:CSB), which is a collective effort of some Wikipedia editors to broaden the encyclopedia's POV. A 2010 study of 329 editors participating in WP:CSB found that these editors' work favoured topics belonging to the United States and England, and that "the areas of the globe of main concern to WP:CSB proved to be much less represented by the coalition itself."[9]

A 2021 paper recommended addressing a "sweet spot" within the encyclopedia's bias where existing scholarship includes reliable, peer-reviewed sources that offer a more complete POV than existing Wikipedia articles. The study suggested that incorporation of these sources would offer better representation for excluded or marginalized POVs, and that the possibilities for potential improvement are "massive."[18]

Natural language processing

The textual content and the structured hierarchy of Wikipedia has become an important knowledge source for researchers in natural language processing and artificial intelligence. In 2007 researchers at Technion – Israel Institute of Technology developed a technique called Explicit Semantic Analysis[19] which uses the world knowledge contained in English Wikipedia articles. Conceptual representations of words and texts are created automatically and used to compute the similarity between words and between texts.

Researchers at Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing Lab use the linguistic and world knowledge encoded in Wikipedia and Wiktionary to automatically create linguistic knowledge bases which are similar to expert-built resources like WordNet.[20] Strube and Ponzetto created an algorithm to identify relationships among words by traversing English Wikipedia via its categorization scheme, and concluded that Wikipedia had created "a taxonomy able to compete with WordNet on linguistic processing tasks".[21]

Social aspects

Conflict

A 2011 study reported a new way to measure how disputed a Wikipedia article is, and verified against 6 indo-european language editions including English.[22][clarification needed]

A 2013 article in Physical Review Letters reported a generic social dynamics model in a collaborative environment involving opinions, conflicts, and consensus, with a specific analogue to Wikipedia: "a peaceful article can suddenly become controversial when more people get involved in its editing."[23][clarification needed]

In 2014 published as a book chapter titled "The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis": analysed the volume of editing of articles in various language versions of Wikipedia in order to establish the most controversial topics in different languages and groups of languages. For the English version, the top three most controversial articles were George W. Bush, Anarchism and Muhammad. Topics in other languages causing most controversy were Croatia (German), Ségolène Royal (French), Chile (Spanish) and Homosexuality (Czech).[24]

Demographics

A 2007 study by Hitwise, reproduced in Time magazine,[25] found that visitors to Wikipedia are almost equally split 50/50 male/female, but that 60% of edits are made by male editors. A 2010 survey found that only 13% of editors and 31% of readers were female.[4] 2017 paper confirmed that only 15% of the editing community is female.[10]

A 2012 study covering 32 language editions analysed circadian activity of editors and concluded that the shares of contributions to English Wikipedia, from North America and Europe-Far East-Australia are almost equal, whereas this increases to 75% of European-Far Eastern-Australian contributions for the Simple English Wikipedia. The research also covers some other demographic analysis on the other editions in different languages.[26]

Policies and guidelines

A descriptive study[27] that analyzed English language Wikipedia's policies and guidelines up to September 2007 identified a number of key statistics:

  • 44 official policies
  • 248 guidelines

Even a short policy like "ignore all rules" was found to have generated a lot of discussion and clarifications:

While the "Ignore all rules" policy itself is only sixteen words long, the page explaining what the policy means contains over 500 words, refers readers to seven other documents, has generated over 8,000 words of discussion, and has been changed over 100 times in less than a year.

The study sampled the expansion of some key policies since their inception:

The number for "deletion" was considered inconclusive however because the policy was split in several sub-policies.

Power plays

A 2007 joint peer-reviewed study[28] conducted by researchers from the University of Washington and HP Labs examined how policies are employed and how contributors work towards consensus by quantitatively analyzing a sample of active talk pages. Using a November 2006 English Wikipedia database dump, the study focused on 250 talk pages in the tail of the distribution: 0.3% of all talk pages, but containing 28.4% of all talk page revisions, and more significantly, containing 51.1% of all links to policies. From the sampled pages' histories, the study examined only the months with high activity, called critical sections—sets of consecutive months where both article and talk page revisions were significant in number.

The study defined and calculated a measure of policy prevalence. A critical section was considered policy-laden if its policy factor was at least twice the average. Articles were tagged with 3 indicator variables:

  • controversial
  • featured
  • policy-laden

All possible levels of these three factors yielded 8 sampling categories. The study intended to analyze 9 critical sections from each sampling category, but only 69 critical sections could be selected because only 6 articles (histories) were simultaneously featured, controversial, and policy laden.

The study found that policies were by no means consistently applied. Illustrative of its broader findings, the report presented the following two extracts from Wikipedia talk pages in obvious contrast:

  • a discussion where participants decided that calculating a mean from data provided by a government agency constituted original research:

is the mean ... not considered original research? [U3]
It doesn't look like it to me, it looks like the original research was done by [Gov't agency] or am I missing something? [U4]
If the [Gov't agency] has not published the actual mean, us "calculating" it would be OR, no? I'm not sure. [U3]
No, why would it be? Extrapolating data from info already available is not OR. [U5]
From WP:NOR "articles may not contain any new analysis or synthesis of published arguments, concepts, data, ideas or statements that serves to advance a position." For what' worth [U4]

  • a discussion where logical deduction was used as counterargument for the original research policy:

Your notion is WP:OR. I can easily provide ... a scholarly article that says that anti-authoritarianism is not central to Panism. You are synthesizing all kinds of ideas here, based on your POV. [U6]
Simple deductive reasoning is not original research. Panism is inherently anti-authoritarian; therefore, an authoritarian economic system cannot be Panist. Which do you disagree with: the premise or the conclusion? [U7]

Claiming that such ambiguities easily give rise to power plays, the study identified, using the methods of grounded theory (Strauss), 7 types of power plays:

  • article scope (what is off-topic in an article)
  • prior consensus (past decisions presented as absolute and uncontested)
  • power of interpretation (a sub-community claiming greater interpretive authority than another)
  • legitimacy of contributor (his/her expertise etc.)
  • threat of sanction (blocking etc.)
  • practice on other pages (other pages being considered models to follow)
  • legitimacy of source (the cited reference is disputed)

Due to lack of space, the study detailed only the first 4 types of power plays that were exercised by merely interpreting policy. A fifth power play category was analyzed; it consisted of blatant violations of policy that were forgiven because the contributor was valued for his contributions despite his lack of respect for rules.

Article scope

The study considers that Wikipedia's policies are ambiguous on scoping issues. The following vignette is used to illustrate the claim:

consensus is bullshit because I have the facts on my side. I also have the exhortation of Wikipedia to be bold ... deleting a discussion of the Catholic church's ... view of paleocentrism is not only inaccurate, but violates WP:NPOV ... Deleting/emasculating it would violate several Wikipedia policies: NPOV, be bold ... If you all want an article just on the scientific theory of paleocentrism, write one yourself. [U12]
We DID write an article just on the scientific theory of paleocentrism, before you showed up ... You're obviously new here, [U12] ... arguing based on your reading of NPOV and Be bold is a bit ridiculous, like a kid just out of high school arguing points of constitutional law. These things are principles that have an established meaning. People who have been here for years understand them much better than you do. They won't prove effective weapons for you to wield in this argument ... [U13]
The social impact of "paleocentrism" is not "paleocentrism" ... Wikipedia:wiki is not paper, we don't need to cram every tertiary aspect of the topic into the article proper, and we don't need to consider it incomplete when we don't ... [U14]
 ... the first thing the link Wikipedia:wiki is not paper says is:""Wikipedia "is" an encyclopedia."" A real encyclopedia like Encyclopædia Britannica has a fantastic section on paleocentrism, including all the social, political, and philosophical implications. [U12]
As discussed at Wikipedia:wiki is not paper, Wikipedia articles should give a brief overview of the centrally important aspects of a subject. To a biologist like yourself, the centrally aspect of paleocentrism certainly isn't its social implications, but to the rest of society it is.[U12]
 ... What you're talking about isn't "paleocentrism". Central issues to paleocentrism are periodic equilibrium, geomorphous undulation, airation. These are the issues that actually have to do with the process of paleocentrism itself. These "social aspects" you're talking about are "peripheral", "not central". They are "about" paleocentrism, they "surround" paleocentrism, but they "are not paleocentrism" [U15]

The study gives the following interpretation for the heated debate:

Such struggles over article scope take place even in a hyper-linked environment because the title of an article matters. The "paleocentrism" article is more prestigious and also more likely to be encountered by a reader than an article entitled "the social effect of paleocentrism."

