Systemic bias, also called institutional bias,[1] and related to structural bias,[2] is the inherent tendency of a process to support particular outcomes. The term generally refers to human systems such as institutions. Institutional bias and structural bias can lead to institutional racism, and can also be used interchangeably. Institutional racism is a type of racism that is integrated into the laws, norms, and regulations of a society or establishment. Structural bias, in turn, has been defined more specifically in reference to racial inequities as "the normalized and legitimized range of policies, practices, and attitudes that routinely produce cumulative and chronic adverse outcomes for minority populations".[3] The issues of systemic bias are dealt with extensively in the field of industrial organization economics. Systemic bias plays a part in systemic racism, a form of racism embedded as a normal practice within society or an organization.
It is not to be confused with the equivalent bias in non-human systems, such as measurement instruments or mathematical models used to estimate physical quantities, often called systematic bias.
Cognitive bias is inherent in the experiences, loyalties, and relationships of people in their daily lives, and new biases are constantly being discovered and addressed on both an ethical and political level. For example, the goal of affirmative action in the United States is to counter biases concerning gender, race, and ethnicity, by opening up institutional participation to people with a wider range of backgrounds, and hence a wider range of points of view. In India, the system of scheduled castes and tribes intends to address systemic bias caused by the controversial caste system, a system centered on organized discrimination based upon one's ancestry, not unlike the system that affirmative action aims to counter. Both the scheduling system and affirmative action mandate the hiring of citizens from within designated groups. However, without sufficient restrictions based upon the actual socio-economic standing of the recipients of the aid provided, these types of systems can allegedly result in the unintentional institutionalization of a reversed form of the same systemic bias,[4] which works against the goal of rendering institutional participation open to people with a wider range of backgrounds.
Unconscious bias training has become common in many organizations, which may address both systemic and structural bias. Structural bias may be inherent in the practices and policies of the organization, such as hiring practices that favor social networking, or a grooming policy that disadvantages people with Afro-textured hair.[5]
Major causes
The study of systemic bias as part of the field titled organizational behavior in industrial organization economics is studied in several principle modalities in both non-profit and for-profit institutions. The issue of concern is that patterns of behavior may develop within large institutions which become harmful to the productivity and viability of the larger institutions from which they develop, as well as the community they occupy. The three major categories of study for maladaptive organizational behavior and systemic bias are counterproductive work behavior, human resource mistreatment, and the amelioration of stress-inducing behavior.
Racism
Racism is prejudice, discrimination or hostility towards other people because they are of a different racial or ethnic origin. Medical students conducted studies to investigate systemic biases associated with race. The result of the study showed that due to systemic bias, certain groups of people are marginalized due to race and differences, their professional careers are threatened, and more homework/responsibility is given to those in the minority group.[6]
Counterproductive work behavior
Counterproductive work behavior, or CWB, consists of behavior by employees that harms or intends to harm organizations and people in organizations.[7]
Mistreatment of human resources
There are several types of mistreatment that employees endure in organizations.
