Abdossamad Kambakhsh
Abdolsamad Kambakhsh (Persian: عبدالصمد کامبخش, romanized: ʿAbd-ul-Ṣamad Kāmbaḵš, birth name Abdolsamad Adle Qajar; 1902 or 1903 – 1971) son of Prince Kamran Mirza Adle Qajar, also known by his aliases as Abdolsamad Qanbari or the Red Prince, was an Iranian communist political activist. n the early 1925 he married feminist activist Dr. Akhtar Kianouri (Persian: اختر کیانوری). Noureddin Kianouri the younger brother of Dr. Akhtar Kianouri grew up in their house.
Abdolsamad Kambakhsh | |
|---|---|
| Member of Parliament of Iran | |
| In office 6 March 1944 – 12 March 1946 | |
| Constituency | Qazvin |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Abdolsamad Adle Qajar 1902 or 1903 Qazvin, Sublime State of Persia |
| Died | 1971[1] Leipzig, East Germany |
| Nationality | Iranian |
| Political party | Tudeh Party (1943–1971) Communist Party of Persia (1920s) |
| Other political affiliations | Communist International (Comintern) |
| Spouse | Dr. Akhtar Kianouri |
| Relatives | Noureddin Kianouri (brother-in-law)[1] |
| Alma mater | Moscow State University (MSU) |
| Nickname | Red Prince |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | Air Force |
| Years of service | 1932–1937 |
| Rank | Second lieutenant |
He educated three times in Russia, first time before 1917 Russian Revolution in a Military School, Second in Military Academy and later graduated as Aeroengineer & military instructor, and third times started as aspirant in Economical Sciences and Later graduated as Dr of Historical science from Moscow State University.
He was the first and only Iranian member of Communist International (Comintern).
He was the author of some books such as “The October Revolution and Liberation Movements in Iran” & “Fifty Years of the Proletarian Party in Iran”, “Reminiscences on the Educational Society in Qazvin”, “Reflections on the History of the Tudeh (Communist) Part”, “The Formation of the Tudeh (Left) Party”, “The Tudeh Party in the Struggle to Create a Democratic United”, “Notes on the History of the Iranian Army”, Articles/Books about “History of the Azerbaijan Movement”, “The failure of the movement in Azerbaijan and Kurdistan ”, and “History of the Khorasan Movement”. But his ref. book and dissertation was Comments on the Workers’ and Communist Movement in Iran (Nazari Beh Jonbeshi Kargari va Komunist-i dar Iran) in two cover, first cover in 290 Pages. The first volums of the books [1] is about the only organized resistance against the pro-Hitler Coalition and Regime during the Reza Shah era.
From CIA Point of view Abdossamad Kambakhsh was the [2] founder of Tudeh Party and Azerbaijan Movement. From Point of view of Russian he was the Iranian represent in Communist International (Comintern) and one of them. From point of view of Iranians he was the "Voice of Russia" in Iran.
Kambakhsh was member of the "group of fifty-three",[3] he was an influential member of the Tudeh Party of Iran and belonged to the party's hardline faction.[4]
Political life
Kambakhsh, who was to be a prominent Tudeh leader in future years, was also one of the few “Fifty-three” with experience in the youth section of the Communist party. The son of a Qajar prince, he was born and raised in Qazvin and sent to study in Russia in 1915. Deeply impressed by the Bolshevik Revolution, he joined the Socialist and Communist Parties upon returning to Qazvin, and helped organize the local educational society. Despite his political affiliations, the government sent him to Russia in 1927 to study mechanical engineering. At the time of his arrest in 1937, Kabakhsh was an instructor of engineering at the military academy and the manager of the army mechanics school outside Tehran. The contacts he developed in these years proved highly useful later when the Tudeh decided to form cells within the military.[5][6]
In the introduction of Kambakhsh's book the Workers’ and Communist Movement in Iran, Ehsan Tabari names him as the only Iranian trusted by Joseph Stalin and the Soviets.
Bibliography
- A Review of the Workers 'and Communist Movement in Iran: A Collection of Articles by Kambakhsh, Abdolsamad, 1350-1282.