Prior consensus

The study remarks that in Wikipedia consensus is never final, and what constitutes consensus can change at any time. The study finds that this temporal ambiguity is fertile ground for power plays, and places the generational struggle over consensus in larger picture of the struggle for article ownership:

In practice, ... there are often de facto owners of pages or coalitions of contributors that determine article content. Prior consensus within this group can be presented as incontestable, masking the power plays that may have gone into establishing a consensus. ... At issue is the legitimacy of prior consensus. Longtime contributors do not want to waste time having arguments about issues that they consider to be solved. Pointing to prior consensus, just like linking to policies, provides a method for dealing with trollish behavior. On the other hand, newcomers or fringe contributors often feel that their perspectives were not represented in prior arguments and want to raise the issue again.

The study uses the following discussion snippet to illustrate this continuous struggle:

Most all the stuff [U17] describes below has already been hashed out ... It's like that game of whack-a-mole: they try one angle, it gets refuted; they try a second angle, it gets refuted; they try a third angle, it gets refuted; and then they try the first angle again. [U18]
It would be interesting to see how many different users try to contribute to this article and to expand the alternate views only to be bullied away by those who believe in [Cosmic Polarity] religiously ... why don't you consider that perhaps they have a point and that [U19], [U20] and the rest of you drive editors away from this article with your heavy-handed, admin-privileged POV push? [U21]

Power of interpretation

A vignette illustrated how administrators overrode consensus and deleted personal accounts of users/patients with an anonymized illness (named Frupism in the study). The administrator's intervention happened as the article was being nominated to become as a featured article.

Legitimacy of contributor

This type of power play is illustrated by a contributor (U24) that draws on his past contributions to argue against another contributor who is accusing U24 of being unproductive and disruptive:

Oh, you mean "I" hang around to make a point about the lack of quality on Wikipedia? Please take another look at my edit count!! LOL. I have over 7,000 edits ... As you know, I can take credit for almost entirely writing from scratch 2 of the 6 or 7 FAs in philosophy [U24]

Explicit vie for ownership

The study finds that there are contributors who consistently and successfully violate policy without sanction:

U24 makes several blatant "us or them" vies for power: if U25's actions persist, he will leave. ... Such actions clearly violate policies against article ownership, civility toward other contributors, and treatment of newcomers. As a newcomer, U25 may not know of these policies, but U26 certainly does. The willing blindness [of U26] stems from the fact that U24 is a valued contributor to philosophy articles and is not bashful about pointing this out. There is a scarcity of contributors with the commitment to consistently produce high-quality content; the Wikipedian community is willing to tolerate abuse and policy violations if valued work is being done.

With all due respect, that didn't answer the question ... I wanted to know what it was in U25's proposal which was unacceptable. ... His lack of reference etc. is all a fault, sure, but that's why I provided one (Enquiry, section 8). [U26]
 ... this point is already addressed in the article... It may need to be expanded a bit. I can easily do that myself when I have time ... Is there anythin else? Do you also support U25's vie that the article is "poor", that is needs to overhauled from top to bottom, the meanignlsess nonsens that he actually did try to insert above or the other OR that he has stated on this page? Basically, there are two sides on this matter, this article can be taken over by cranks like what's his name, or not? If it does, I go. You can either support me or not. Where do you stand? ... [U24]
I do not by any stretch of the imagination support the view that the article is poor. In fact, I disagree with many of the things U25 has said elsewhere on this page ... I'm genuinely sorry if this upset you. [U26]

Obtaining administratorship

See also: Wikipedia administrators

In 2008, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University devised a probit model of English Wikipedia editors who had successfully passed the peer review process to become admins.[29] Using only Wikipedia metadata, including the text of edit summaries, their model was 74.8% accurate in predicting successful candidates.

The paper observed that despite protestations to the contrary, "in many ways election to admin is a promotion, distinguishing an elite core group from the large mass of editors." Consequently, the paper used policy capture[30]—a method that compares nominally important attributes to those that actually lead to promotion in a work environment.

The overall success rate for promotion decreased from 75% in 2005, to 53% in 2006, and to 42% in 2007. This sudden increase in failure rate was attributed to a higher standard that recently promoted administrators had to meet, and supported by anecdotal evidence from another recent study[31] quoting some early admins who have expressed doubt that they would pass muster if their election (RfA) were held recently. In light of these developments the study argued that:

The process once called "no big deal" by the founder of Wikipedia has become a fairly big deal.

Probabality increase/decrease of successful RfA per unit being regressed
(numbers in parentheses are not statistically significant at p<.05)
Factor 2006–2007 pre–2006
each previous RfA attempt -14.7% -11.1%
each month since first edit 0.4% (0.2%)
every 1000 article edits 1.8% (1.1%)
every 1000 Wikipedia policy edits 19.6% (0.4%)
every 1000 WikiProject edits 17.1% (7.2%)
every 1000 article talk edits 6.3% 15.4%
each Arb/mediation/wikiquette edit -0.1% -0.2%
each diversity score (see text) 2.8% 3.7%
each percentage of "Minor edit" indication in edit summaries 0.2% 0.2%
each percentage of human written edit summaries 0.5% 0.4%
each "thank" in edit summaries 0.3% (0.0%)
each "POV" indication in edit summaries 0.1% (0.0%)
each edit in Admin attention/noticeboard -0.1% (0.2%)

Contrary to expectations perhaps, "running" for administrator multiple times is detrimental to the candidate's chance of success. Each subsequent attempt has a 14.8% lower chance of success than the previous one. Length of participation in the project makes only a small contribution to the chance of a successful RfA.

Another significant finding of the paper is that one Wikipedia policy edit or WikiProject edit is worth ten article edits. A related observation is that candidates with experience in multiple areas of the site stood better chance of election. This was measured by the diversity score, a simple count of the number of areas that the editor has participated in. The paper divided Wikipedia in 16 areas: article, article talk, articles/categories/templates for deletion (XfD), (un)deletion review, etc. (see paper for full list). For instance, a user who has edited articles, her own user page, and posted once at (un)deletion review would have a diversity score of 3. Making a single edit in any additional region of Wikipedia correlated with a 2.8% increased likelihood of success in gaining administratorship.

Making minor edits also helped, although the study authors consider that this may be so because minor edits correlate with experience. In contrast, each edit to an Arbitration or Mediation committee page, or a Wikiquette notice, all of which are venues for dispute resolution, decreases the likelihood of success by 0.1%. Posting messages to administrator noticeboards had a similarly deleterious effect. The study interpreted this as evidence that editors involved in escalating or protracting conflicts lower their chances of becoming administrators.

Saying "thanks" or variations thereof in edit summaries, and pointing out point of view ("POV") issues (also only in edit summaries because the study only analyzed metadata) were of minor benefit, contributing to 0.3% and 0.1% to candidate's chances in 2006–2007, but did not reach statistical significance before.

A few factors that were found to be irrelevant or marginal at best:

  • Editing user pages (including one's own) does not help. Somewhat surprisingly, user talk page edits also do not affect the likelihood of administratorship.
  • Welcoming newcomers or saying "please" in edit summaries had no effect.
  • Participating in consensus-building, such as RfA votes or the village pump, does not increase the likelihood of becoming admin. The study admits however that participation in consensus was measured quantitatively but not qualitatively.
  • Vandal-fighting as measured by the number of edits to the vandalism noticeboard had no effect. Every thousand edits containing variations of "revert" was positively correlated (7%) with adminship for 2006–2007, but did not attain statistical significance unless one is willing to lower the threshold to p<.1). More confusingly, before 2006 the number of reverts was negatively correlated (-6.8%) with adminship success, against without attaining statistical significance even at p<.1. This may be because of the introduction of a policy known as "3RR" in 2006 to reduce reverts.[32]

The study suggests that some of the 25% unexplained variability in outcomes may be due to factors that were not measured, such as quality of edits or participation in off-site coordination, such as the (explicitly cited) secret mailing list reported in The Register.[33] The paper concludes:

Merely performing a lot of production work is insufficient for "promotion" in Wikipedia. Candidates' article edits were weak predictors of success. They also have to demonstrate more managerial behavior. Diverse experience and contributions to the development of policies and WikiProjects were stronger predictors of RfA success. This is consistent with the findings that Wikipedia is a bureaucracy[27] and that coordination work has increased substantially.[34][35] ... Participation in Wikipedia policy and WikiProjects was not predictive of adminship prior to 2006, suggesting the community as a whole is beginning to prioritize policymaking and organization experience over simple article-level coordination.