Although definitions of bullying vary, it involves a repeated pattern of harmful behaviors directed towards an individual.[9]
Incivility
Incivility consists of low-intensity discourteous and rude behavior with ambiguous intent to harm that violates norms for appropriate behavior in the workplace.[10]
Sexual harassment
Sexual harassment is behavior that denigrates or mistreats an individual due to his or her gender, creates an offensive workplace, and interferes with an individual being able to do their job.[11]
Stress
Occupational stress concerns the imbalance between the demands (aspects of the job that require mental or physical effort) and resources that help cope with these demands.[12]
But we travel in a world with a systemic bias to optimism that typically chooses to avoid the topic of the impending bursting of investment bubbles. Collectively, this is done for career or business reasons. As discussed many times in the investment business, pessimism or realism in the face of probable trouble is just plain bad for business and bad for careers. What I am only slowly realizing, though, is how similar the career risk appears to be for the Fed. It doesn't want to move against bubbles because Congress and business do not like it and show their dislike in unmistakable terms. Even Federal reserve chairmen get bullied and have their faces slapped if they stick to their guns, which will, not surprisingly, be rare since everyone values his career or does not want to be replaced à la Volcker. So, be as optimistic as possible, be nice to everyone, bail everyone out, and hope for the best. If all goes well, after all, you will have a lot of grateful bailees who will happily hire you for $300,000 a pop.[13]
Versus systematic bias
In engineering and computational mechanics, the word bias is sometimes used as a synonym of systematic error. In this case, the bias is referred to the result of a measurement or computation, rather than to the measurement instrument or computational method.[14]
Some authors try to draw a distinction between systemic and systematic corresponding to that between unplanned and planned, or to that between arising from the characteristics of a system and from an individual flaw. In a less formal sense, systemic biases are sometimes said to arise from the nature of the interworkings of the system, whereas systematic biases stem from a concerted effort to favor certain outcomes. Consider the difference between affirmative action (systematic) compared to racism and caste (systemic).[15][citation needed]
^"institutional bias". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
^"Bias". University of North Georgia. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
^Lurie B, Aylor M, Poitevien P, Osta A, Brooks M. Silence Is Not the Answer: Addressing Modern Day Social Injustice in Your Graduate Medical Education Curriculum. Workshop at Association for Pediatric Program Directors (APPD) Spring Meeting. Anaheim, CA. April 2017.[1]
^Jaroff, Leon et al. (4 April 1994) , Time Magazine(subscription required)
^Asare, Janice Gassam (29 December 2019). "Your Unconscious Bias Trainings Keep Failing Because You're Not Addressing Systemic Bias". Forbes. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
^Plain, Charlie (3 March 2020). "Characterizing systemic bias in health care - School of Public Health - University of Minnesota". School of Public Health. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
^Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2005). The Stressor-Emotion Model of Counterproductive Work Behavior Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets (pp. 151-174). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
^Rayner, C., & Keashly, L. (2005). Bullying at Work: A Perspective From Britain and North America. In S. Fox & P. E. Spector (Eds.), Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets. (pp. 271-296). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
^Andersson, L. M.; Pearson, C. M. (1999). "Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace". Academy of Management Review. 74 (3): 452–471. doi:10.5465/amr.1999.2202131.
^Rospenda, K. M., & Richman, J. A. (2005). Harassment and discrimination. In J. Barling, E. K. Kelloway & M. R. Frone (Eds.), Handbook of work stress (pp. 149-188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
^Demerouti, E.; Bakker, A. B.; Nachreiner, F.; Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). "The job demands-resources model of burnout". Journal of Applied Psychology. 86 (3): 499–512. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499. PMID 11419809.
^"Paging Paul Volcker. The former Fed chairman was tougher and less eager to please than his successor, Alan Greenspan", Jeremy Grantham, Financial Week, 5 May 2008
^John Robert Taylor (1999). An Introduction to Error Analysis: The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements. University Science Books. p. 94, §4.1. ISBN978-0-935702-75-0.