- the Revolutionary Social Democracy in the Constitutional Revolution
- History of the Tudeh Party of Iran
- From the beginning till the second congress of Tudeh Party of Iran
- About the Second Congress of Party of Iran (Urmia Congress)
- Tudeh Party of Iran - The Age of Public Struggle
- From the formation of the Tudeh Party of Iran till the first congress
- From the first state conference to the first congress of Tudeh Party of Iran
- First Party Congress of Tudeh Party of Iran
- From the first party congress to the Azerbaijani movement
- The failure of the movement in Azerbaijan and Kurdistan
- End of open public activity for Tudeh Party of Iran
- The Tudeh Party of Iran's struggle against imperialism and internal reaction in private
- About the activities of the Revolutionary Social Democracy and the Communist Party of Iran
- The role of the Tudeh Party of Iran in the history of the liberation movement of our homeland
- The Tudeh Party of Iran in the struggle to form a united national and democratic front
- A glimpse of the history of the Iranian army and the democratic struggles within it
- Certificate of a life history
- Volume 2 of the book The Iranian Workers' and Communist Movement, Dr. Kambakhsh Encyclopedia (untranslated into German and Russian)
Anti-Russian Campaign and pro Fascists in Iran and point of view about Abdossamad Kambakhsh
Kambakhsh was known for his close connections to the Soviet intelligence agencies, including the OGPU, the NKVD and the KGB.[7]
Scholar Maziar Behrooz argues that "Kambakhsh was not a theorist but a party functionary with strong personal connections to the Soviets".[8]
Early life and education
Kambakhsh was born in 1902[3] or 1903[9] in Qazvin, and came from an aristocrat Qajar family.[3] He was grown up in his birthplace,[9] and went to study in Soviet Union in 1915.[10] Inspired by the Russian Revolution, he returned to Iran and joined the Socialist and Communist parties.[10] He then resided in Tehran and became a factory manager.[3] Despite his political leanings, the Persian government granted him a scholarship in 1927 and he was sent to Russia for university.[10] At Moscow University,[3] he studied aeronautics between 1928 and 1932.[11]
Career
He represented Tudeh in the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
According to written statements of Khosro Rouzbeh in military court, Kambakhsh initiated the activities of Tudeh Military Network in early 1944.[12]
In the first congress of Tudeh held in August 1944, Kambakhsh was elected to the central committee.[12]
After the 1946 Azerbaijan revolt, he was prosecuted with a warrant and as a result he fled the country.[12] The military tribunal sentenced him to death in absentia, forcing him into exile until his death.[3]
References
- ^ a b Keshavarz, Fereydoun (July–August 1981). "Tudeh's Policy is a Betrayal of the Working Class". MERIP Reports (Interview). Iran Two Years After (98). Interviewed by Fred Halliday. Middle East Research and Information Project: 26–27, 31. JSTOR i350683.
- ^ the CIA in 1954 suspected that the Tudeh was controlled by the veteran communist Kamran. See the U.S. Embassy to the State Department, “Anti-Tudeh Campaign,” The Declassified Documents Retrospective Collection, Microfiche 1952-54 (75), 309A
- ^ a b c d e f Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran. University of California Press. p. 50. ISBN 0520922905.
- ^ Gasiorowski, Mark J.; Byrne, Malcolm (2004). "Makki". Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran. Syracuse University Press. pp. 60–62. ISBN 0815630182.
- ^ Tudeh Party, “Party Program,” Rahbar, 5-7 September 1944.33 A. Qassemi, Hizb-i Tudeh-i Iran Cheh Miguyad va Cheh Mikhuahad? (What Does the Tudeh Party of Iran Say and Want?) (Tehran, 1944), pp. 2-5.
- ^ IRAN BETWEEN TWO REVOLUTIONS, page 296, Ervand Abrahamian
- ^ Chaqueri, Cosroe (December 15, 1998) [January 19, 2012]. "ESKANDARĪ, ĪRAJ". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 6. Vol. VIII. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 604–606. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
- ^ Behrooz, Maziar (August 2001). "Tudeh Factionalism and the 1953 Coup in Iran". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 33 (3): 363–82. doi:10.1017/S0020743801003026. JSTOR 259456.
- ^ a b Shirali, Mahnaz (2017). The Mystery of Contemporary Iran. Routledge. ISBN 9781351479134.
- ^ a b c Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. p. 296. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ Ghods, M. Reza (1990). "The Iranian Communist Movement under Reza Shah". Middle Eastern Studies. Taylor & Francis. 26 (4): 506–513. JSTOR 4283395.(subscription required)
- ^ a b c Miyata, Osamu (July 1987), "The Tudeh Military Network during the Oil Nationalization Period", Middle Eastern Studies, 23 (3): 313–328, doi:10.1080/00263208708700709, JSTOR 4283187