Subsequent research by another group[36] probed the sensemaking activities of individuals during their contributions to RfA decisions. This work establishes that decisions about RfA candidates is based on a shared interpretation of evidence in the wiki and histories of prior interactions.

Readership

Several studies have shown that Wikipedia is used by doctors, students, journalists and scientists.[37] One study in 2009 found that 70% of junior physicians used Wikipedia weekly to find medical information, and in 26% of their cases.[4]

At least one study found that British people trust Wikipedia more than the BBC.[37]

In education

Studies have found that Wikipedia is the most commonly used open educational resource in higher education, and is 2000 times more cost effective than printed textbooks.[37]

It has been found that using Wikipedia improves writing students' interest in learning, their investment in their work, their learning and personal development, and creates opportunity for local and international collaborations.[38][additional citation(s) needed]

Machine learning

Automated semantic knowledge extraction using machine learning algorithms is used to "extract machine-processable information at a relatively low complexity cost".[39] DBpedia uses structured content extracted from infoboxes of Wikipedia articles in different languages by machine learning algorithms to create a resource of linked data in a Semantic Web.[40]

As predictor or influence on human behavior

In a study published in PLoS ONE[41] Taha Yasseri from Oxford Internet Institute and his colleagues from Central European University have shown that the page view statistics of articles about movies are well correlated with the box office revenue of them. They developed a mathematical model to predict the box office takings by analysing the page view counts as well as number of edits and unique editors of the Wikipedia pages on movies. Although this model was developed against English Wikipedia for movies, the language-independent methods can be generalized to other languages and to other kinds of products beyond movies.[42]

In a work published in Scientific Reports in 2013,[43] Helen Susannah Moat, Tobias Preis and colleagues demonstrated a link between changes in the number of views of English Wikipedia articles relating to financial topics and subsequent large US stock market moves.[44][45]

In an article published in Public Opinion Quarterly,[46] Benjamin K. Smith and Abel Gustafon have shown that the data on Wikipedia pageviews can improve traditional election forecasting methods like polls.

Through 2019-21, a team of American and Irish researchers conducted a randomised field experiment which found that creating a Wikipedia article about a legal precedent increased its likelihood of citation in subsequent court judgments by over 20% - and that the language of the court judgments echoed that of the Wikipedia articles.[47]

See also

References

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  2. ^ S - tuckman, Jeff; Purtilo, James (2009). Measuring the wikisphere. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration. p. 1. doi:10.1145/1641309.1641326. ISBN 978-1-60558-730-1. S2CID 17770818.
  3. ^ a b Priedhorsky, Reid; Chen, Jilin; Lam, Shyong (Tony) K.; Panciera, Katherine; Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (4 November 2007). "Creating, destroying, and restoring value in wikipedia". Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Supporting group work. GROUP '07. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery: 259–268. doi:10.1145/1316624.1316663. ISBN 978-1-59593-845-9.
  4. ^ a b c d e Thompson, Neil; Hanley, Douglas (13 February 2018). "Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial". Rochester, NY. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ Chi, Ed; Kittur, Aniket; Pendleton, Bryan A.; Suh, Bongwon & Mytkowicz, Todd (31 January 2007). "Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie" (PDF). Computer/Human Interaction 2007 Conference. Association for Computing Machinery. S2CID 14770727. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  6. ^ Goodwin, Jean. (2010). The authority of Wikipedia. In Juho Ritola (Ed.), Argument cultures: Proceedings of the Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation Conference. Windsor, ON, Canada: Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation.CD-ROM.24 pp.
  7. ^ Laurent, M. R.; Vickers, T. J. (2009). "Seeking Health Information Online: Does Wikipedia Matter?". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 16 (4): 471–479. doi:10.1197/jamia.M3059. PMC 2705249. PMID 19390105.
  8. ^ Heilman, JM; Kemmann, E; Bonert, M; Chatterjee, A; Ragar, B; Beards, GM; Iberri, DJ; Harvey, M; Thomas, B; Stomp, W; Martone, MF; Lodge, DJ; Vondracek, A; de Wolff, JF; Liber, C; Grover, SC; Vickers, TJ; Meskó, B; Laurent, MR (31 January 2011). "Wikipedia: a key tool for global public health promotion". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 13 (1): e14. doi:10.2196/jmir.1589. PMC 3221335. PMID 21282098.
  9. ^ a b Livingstone, Randall M. (23 November 2010). "Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality". M/C Journal. 13 (6). doi:10.5204/mcj.315. ISSN 1441-2616.
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Further reading

  • Adler, B.T.; de Alfaro, L. (2007). "A content-driven reputation system for the Wikipedia". Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web. New York: ACM. pp. 261–270. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.728.9724. doi:10.1145/1242572.1242608. ISBN 978-1-59593-654-7. S2CID 405135.
  • Amichai-Hamburger, Y.; Lamdan, N.; Madiel, R.; Hayat, T. (2008). "Personality characteristics of Wikipedia members". Cyberpsychology & Behavior. 11 (6): 679–681. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0225. PMID 18954273.
  • Blumenstock, J. E. (2008). "Size matters: word count as a measure of quality on Wikipedia". Proceedings of the 17th international conference on World Wide Web. New York: ACM. pp. 1095–1096. doi:10.1145/1367497.1367673. ISBN 978-1-60558-085-2. S2CID 8896540.
  • Bryant, S. L.; Forte, A.; Bruckman, A. (2005). "Becoming Wikipedian: transformation of participation in a collaborative online encyclopedia". GROUP '05 Proceedings of the 2005 international ACM SIGGROUP conference on Supporting group work. New York: ACM. doi:10.1145/1099203.1099205. ISBN 978-1-59593-223-5. S2CID 221349.
  • Farrell, H.; Schwartzberg, M. (2008). . Ethics & International Affairs. 22 (4): 357–367. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7093.2008.00171.x. S2CID 55601586. Archived from the original on 20 January 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
  • Hu, M.; Lim, E.-P.; Sun, A.; Lauw, H. W.; Vuong, B.-Q. (2007). "Measuring article quality in Wikipedia: models and evaluation". Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management. New York: ACM. doi:10.1145/1321440.1321476. ISBN 978-1-59593-803-9. S2CID 654234.
  • Jensen, Richard (2012). "Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812" (PDF). Journal of Military History. 76 (4): 523–556.
  • Kopf, Susanne. "Debating the European Union transnationally: Wikipedians' construction of the EU on a Wikipedia talk page (2001-2015)". (PhD dissertation Lancaster University, 2018) online 16 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Kuznetsov, S. (2006). "Motivations of contributors to Wikipedia". ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society. 36 (2): 1–es. doi:10.1145/1215942.1215943. S2CID 1115614.
  • Luyt, B.; Aaron, T. C. H.; Thian, L. H.; Hong, C. K. (2008). "Improving Wikipedia's accuracy: Is edit age a solution?". Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 59 (2): 318–330. doi:10.1002/asi.20755.
  • Medelyan, O.; Milne, D.; Legg, C.; Witten, I. H. (2008). "Mining Meaning from Wikipedia". arXiv:0809.4530 [cs.AI].
  • Park, T. K. (2011). . First Monday. 16 (8). doi:10.5210/fm.v16i8.3492. hdl:2022/21757. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  • van Pinxteren, B. (2017). "African Languages in Wikipedia – A Glass Half Full or Half Empty?". Political Economy - Development: Comparative Regional Economies eJournal. 5 (12). SSRN 2939146.
  • Rijshouwer, Emiel (2019). Organizing Democracy. Power concentration and self-organization in the evolution of Wikipedia (dissertation ed.). Rotterdam: Erasmus University Rotterdam. hdl:1765/113937. ISBN 9789402813715. OCLC 1081174169.
  • Shachaf, P. (2009). "The paradox of expertise: Is the Wikipedia reference desk as good as your library?". Journal of Documentation. 65 (6): 977–996. doi:10.1108/00220410910998951.
  • Shachaf, P.; Hara, N. (2010). "Beyond vandalism: Wikipedia trolls" (PDF). Journal of Information Science. 36 (3): 357–370. doi:10.1177/0165551510365390. S2CID 21846015.
  • Stein, K.; Hess, C. (2007). "Does it matter who contributes: a study on featured articles in the German Wikipedia". Proceedings of the eighteenth conference on Hypertext and hypermedia. New York: ACM. doi:10.1145/1286240.1286290. ISBN 978-1-59593-820-6. S2CID 16649948.
  • Suh, B.; Chi, E. H.; Kittur, A.; Pendleton, B. A. (2008). Lifting the veil: improving accountability and social transparency in Wikipedia with wikidashboard. Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. p. 1037. doi:10.1145/1357054.1357214. ISBN 978-1-60558-011-1. S2CID 17070584.
  • Urdaneta, G.; Pierre, G.; van Steen, M. (2009). "Wikipedia Workload Analysis for Decentralized Hosting". Computer Networks. 53 (11): 1830–1845. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.148.6299. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2009.02.019.
  • Vuong, B.-Q.; Lim, E.-P.; Sun, A.; Le, M.-T.; Lauw, H. W.; Chang, K. (2008). "On ranking controversies in Wikipedia: models and evaluation". Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining. New York: ACM. doi:10.1145/1341531.1341556. ISBN 978-1-59593-927-2. S2CID 12504471.
  • Wilson, J. (2014). "Proceed with extreme caution: Citation to Wikipedia in light of contributor demographics and content policies". Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law, 16 (4).
  • Zickuhr, K., & Rainie, L. (2011). "Wikipedia, past and present: A snapshot of current Wikipedia users".[permanent dead link]