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This article is about the sociological and organizational phenomenon For the metrology and statistical topic see Systematic bias This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article is written like a personal reflection personal essay or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor s personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style May 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article contains weasel words vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information Such statements should be clarified or removed May 2021 This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Systemic bias news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Systemic bias also called institutional bias 1 and related to structural bias 2 is the inherent tendency of a process to support particular outcomes The term generally refers to human systems such as institutions Institutional bias and structural bias can lead to institutional racism and can also be used interchangeably Institutional racism is a type of racism that is integrated into the laws norms and regulations of a society or establishment Structural bias in turn has been defined more specifically in reference to racial inequities as the normalized and legitimized range of policies practices and attitudes that routinely produce cumulative and chronic adverse outcomes for minority populations 3 The issues of systemic bias are dealt with extensively in the field of industrial organization economics Systemic bias plays a part in systemic racism a form of racism embedded as a normal practice within society or an organization It is not to be confused with the equivalent bias in non human systems such as measurement instruments or mathematical models used to estimate physical quantities often called systematic bias Contents 1 In human institutions 2 Major causes 2 1 Racism 2 2 Counterproductive work behavior 2 3 Mistreatment of human resources 2 3 1 Abusive supervision 2 3 2 Bullying 2 3 3 Incivility 2 3 4 Sexual harassment 2 3 5 Stress 3 Examples 4 Versus systematic bias 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingIn human institutions EditCognitive bias is inherent in the experiences loyalties and relationships of people in their daily lives and new biases are constantly being discovered and addressed on both an ethical and political level For example the goal of affirmative action in the United States is to counter biases concerning gender race and ethnicity by opening up institutional participation to people with a wider range of backgrounds and hence a wider range of points of view In India the system of scheduled castes and tribes intends to address systemic bias caused by the controversial caste system a system centered on organized discrimination based upon one s ancestry not unlike the system that affirmative action aims to counter Both the scheduling system and affirmative action mandate the hiring of citizens from within designated groups However without sufficient restrictions based upon the actual socio economic standing of the recipients of the aid provided these types of systems can allegedly result in the unintentional institutionalization of a reversed form of the same systemic bias 4 which works against the goal of rendering institutional participation open to people with a wider range of backgrounds Unconscious bias training has become common in many organizations which may address both systemic and structural bias Structural bias may be inherent in the practices and policies of the organization such as hiring practices that favor social networking or a grooming policy that disadvantages people with Afro textured hair 5 Major causes EditThe study of systemic bias as part of the field titled organizational behavior in industrial organization economics is studied in several principle modalities in both non profit and for profit institutions The issue of concern is that patterns of behavior may develop within large institutions which become harmful to the productivity and viability of the larger institutions from which they develop as well as the community they occupy The three major categories of study for maladaptive organizational behavior and systemic bias are counterproductive work behavior human resource mistreatment and the amelioration of stress inducing behavior Racism Edit Racism is prejudice discrimination or hostility towards other people because they are of a different racial or ethnic origin Medical students conducted studies to investigate systemic biases associated with race The result of the study showed that due to systemic bias certain groups of people are marginalized due to race and differences their professional careers are threatened and more homework responsibility is given to those in the minority group 6 Counterproductive work behavior Edit Counterproductive work behavior or CWB consists of behavior by employees that harms or intends to harm organizations and people in organizations 7 Mistreatment of human resources Edit There are several types of mistreatment that employees endure in organizations Abusive supervision Edit Abusive supervision is the extent to which a supervisor engages in a pattern of behavior that harms subordinates 8 Bullying Edit Although definitions of bullying vary it involves a repeated pattern of harmful behaviors directed towards an individual 9 Incivility Edit Incivility consists of low intensity discourteous and rude behavior with ambiguous intent