External links

  • WikiPapers – a compilation of resources (conference papers, journal articles, theses, books, datasets and tools) focused on the research of wikis and Wikipedia

January 13, 2023
academic, studies, about, wikipedia, listing, about, this, subject, wikipedia, academic, studies, wikipedia, wikipedia, been, studied, extensively, between, 2001, 2010, researchers, published, least, peer, reviewed, articles, about, online, encyclopedia, such,. For a listing about this subject see Wikipedia Academic studies of Wikipedia Wikipedia has been studied extensively Between 2001 and 2010 researchers published at least 1 746 peer reviewed articles about the online encyclopedia 1 Such studies are greatly facilitated by the fact that Wikipedia s database can be downloaded without help from the site owner 2 Research topics have included the reliability of the encyclopedia and various forms of systemic bias social aspects of the Wikipedia community including administration policy and demographics the encyclopedia as a dataset for machine learning and whether Wikipedia trends might predict or influence human behaviour Notable findings include factual accuracy similar to other encyclopedias the presence of cultural and gender bias as well as gaps in coverage of the Global South that a tiny minority of editors produce the majority of content various models for understanding online conflict and limited correlation between Wikipedia trends and various phenomena such as stock market movements or electoral results Contents 1 Content 1 1 Production 1 1 1 A minority of editors produce the majority of persistent content 1 1 2 Work distribution and social strata 1 2 Reliability 1 2 1 Health information 1 3 Bias 1 3 1 Geographical bias 1 3 2 Gender bias 1 3 3 Addressing bias 2 Natural language processing 3 Social aspects 3 1 Conflict 3 2 Demographics 3 3 Policies and guidelines 3 4 Power plays 3 4 1 Article scope 3 4 2 Prior consensus 3 4 3 Power of interpretation 3 4 4 Legitimacy of contributor 3 4 5 Explicit vie for ownership 3 5 Obtaining administratorship 4 Readership 4 1 In education 5 Machine learning 6 As predictor or influence on human behavior 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksContent EditProduction Edit A minority of editors produce the majority of persistent content Edit Studies from 2005 to 2007 found that a small minority of editors produce most of the edits on Wikipedia and that the distribution of edits follows a power law with about half of the total edits produced by 1 of the editors Another 2007 study found that elite editors with many edits produced 30 of the content changes measured in number of words These editors were also more likely to add rather than delete content 3 A 2007 study from the University of Minnesota used reader based measures that weighted content based on the number of times it was viewed a persistent word view PWV This study analyzed trillions of word views from September 2002 October 2006 and concluded that 0 1 of the Wikipedia community 4200 users produced 44 of the word views during this time The editors concluded that 3 Growth of PWV share increases super exponentially by edit count rank in other words elite editors those who edit the most times account for more value than they would given a power law relationship A 2009 study determined that one percent of editors who average more than 1000 edits month make 55 of edits 4 Work distribution and social strata Edit Further information Criticism of Wikipedia Social stratification A peer reviewed paper noted the social stratification in the Wikipedia society due to the admins class The paper suggested that such stratification could be beneficial in some respects but recognized a clear subsequent shift in power among levels of stratification due to the status and power differentials between administrators and other editors 5 Analyzing the entire edit history of English Wikipedia up to July 2006 the same study determined that the influence of administrator edits on contents has steadily diminished since 2003 when administrators performed roughly 50 of total edits to 2006 when only 10 of the edits were performed by administrators This happened despite the fact that the average number of edits per administrator had increased more than fivefold during the same period This phenomenon was labeled the rise of the crowd by the authors of the paper An analysis that used as metric the number of words edited instead of the number of edit actions showed a similar pattern Because the admin class is somewhat arbitrary with respect to the number of edits the study also considered a breakdown of users in categories based on the number of edits performed The results for elite users i e users with more than 10 000 edits were somewhat in line with those obtained for administrators except that the number of words changed by elite users has kept up with the changes made by novice users even though the number of edits made by novice users has grown proportionally faster The study concludes Thus though their influence may have waned in recent years elite users appear to continue to contribute a sizeable portion of the work done in Wikipedia Furthermore edits made by elite users appear to be substantial in nature That is they appear to be doing more than just fixing spelling errors or reformatting citations Reliability Edit Main article Reliability of Wikipedia An Argumentation conference paper 2010 assessed whether trust in Wikipedia is based on epistemic or pragmatic merits While readers may not assess the actual knowledge and expertise of the authors of a given article they may assess the contributors passion for the project and communicative design through which that passion is made manifest and provide a reason for trust 6 In details the author argued that Wikipedia can t be trusted based on individual expertise collective knowledge or past experience of reliability This is because anonymity and pseudonymity prevent knowledge assessment and anti expert culture makes it unlikely that this will change Editing Wikipedia may largely be confined to an elite group of editors without aggregating wisdom of the crowd which in some cases lowers the quality of an article anyway Personal experiences and empirical studies confirmed by incidents including Seigenthaler biography controversy point to the conclusion that Wikipedia is not generally reliable Hence these epistemic factors don t justify consulting with Wikipedia The author then proposed rationale to trust Wikipedia based on pragmatic values which roughly can be summarized into two factors First the size and activity around Wikipedia indicates that editors are deeply committed to provide the world with knowledge Second transparent developments of policies practices institutions and technologies in addition to conspicuous massive efforts address the possible concerns that one might have in trusting Wikipedia The concerns raised include the definition of provided knowledge preventing distorted contributions from people not sharing the same commitment correcting editing damages and article quality control and improvement Health information Edit Main article Health information on Wikipedia Health information on English Wikipedia is popularly accessed as results from search engines and search engine result page which frequently deliver links to Wikipedia articles 7 Independent assessments of the quality of health information provided on Wikipedia and of who is accessing the information have been undertaken The number and demographics of people who seek health information on Wikipedia the scope of health information on Wikipedia and the quality of the information on Wikipedia have been studied 8 There are drawbacks to using Wikipedia as a source of health information further explanation needed Bias Edit Research has consistently shown that Wikipedia systematically over represents a point of view POV belonging to a particular demographic described as the average Wikipedian who is an educated technically inclined English speaking white male aged 15 49 from a developed Christian country in the northern hemisphere 9 This POV is over represented in relation to all existing POVs 10 11 This systemic bias in editor demographic results in cultural bias gender bias and lack of information about the Global South 12 13 There are two broad types of bias which are implicit when a topic is omitted and explicit when a certain POV is supported in an article or by references 10 Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Wikipedia articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a neutral point of view 12 Geographical bias Edit Main article Geographical bias on Wikipedia Research conducted in 2009 by the Oxford Internet Institute showed that geotagged articles in all language editions of Wikipedia covered about half a million places on Earth However the geographic distribution of articles was highly uneven most articles are written about North America Europe and East Asia with very little coverage of large parts of the developing world including most of Africa 14 Another 2009 study of 15 language editions determined that each edition was highly self focused with emphasis on the geographic home region of that edition 15 Gender bias Edit Main article Gender bias on Wikipedia The gender bias on Wikipedia has been widely discussed 4 A 2010 survey found that only 13 of editors and 31 of readers were female 4 A 2017 paper confirmed that only 15 of the editing community is female 10 A 2021 study by Francesca Tripodi found that of the roughly 1 5 million biographical articles on the English Wikipedia in 2021 only 19 were about women 16 17 The study found that biographies that do exist are considerably more likely to be nominated for deletion than existing articles of men 16 17 Addressing bias Edit Some studies have investigated the work of WikiProject Countering Systemic Bias WP CSB which is a collective effort of some Wikipedia editors to broaden the encyclopedia s POV A 2010 study of 329 editors participating in WP CSB found that these editors work favoured topics belonging to the United States and England and that the areas of the globe of main concern to WP CSB proved to be much less represented by the coalition itself 9 A 2021 paper recommended addressing a sweet spot within the encyclopedia s bias where existing scholarship includes reliable peer reviewed sources that offer a more complete POV than existing Wikipedia articles The study suggested that incorporation of these sources would offer better representation for excluded or marginalized POVs and that the possibilities for potential improvement are massive 18 Natural language processing EditThe textual content and the structured hierarchy of Wikipedia has become an important knowledge source for researchers in natural language processing and artificial intelligence In 2007 researchers at Technion Israel Institute of Technology developed a technique called Explicit Semantic Analysis 19 which uses the world knowledge contained in English Wikipedia articles Conceptual representations of words and texts are created automatically and used to compute the similarity between words and between texts Researchers at Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing Lab use the linguistic and world knowledge encoded in Wikipedia and Wiktionary to automatically create linguistic knowledge bases which are similar to expert built resources like WordNet 20 Strube and Ponzetto created an algorithm to identify relationships among words by traversing English Wikipedia via its categorization scheme and concluded that Wikipedia had created a taxonomy able to compete with WordNet on linguistic processing tasks 21 Social aspects EditConflict Edit A 2011 study reported a new way to measure how disputed a Wikipedia article is and verified against 6 indo european language editions including English 22 clarification needed A 2013 article in Physical Review Letters reported a generic social dynamics model in a collaborative environment involving opinions conflicts and consensus with a specific analogue to Wikipedia a peaceful article can suddenly become controversial when more people get involved in its editing 23 clarification needed In 2014 published as a book chapter titled The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis analysed the volume of editing of articles in various language versions of Wikipedia in order to establish the most controversial topics in different languages and groups of languages For the English version the top three most controversial articles were George W Bush Anarchism and Muhammad Topics in other languages causing most controversy were Croatia German Segolene Royal French Chile Spanish and Homosexuality Czech 24 Demographics Edit A 2007 study by Hitwise reproduced in Time magazine 25 found that visitors to Wikipedia are almost equally split 50 50 male female but that 60 of edits are made by male editors A 2010 survey found that only 13 of editors and 31 of readers were female 4 2017 paper confirmed that only 15 of the editing community is female 10 A 2012 study covering 32 language editions analysed circadian activity of editors and concluded that the shares of contributions to English Wikipedia from North America and Europe Far East Australia are almost equal whereas this increases to 75 of European Far Eastern Australian contributions for the Simple English Wikipedia The research also covers some other demographic analysis on the other editions in different languages 26 Policies and guidelines Edit A descriptive study 27 that analyzed English language Wikipedia s policies and guidelines up to September 2007 identified a number of key statistics 44 official policies 248 guidelinesEven a short policy like ignore all rules was found to have generated a lot of discussion and clarifications While the Ignore all rules policy itself is only sixteen words long the page explaining what the policy means contains over 500 words refers readers to seven other documents has generated over 8 000 words of discussion and has been changed over 100 times in less than a year The study sampled the expansion of some key policies since their inception Wikipedia Ignore all rules 3600 including the additional document explaining it Wikipedia Consensus 1557 Wikipedia Copyrights 938 Wikipedia What Wikipedia is not 929 Wikipedia Deletion policy 580 Wikipedia Civility 124 The number for deletion was considered inconclusive however because the policy was split in several sub policies Power plays Edit This section may lend undue weight to one specific study Please help to create a more balanced presentation Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message November 2022 A 2007 joint peer reviewed study 28 conducted by researchers from the University of Washington and HP Labs examined how policies are employed and how contributors work towards consensus by quantitatively analyzing a sample of active talk pages Using a November 2006 English Wikipedia database dump the study focused on 250 talk pages in the tail of the distribution 0 3 of all talk pages but containing 28 4 of all talk page revisions and more significantly containing 51 1 of all links to policies From the sampled pages histories the study examined only the months with high activity called critical sections sets of consecutive months where both article and talk page revisions were significant in number The study defined and calculated a measure of policy prevalence A critical section was considered policy laden if its policy factor was at least twice the average Articles were tagged with 3 indicator variables controversial featured policy ladenAll possible levels of these three factors yielded 8 sampling categories The study intended to analyze 9 critical sections from each sampling category but only 69 critical sections could be selected because only 6 articles histories were simultaneously featured controversial and policy laden The study found that policies were by no means consistently applied Illustrative of its broader findings the report presented the following two extracts from Wikipedia talk pages in obvious contrast a discussion where participants decided that calculating a mean from data provided by a government agency constituted original research is the mean not considered original research U3 It doesn t look like it to me it looks like the original research was done by Gov t agency or am I missing something U4 If the Gov t agency has not published the actual mean us calculating it would be OR no I m not sure U3 No why would it be Extrapolating data from info already available is not OR U5 From WP NOR articles may not contain any new analysis or synthesis of published arguments concepts data ideas or statements that serves to advance a position For what worth U4 a discussion where logical deduction was used as counterargument for the original research policy Your notion is WP OR I can easily provide a scholarly article that says that anti authoritarianism is not central to Panism You are synthesizing all kinds of ideas here based on your POV U6 Simple deductive reasoning is not original research Panism is inherently anti authoritarian therefore an authoritarian economic system cannot be Panist Which do you disagree with the premise or the conclusion U7 Claiming that such ambiguities easily give rise to power plays the study identified using the methods of grounded theory Strauss 7 types of power plays article scope what is off topic in an article prior consensus past decisions presented as absolute and uncontested power of interpretation a sub community claiming greater interpretive authority than another legitimacy of contributor his her expertise etc threat of sanction blocking etc practice on other pages other pages being considered models to follow legitimacy of source the cited reference is disputed Due to lack of space the study detailed only the first 4 types of power plays that were exercised by merely interpreting policy A fifth power play category was analyzed it consisted of blatant violations of policy that were forgiven because the contributor was valued for his contributions despite his lack of respect for rules Article scope Edit The study considers that Wikipedia s policies are ambiguous on scoping issues The following vignette is used to illustrate the claim consensus is bullshit because I have the facts on my side I also have the exhortation of Wikipedia to be bold deleting a discussion of the Catholic church s view of paleocentrism is not only inaccurate but violates WP NPOV Deleting emasculating it would violate several Wikipedia policies NPOV be bold If you all want an article just on the scientific theory of paleocentrism write one yourself U12 We DID write an article just on the scientific theory of paleocentrism before you showed up You re obviously new here U12 arguing based on your reading of NPOV and Be bold is a bit ridiculous like a kid just out of high school arguing points of constitutional law These things are principles that have an established meaning People who have been here for years understand them much better than you do They won t prove effective weapons for you to wield in this argument U13 The social impact of paleocentrism is not paleocentrism Wikipedia wiki is not paper we don t need to cram every tertiary aspect of the topic into the article proper and we don t need to consider it incomplete when we don t U14 the first thing the link Wikipedia wiki is not paper says is Wikipedia is an encyclopedia A real encyclopedia like Encyclopaedia Britannica has a fantastic section on paleocentrism including all the social political and philosophical implications U12 As discussed at Wikipedia wiki is not paper Wikipedia articles should