to harm that violates norms for appropriate behavior in the workplace 10 Sexual harassment Edit Sexual harassment is behavior that denigrates or mistreats an individual due to his or her gender creates an offensive workplace and interferes with an individual being able to do their job 11 Stress Edit Occupational stress concerns the imbalance between the demands aspects of the job that require mental or physical effort and resources that help cope with these demands 12 Examples EditFurther information Federal reserve and Paul Volcker Financial Week reported 5 May 2008 emphasis added But we travel in a world with a systemic bias to optimism that typically chooses to avoid the topic of the impending bursting of investment bubbles Collectively this is done for career or business reasons As discussed many times in the investment business pessimism or realism in the face of probable trouble is just plain bad for business and bad for careers What I am only slowly realizing though is how similar the career risk appears to be for the Fed It doesn t want to move against bubbles because Congress and business do not like it and show their dislike in unmistakable terms Even Federal reserve chairmen get bullied and have their faces slapped if they stick to their guns which will not surprisingly be rare since everyone values his career or does not want to be replaced a la Volcker So be as optimistic as possible be nice to everyone bail everyone out and hope for the best If all goes well after all you will have a lot of grateful bailees who will happily hire you for 300 000 a pop 13 Versus systematic bias EditIn engineering and computational mechanics the word bias is sometimes used as a synonym of systematic error In this case the bias is referred to the result of a measurement or computation rather than to the measurement instrument or computational method 14 Some authors try to draw a distinction between systemic and systematic corresponding to that between unplanned and planned or to that between arising from the characteristics of a system and from an individual flaw In a less formal sense systemic biases are sometimes said to arise from the nature of the interworkings of the system whereas systematic biases stem from a concerted effort to favor certain outcomes Consider the difference between affirmative action systematic compared to racism and caste systemic 15 citation needed See also Edit Psychology portal Society portalBandwagon effect Disinformation Echo chamber media Ethnocentrism Flag waving Framing social sciences Funding bias Gatekeeping communication Gender bias on Wikipedia Inherent bias Institutional racism Managing the news Media bias Media manipulation Observational error Paradigm shift Prejudice Propaganda Racial bias on Wikipedia Spin public relations Underrepresented groupsReferences Edit institutional bias Oxford Reference Retrieved 19 May 2022 Bias University of North Georgia Retrieved 19 May 2022 Lurie B Aylor M Poitevien P Osta A Brooks M Silence Is Not the Answer Addressing Modern Day Social Injustice in Your Graduate Medical Education Curriculum Workshop at Association for Pediatric Program Directors APPD Spring Meeting Anaheim CA April 2017 1 Jaroff Leon et al 4 April 1994 Teaching Reverse Racism Time Magazine subscription required Asare Janice Gassam 29 December 2019 Your Unconscious Bias Trainings Keep Failing Because You re Not Addressing Systemic Bias Forbes Retrieved 1 September 2020 Plain Charlie 3 March 2020 Characterizing systemic bias in health care School of Public Health University of Minnesota School of Public Health Retrieved 19 May 2022 Spector P E amp Fox S 2005 The Stressor Emotion Model of Counterproductive Work Behavior Counterproductive work behavior Investigations of actors and targets pp 151 174 Washington DC American Psychological Association Tepper B J 2000 Consequences of abusive supervision Academy of Management Journal 43 2 178 190 doi 10 2307 1556375 JSTOR 1556375 Rayner C amp Keashly L 2005 Bullying at Work A Perspective From Britain and North America In S Fox amp P E Spector Eds Counterproductive work behavior Investigations of actors and targets pp 271 296 Washington DC US American Psychological Association Andersson L M Pearson C M 1999 Tit for tat The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace Academy of Management Review 74 3 452 471 doi 10 5465 amr 1999 2202131 Rospenda K M amp Richman J A 2005 Harassment and discrimination In J Barling E K Kelloway amp M R Frone Eds Handbook of work stress pp 149 188 Thousand Oaks CA Sage Demerouti E Bakker A B Nachreiner F Schaufeli W B 2001 The job demands resources model of burnout Journal of Applied Psychology 86 3 499 512 doi 10 1037 0021 9010 86 3 499 PMID 11419809 Paging Paul Volcker The former Fed chairman was tougher and less eager to please than his successor Alan Greenspan Jeremy Grantham Financial Week 5 May 2008 John Robert Taylor 1999 An Introduction to Error Analysis The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements University Science Books p 94 4 1 ISBN 978 0 935702 75 0 Merriam Webster Usage Guide Further reading Edit Commerce Dept Accused Of Systemic Bias By John Files 6 October 2005 New York Times Clinton Postpones Inmate s Execution Systemic Bias To Be Studied By Deb Riechmann Associated Press 8 December 2000 Miami Herald Resources for Confronting Systemic Bias and Racism University of Wisconsin Madison Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Systemic bias amp oldid 1120658553, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