give a brief overview of the centrally important aspects of a subject To a biologist like yourself the centrally aspect of paleocentrism certainly isn t its social implications but to the rest of society it is U12 What you re talking about isn t paleocentrism Central issues to paleocentrism are periodic equilibrium geomorphous undulation airation These are the issues that actually have to do with the process of paleocentrism itself These social aspects you re talking about are peripheral not central They are about paleocentrism they surround paleocentrism but they are not paleocentrism U15 The study gives the following interpretation for the heated debate Such struggles over article scope take place even in a hyper linked environment because the title of an article matters The paleocentrism article is more prestigious and also more likely to be encountered by a reader than an article entitled the social effect of paleocentrism Prior consensus Edit The study remarks that in Wikipedia consensus is never final and what constitutes consensus can change at any time The study finds that this temporal ambiguity is fertile ground for power plays and places the generational struggle over consensus in larger picture of the struggle for article ownership In practice there are often de facto owners of pages or coalitions of contributors that determine article content Prior consensus within this group can be presented as incontestable masking the power plays that may have gone into establishing a consensus At issue is the legitimacy of prior consensus Longtime contributors do not want to waste time having arguments about issues that they consider to be solved Pointing to prior consensus just like linking to policies provides a method for dealing with trollish behavior On the other hand newcomers or fringe contributors often feel that their perspectives were not represented in prior arguments and want to raise the issue again The study uses the following discussion snippet to illustrate this continuous struggle Most all the stuff U17 describes below has already been hashed out It s like that game of whack a mole they try one angle it gets refuted they try a second angle it gets refuted they try a third angle it gets refuted and then they try the first angle again U18 It would be interesting to see how many different users try to contribute to this article and to expand the alternate views only to be bullied away by those who believe in Cosmic Polarity religiously why don t you consider that perhaps they have a point and that U19 U20 and the rest of you drive editors away from this article with your heavy handed admin privileged POV push U21 Power of interpretation Edit A vignette illustrated how administrators overrode consensus and deleted personal accounts of users patients with an anonymized illness named Frupism in the study The administrator s intervention happened as the article was being nominated to become as a featured article Legitimacy of contributor Edit This type of power play is illustrated by a contributor U24 that draws on his past contributions to argue against another contributor who is accusing U24 of being unproductive and disruptive Oh you mean I hang around to make a point about the lack of quality on Wikipedia Please take another look at my edit count LOL I have over 7 000 edits As you know I can take credit for almost entirely writing from scratch 2 of the 6 or 7 FAs in philosophy U24 Explicit vie for ownership Edit The study finds that there are contributors who consistently and successfully violate policy without sanction U24 makes several blatant us or them vies for power if U25 s actions persist he will leave Such actions clearly violate policies against article ownership civility toward other contributors and treatment of newcomers As a newcomer U25 may not know of these policies but U26 certainly does The willing blindness of U26 stems from the fact that U24 is a valued contributor to philosophy articles and is not bashful about pointing this out There is a scarcity of contributors with the commitment to consistently produce high quality content the Wikipedian community is willing to tolerate abuse and policy violations if valued work is being done With all due respect that didn t answer the question I wanted to know what it was in U25 s proposal which was unacceptable His lack of reference etc is all a fault sure but that s why I provided one Enquiry section 8 U26 this point is already addressed in the article It may need to be expanded a bit I can easily do that myself when I have time Is there anythin else Do you also support U25 s vie that the article is poor that is needs to overhauled from top to bottom the meanignlsess nonsens that he actually did try to insert above or the other OR that he has stated on this page Basically there are two sides on this matter this article can be taken over by cranks like what s his name or not If it does I go You can either support me or not Where do you stand U24 I do not by any stretch of the imagination support the view that the article is poor In fact I disagree with many of the things U25 has said elsewhere on this page I m genuinely sorry if this upset you U26 Obtaining administratorship Edit See also Wikipedia administrators In 2008 researchers from Carnegie Mellon University devised a probit model of English Wikipedia editors who had successfully passed the peer review process to become admins 29 Using only Wikipedia metadata including the text of edit summaries their model was 74 8 accurate in predicting successful candidates The paper observed that despite protestations to the contrary in many ways election to admin is a promotion distinguishing an elite core group from the large mass of editors Consequently the paper used policy capture 30 a method that compares nominally important attributes to those that actually lead to promotion in a work environment The overall success rate for promotion decreased from 75 in 2005 to 53 in 2006 and to 42 in 2007 This sudden increase in failure rate was attributed to a higher standard that recently promoted administrators had to meet and supported by anecdotal evidence from another recent study 31 quoting some early admins who have expressed doubt that they would pass muster if their election RfA were held recently In light of these developments the study argued that The process once called no big deal by the founder of Wikipedia has become a fairly big deal Probabality increase decrease of successful RfA per unit being regressed numbers in parentheses are not statistically significant at p lt 05 Factor 2006 2007 pre 2006each previous RfA attempt 14 7 11 1 each month since first edit 0 4 0 2 every 1000 article edits 1 8 1 1 every 1000 Wikipedia policy edits 19 6 0 4 every 1000 WikiProject edits 17 1 7 2 every 1000 article talk edits 6 3 15 4 each Arb mediation wikiquette edit 0 1 0 2 each diversity score see text 2 8 3 7 each percentage of Minor edit indication in edit summaries 0 2 0 2 each percentage of human written edit summaries 0 5 0 4 each thank in edit summaries 0 3 0 0 each POV indication in edit summaries 0 1 0 0 each edit in Admin attention noticeboard 0 1 0 2 Contrary to expectations perhaps running for administrator multiple times is detrimental to the candidate s chance of success Each subsequent attempt has a 14 8 lower chance of success than the previous one Length of participation in the project makes only a small contribution to the chance of a successful RfA Another significant finding of the paper is that one Wikipedia policy edit or WikiProject edit is worth ten article edits A related observation is that candidates with experience in multiple areas of the site stood better chance of election This was measured by the diversity score a simple count of the number of areas that the editor has participated in The paper divided Wikipedia in 16 areas article article talk articles categories templates for deletion XfD un deletion review etc see paper for full list For instance a user who has edited articles her own user page and posted once at un deletion review would have a diversity score of 3 Making a single edit in any additional region of Wikipedia correlated with a 2 8 increased likelihood of success in gaining administratorship Making minor edits also helped although the study authors consider that this may be so because minor edits correlate with experience In contrast each edit to an Arbitration or Mediation committee page or a Wikiquette notice all of which are venues for dispute resolution decreases the likelihood of success by 0 1 Posting messages to administrator noticeboards had a similarly deleterious effect The study interpreted this as evidence that editors involved in escalating or protracting conflicts lower their chances of becoming administrators Saying thanks or variations thereof in edit summaries and pointing out point of view POV issues also only in edit summaries because the study only analyzed metadata were of minor benefit contributing to 0 3 and 0 1 to candidate s chances in 2006 2007 but did not reach statistical significance before A few factors that were found to be irrelevant or marginal at best Editing user pages including one s own does not help Somewhat surprisingly user talk page edits also do not affect the likelihood of administratorship Welcoming newcomers or saying please in edit summaries had no effect Participating in consensus building such as RfA votes or the village pump does not increase the likelihood of becoming admin The study admits however that participation in consensus was measured quantitatively but not qualitatively Vandal fighting as measured by the number of edits to the vandalism noticeboard had no effect Every thousand edits containing variations of revert was positively correlated 7 with adminship for 2006 2007 but did not attain statistical significance unless one is willing to lower the threshold to p lt 1 More confusingly before 2006 the number of reverts was negatively correlated 6 8 with adminship success against without attaining statistical significance even at p lt 1 This may be because of the introduction of a policy known as 3RR in 2006 to reduce reverts 32 The study suggests that some of the 25 unexplained variability in outcomes may be due to factors that were not measured such as quality of edits or participation in off site coordination such as the explicitly cited secret mailing list reported in The Register 33 The paper concludes Merely performing a lot of production work is insufficient for promotion in Wikipedia Candidates article edits were weak predictors of success They also have to demonstrate more managerial behavior Diverse experience and contributions to the development of policies and WikiProjects were stronger predictors of RfA success This is consistent with the findings that Wikipedia is a bureaucracy 27 and that coordination work has increased substantially 34 35 Participation in Wikipedia policy and WikiProjects was not predictive of adminship prior to 2006 suggesting the community as a whole is beginning to prioritize policymaking and organization experience over simple article level coordination Subsequent research by another group 36 probed the sensemaking activities of individuals during their contributions to RfA decisions This work establishes that decisions about RfA candidates is based on a shared interpretation of evidence in the wiki and histories of prior interactions Readership EditSeveral studies have shown that Wikipedia is used by doctors students journalists and scientists 37 One study in 2009 found that 70 of junior physicians used Wikipedia weekly to find medical information and in 26 of their cases 4 At least one study found that British people trust Wikipedia more than the BBC 37 In education Edit Studies have found that Wikipedia is the most commonly used open educational resource in higher education and is 2000 times more cost effective than printed textbooks 37 It has been found that using Wikipedia improves writing students interest in learning their investment in their work their learning and personal development and creates opportunity for local and international collaborations 38 additional citation s needed Machine learning EditAutomated semantic knowledge extraction using machine learning algorithms is used to extract machine processable information at a relatively low complexity cost 39 DBpedia uses structured content extracted from infoboxes of Wikipedia articles in different languages by machine learning algorithms to create a resource of linked data in a Semantic Web 40 As predictor or influence on human behavior EditIn a study published in PLoS ONE 41 Taha Yasseri from Oxford Internet Institute and his colleagues from Central European University have shown that the page view statistics of articles about movies are well correlated with the box office revenue of them They developed a mathematical model to predict the box office takings by analysing the page view counts as well as number of edits and unique editors of the Wikipedia pages on movies Although this model was developed against English Wikipedia for movies the language independent methods can be generalized to other languages and to other kinds of products beyond movies 42 In a work published in Scientific Reports in 2013 43 Helen Susannah Moat Tobias Preis and colleagues demonstrated a link between changes in the number of views of English Wikipedia articles relating to financial topics and subsequent large US stock market moves 44 45 In an article published in Public Opinion Quarterly 46 Benjamin K Smith and Abel Gustafon have shown that the data on Wikipedia pageviews can improve traditional election forecasting methods like polls Through 2019 21 a team of American and Irish researchers conducted a randomised field experiment which found that creating a Wikipedia article about a legal precedent increased its likelihood of citation in subsequent court judgments by over 20 and that the language of the court judgments echoed that of the Wikipedia articles 47 See also EditScience information on Wikipedia Wikipedia in cultureReferences Edit Park Taemin Kim 24 July 2011 The visibility of Wikipedia in scholarly publications First Monday doi 10 5210 fm v16i8 3492 ISSN 1396 0466 S tuckman Jeff Purtilo James 2009 Measuring the wikisphere Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration p 1 doi 10 1145 1641309 1641326 ISBN 978 1 60558 730 1 S2CID 17770818 a b Priedhorsky Reid Chen Jilin Lam Shyong Tony K Panciera Katherine Terveen Loren Riedl John 4 November 2007 Creating destroying and restoring value in wikipedia Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Supporting group work GROUP 07 New York NY USA Association for Computing Machinery 259 268 doi 10 1145 1316624 1316663 ISBN 978 1 59593 845 9 a b c d e Thompson Neil Hanley Douglas 13 February 2018 Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial Rochester NY a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Chi Ed Kittur Aniket Pendleton Bryan A Suh Bongwon amp Mytkowicz Todd 31 January 2007 Power of the Few vs Wisdom of the Crowd Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie PDF Computer Human Interaction 2007 Conference Association for Computing Machinery S2CID 14770727 Retrieved 23 April 2017 Goodwin Jean 2010 The authority of Wikipedia In Juho Ritola Ed Argument cultures Proceedings of the Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation Conference Windsor ON Canada Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation CD ROM 24 pp Laurent M R Vickers T J 2009 Seeking Health Information Online Does Wikipedia Matter Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 16 4 471 479 doi 10 1197 jamia M3059 PMC 2705249 PMID 19390105 Heilman JM Kemmann E Bonert M Chatterjee A Ragar B Beards GM Iberri DJ Harvey M Thomas B Stomp W Martone MF Lodge DJ Vondracek A de Wolff JF Liber C Grover SC Vickers TJ Mesko B Laurent MR 31 January 2011 Wikipedia a key tool for global public health promotion Journal of Medical Internet Research 13 1 e14 doi 10 2196 jmir 1589 PMC 3221335 PMID 21282098 a b Livingstone Randall M 23 November 2010 Let s Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality M C Journal 13 6 doi 10 5204 mcj 315 ISSN 1441 2616 a b c d Hube Christoph 3 April 2017 Bias in Wikipedia Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion WWW 17 Companion Republic and Canton of Geneva CHE International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee 717 721 doi 10 1145 3041021 3053375 ISBN 978 1 4503 4914 7 Bjork James Carwil 3 July 2021 New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia 27 3 207 228 doi 10 1080 13614568 2020 1865463 ISSN 1361 4568 a b Ackerly Brooke A Michelitch Kristin 2022 Wikipedia and Political Science Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives PS Political Science amp Politics 55 2 429 433 doi 10 1017 S1049096521001463 ISSN 1049 0965 Graham Mark 12 November 2009 Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content Mark Graham Blog ZeroGeography Archived from the original on 8 December 2009 Retrieved 16 November 2009 Graham Mark 12 November 2009 Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content Mark Graham Blog ZeroGeography Archived from the original on 8 December 2009 Retrieved 16 November 2009 Callahan Ewa S Herring Susan C 2011 Cultural bias in Wikipedia content on famous persons Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 62 10 1899 1915 doi 10 1002 asi 21577 ISSN 1532 2882 a b Adams Kimberly Alvardo Jesus 27 July 2021 Why it s so hard for biographies about women to stay on Wikipedia Marketplace Retrieved 3 August 2021 a b Tripodi Francesca June 2021 Ms Categorized Gender Notability and Inequality on Wikipedia New Media amp Society doi 10 1177 14614448211023772 Bjork James Carwil 3 July 2021 New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia 27 3 207 228 doi 10 1080 13614568 2020 1865463 ISSN 1361 4568 Gabrilovich Evgeniy Markovitch Shaul 2007 Computing Semantic Relatedness using Wikipedia based Explicit Semantic Analysis Proceedings of IJCAI Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc pp 1606 1611 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 76 9790 Zesch Torsten Muller Christoph Gurevych Iryna 2008 Extracting Lexical Semantic Knowledge from Wikipedia and Wiktionary PDF Proceedings of the Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation LREC M Strube SP Ponzetto 2006 WikiRelate Computing semantic relatedness using Wikipedia psu edu PDF Proceedings of the National Conference a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Sumi R Yasseri T Rung A Kornai A Kertesz J 1 October 2011 Edit Wars in Wikipedia 2011 IEEE Third Int l Conference on Privacy Security Risk and Trust and 2011 IEEE Third Int l Conference on Social Computing pp 724 727 arXiv 1107 3689 doi 10 1109 PASSAT SocialCom 2011 47 ISBN 978 1 4577 1931 8 S2CID 14151613 via IEEE Xplore Torok J Iniguez G Yasseri T San Miguel M Kaski K Kertesz J 2013 Opinions Conflicts and Consensus Modeling Social Dynamics in a Collaborative Environment Physical Review Letters 110 8 088701 arXiv 1207 4914 Bibcode 2013PhRvL 110h8701T doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 110 088701 PMID 23473207 S2CID 2496524 cited Ratkiewicz Jacob Fortunato Santo Flammini Alessandro Menczer Filippo Vespignani Alessandro 2010 Characterizing and Modeling the Dynamics of Online Popularity Physical Review Letters 105 15 158701 arXiv 1005 2704 Bibcode 2010PhRvL 105o8701R doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 105 158701 ISSN 0031 9007 PMID 21230945 Szolnoki Attila Yasseri Taha Sumi Robert Rung Andras Kornai Andras Kertesz Janos 2012 Dynamics of Conflicts in Wikipedia PLOS ONE 7 6 e38869 arXiv 1202 3643 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 738869Y doi 10 1371 journal pone 0038869 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3380063 PMID 22745683 Yasseri T Spoerri A Graham M Kertesz J 2014 The most controversial topics in Wikipedia A multilingual and geographical analysis In Fichman P Hara N eds Global Wikipedia International and cross cultural issues in online collaboration Lanham Maryland Rowman and Littlefield Press arXiv 1305 5566 ISBN 978 0 8108 9101 2 OCLC 1026054095 Bill Tancer 25 April 2007 Who s Really Participating in Web 2 0 Time Archived from the original on 30 April 2007 Retrieved 30 April 2007 Szolnoki Attila Yasseri Taha Sumi Robert Kertesz Janos 2012 Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity A Demographic Analysis PLOS ONE 7 1 e30091 arXiv 1109 1746 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 730091Y doi 10 1371 journal pone 0030091 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3260192 PMID 22272279 a b Butler Brian Joyce Elisabeth Pike Jacqueline 2008 Don t look now but we ve created a bureaucracy Proceedings of the Twenty Sixth Annual CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI 08 p 1101 doi 10 1145 1357054 1357227 ISBN 978 1 60558 011 1 S2CID 15211227 Kriplean Travis Beschastnikh Ivan McDonald David W Golder Scott A 2007 Community consensus coercion control Proceedings of the 2007 International ACM Conference on Conference on Supporting Group Work GROUP 07 p 167 doi 10 1145 1316624 1316648 ISBN 978 1 59593 845 9 S2CID 14491248 Burke Moira Kraut Robert 2008 Taking up the mop Proceedings of the Twenty Sixth Annual CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI 08 p 3441 doi 10 1145 1358628 1358871 ISBN 978 1 60558 012 8 Stumpf S A London M 1981 Capturing rater policies in evaluating candidates for promotion The Academy of Management Journal 24 4 752 766 doi 10 2307 256174 JSTOR 256174 Forte A and Bruckman A Scaling consensus Increasing decentralization in Wikipedia governance Proc HICSS 2008 WP 3RR and WP EW policies which prevent repetitive reverting Metz Cade Secret mailing list rocks Wikipedia The Register Kittur Aniket Suh Bongwon Pendleton Bryan A Chi Ed H 2007 He says she says conflict and coordination in Wikipedia Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing pp 453 462 doi 10 1145 1240624 1240698 ISBN 978 1 59593 593 9 S2CID 17493296 Viegas Fernanda B Wattenberg Martin Kriss Jesse van Ham Frank 2007 Talk Before You Type Coordination in Wikipedia 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 575 582 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 210 1057 doi 10 1109 HICSS 2007 511 ISBN 978 0 7695 2755 0 S2CID 5293547 Derthick Katie Tsao Patrick Kriplean Travis Borning Alan Zachry Mark McDonald David W 2011 Collaborative Sensemaking during Admin Permission Granting in Wikipedia PDF Online Communities and Social Computing Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol 6778 pp 100 109 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 21796 8 11 ISBN 978 3 642 21795 1 a b c Petiska Eduard Moldan Bedrich 2021 Indicator of quality for environmental articles on Wikipedia at the higher education level Journal of Information Science 47 2 269 280 doi 10 1177 0165551519888607 ISSN 0165 5515 Hertz Tehila 2018 Wikishtetl Commemorating Jewish Communities that Perished in the Holocaust through the Wikipedia Platform Quest 13 Baeza Yates Ricardo King Irwin eds 2009 Weaving services and people on the World Wide Web Springer ISBN 978 3 642 00569 5 LCCN 2009926100 Yu Liyang 2011 A Developer s Guide to the Semantic Web Springer Bibcode 2011adgt book Y doi 10 1007 978 3 642 15970 1 ISBN 978 3 642 15969 5 Marton Mestyan Taha Yasseri Janos Kertesz 2013 Early Prediction of Movie Box Office Success Based on Wikipedia Activity Big Data PLoS ONE 8 8 e71226 arXiv 1211 0970 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 871226M doi 10 1371 journal pone 0071226 PMC 3749192 PMID 23990938 Wikipedia buzz predicts blockbuster movies takings weeks before release The Guardian 8 November 2012 Retrieved 2 September 2013 Helen Susannah Moat Chester Curme Adam Avakian Dror Y Kenett H Eugene Stanley Tobias Preis 2013 Quantifying Wikipedia Usage Patterns Before Stock Market Moves Scientific Reports 3 1801 Bibcode 2013NatSR 3E1801M doi 10 1038 srep01801 PMC 3647164 Wikipedia s crystal ball Financial Times 10 May 2013 Retrieved 10 August 2013 Kadhim Shubber 8 May 2013 Wikipedia page views could predict stock market changes Wired Retrieved 10 August 2013 Smith Benjamin K Gustafson Abel 7 September 2017 Using Wikipedia to Predict Election Outcomes Online Behavior as a Predictor of Voting Public Opinion Quarterly 81 3 714 735 doi 10 1093 poq nfx007 ISSN 0033 362X Thompson Neil Flanagan Brian Richardson Edana McKenzie Brian Luo Xueyun 27 July 2022 Trial by Internet A Randomized Field Experiment on Wikipedia s Influence on Judges Legal Reasoning via SSRN a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Further reading EditAdler B T de Alfaro L 2007 A content driven reputation system for the Wikipedia Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web New York ACM pp 261 270 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 728 9724 doi 10 1145 1242572 1242608 ISBN 978 1 59593 654 7 S2CID 405135 Amichai Hamburger Y Lamdan N Madiel R Hayat T 2008 Personality characteristics of Wikipedia members Cyberpsychology amp Behavior 11 6 679 681 doi 10 1089 cpb 2007 0225 PMID 18954273 Blumenstock J E 2008 Size matters word count as a measure of quality on Wikipedia Proceedings of the 17th international conference on World Wide Web New York ACM pp 1095 1096 doi 10 1145 1367497 1367673 ISBN 978 1 60558 085 2 S2CID 8896540 Bryant S L Forte A Bruckman A 2005 Becoming Wikipedian transformation of participation in a collaborative online encyclopedia GROUP 05 Proceedings of the 2005 international ACM SIGGROUP conference on Supporting group work New York ACM doi 10 1145 1099203 1099205 ISBN 978 1 59593 223 5 S2CID 221349 Farrell H Schwartzberg M 2008 Norms Minorities and Collective Choice Online Ethics amp International Affairs 22 4 357 367 doi 10 1111 j 1747 7093 2008 00171 x S2CID 55601586 Archived from the original on 20 January 2009 Retrieved 3 February 2009 Hu M Lim E P Sun A Lauw H W Vuong B Q 2007 Measuring article quality in Wikipedia models and evaluation Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management New York ACM doi 10 1145 1321440 1321476 ISBN 978 1 59593 803 9 S2CID 654234 Jensen Richard 2012 Military History on the Electronic Frontier Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812 PDF Journal of Military History 76 4 523 556 Kopf Susanne Debating the European Union transnationally Wikipedians construction of the EU on a Wikipedia talk page 2001 2015 PhD dissertation Lancaster University 2018 online Archived 16 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine Kuznetsov S 2006 Motivations of contributors to Wikipedia ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society 36 2 1 es doi 10 1145 1215942 1215943 S2CID 1115614 Luyt B Aaron T C H Thian L H Hong C K 2008 Improving Wikipedia s accuracy Is edit age a solution Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 59 2 318 330 doi 10 1002 asi 20755 Medelyan O Milne D Legg C Witten I H 2008 Mining Meaning from Wikipedia arXiv 0809 4530 cs AI Park T K 2011 The visibility of Wikipedia in scholarly publications First Monday 16 8 doi 10 5210 fm v16i8 3492 hdl 2022 21757 Archived from the original on 4 April 2012 Retrieved 9 August 2011 van Pinxteren B 2017 African Languages in Wikipedia A Glass Half Full or Half Empty Political Economy Development Comparative Regional Economies eJournal 5 12 SSRN 2939146 Rijshouwer Emiel 2019 Organizing Democracy Power concentration and self organization in the evolution of Wikipedia dissertation ed Rotterdam Erasmus University Rotterdam hdl 1765 113937 ISBN 9789402813715 OCLC 1081174169 Shachaf P 2009 The paradox of expertise Is the Wikipedia reference desk as good as your library Journal of Documentation 65 6 977 996 doi 10 1108 00220410910998951 Shachaf P Hara N 2010 Beyond vandalism Wikipedia trolls PDF Journal of Information Science 36 3 357 370 doi 10 1177 0165551510365390 S2CID 21846015 Stein K Hess C 2007 Does it matter who contributes a study on featured articles in the German Wikipedia Proceedings of the eighteenth conference on Hypertext and hypermedia New York ACM doi 10 1145 1286240 1286290 ISBN 978 1 59593 820 6 S2CID 16649948 Suh B Chi E H Kittur A Pendleton B A 2008 Lifting the veil improving accountability and social transparency in Wikipedia with wikidashboard Proceedings of the Twenty Sixth Annual SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems p 1037 doi 10 1145 1357054 1357214 ISBN 978 1 60558 011 1 S2CID 17070584 Urdaneta G Pierre G van Steen M 2009 Wikipedia Workload Analysis for Decentralized Hosting Computer Networks 53 11 1830 1845 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 148 6299 doi 10 1016 j comnet 2009 02 019 Vuong B Q Lim E P Sun A Le M T Lauw H W Chang K 2008 On ranking controversies in Wikipedia models and evaluation Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining New York ACM doi 10 1145 1341531 1341556 ISBN 978 1 59593 927 2 S2CID 12504471 Wilson J 2014 Proceed with extreme caution Citation to Wikipedia in light of contributor demographics and content policies Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law 16 4 Zickuhr K amp Rainie L 2011 Wikipedia past and present A snapshot of current Wikipedia users permanent dead link External links EditWikiPapers a compilation of resources conference papers journal articles theses books datasets and tools focused on the research of wikis and Wikipedia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Academic studies about Wikipedia amp oldid 1128245768, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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