fbpx
Wikipedia

Ultimate tensile strength

January 08, 2023

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile strength (TS), ultimate strength, or within equations,[1][2][3] is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. In brittle materials the ultimate tensile strength is close to the yield point, whereas in ductile materials the ultimate tensile strength can be higher.

Two vises apply tension to a specimen by pulling at it, stretching the specimen until it fractures. The maximum stress it withstands before fracturing is its ultimate tensile strength.

The ultimate tensile strength is usually found by performing a tensile test and recording the engineering stress versus strain. The highest point of the stress–strain curve is the ultimate tensile strength and has units of stress. The equivalent point for the case of compression, instead of tension, is called the compressive strength.

Tensile strengths are rarely of any consequence in the design of ductile members, but they are important with brittle members. They are tabulated for common materials such as alloys, composite materials, ceramics, plastics, and wood.

Definition

The ultimate tensile strength of a material is an intensive property; therefore its value does not depend on the size of the test specimen. However, depending on the material, it may be dependent on other factors, such as the preparation of the specimen, the presence or otherwise of surface defects, and the temperature of the test environment and material.

Some materials break very sharply, without plastic deformation, in what is called a brittle failure. Others, which are more ductile, including most metals, experience some plastic deformation and possibly necking before fracture.

Tensile strength is defined as a stress, which is measured as force per unit area. For some non-homogeneous materials (or for assembled components) it can be reported just as a force or as a force per unit width. In the International System of Units (SI), the unit is the pascal (Pa) (or a multiple thereof, often megapascals (MPa), using the SI prefix mega); or, equivalently to pascals, newtons per square metre (N/m2). A United States customary unit is pounds per square inch (lb/in2 or psi). Kilopounds per square inch (ksi, or sometimes kpsi) is equal to 1000 psi, and is commonly used in the United States, when measuring tensile strengths.

Ductile materials

 
Figure 1: "Engineering" stress–strain (σ–ε) curve typical of aluminum
  1. Ultimate strength
  2. Yield strength
  3. Proportional limit stress
  4. Fracture
  5. Offset strain (typically 0.2%)
 
figure 2: "Engineering" (red) and "true" (blue) stress–strain curve typical of structural steel.

Many materials can display linear elastic behavior, defined by a linear stress–strain relationship, as shown in figure 1 up to point 3. The elastic behavior of materials often extends into a non-linear region, represented in figure 1 by point 2 (the "yield point"), up to which deformations are completely recoverable upon removal of the load; that is, a specimen loaded elastically in tension will elongate, but will return to its original shape and size when unloaded. Beyond this elastic region, for ductile materials, such as steel, deformations are plastic. A plastically deformed specimen does not completely return to its original size and shape when unloaded. For many applications, plastic deformation is unacceptable, and is used as the design limitation.

After the yield point, ductile metals undergo a period of strain hardening, in which the stress increases again with increasing strain, and they begin to neck, as the cross-sectional area of the specimen decreases due to plastic flow. In a sufficiently ductile material, when necking becomes substantial, it causes a reversal of the engineering stress–strain curve (curve A, figure 2); this is because the engineering stress is calculated assuming the original cross-sectional area before necking. The reversal point is the maximum stress on the engineering stress–strain curve, and the engineering stress coordinate of this point is the ultimate tensile strength, given by point 1.

Ultimate tensile strength is not used in the design of ductile static members because design practices dictate the use of the yield stress. It is, however, used for quality control, because of the ease of testing. It is also used to roughly determine material types for unknown samples.[4]

The ultimate tensile strength is a common engineering parameter to design members made of brittle material because such materials have no yield point.[4]

Testing

 
Round bar specimen after tensile stress testing
Aluminium tensile test samples after breakage
 
The "cup" side of the "cup–cone" characteristic failure pattern
 
Some parts showing the "cup" shape and some showing the "cone" shape
Main article: Tensile testing

Typically, the testing involves taking a small sample with a fixed cross-sectional area, and then pulling it with a tensometer at a constant strain (change in gauge length divided by initial gauge length) rate until the sample breaks.

When testing some metals, indentation hardness correlates linearly with tensile strength. This important relation permits economically important nondestructive testing of bulk metal deliveries with lightweight, even portable equipment, such as hand-held Rockwell hardness testers.[5] This practical correlation helps quality assurance in metalworking industries to extend well beyond the laboratory and universal testing machines.

Typical tensile strengths

Typical tensile strengths of some materials
Material Yield strength
(MPa)		 Ultimate tensile strength
(MPa)		 Density
(g/cm3)
Steel, structural ASTM A36 steel 250 400–550 7.8
Steel, 1090 mild 247 841 7.58
Chromium-vanadium steel AISI 6150 620 940 7.8
Steel, 2800 Maraging steel[6] 2617 2693 8.00
Steel, AerMet 340[7] 2160 2430 7.86
Steel, Sandvik Sanicro 36Mo logging cable precision wire[8] 1758 2070 8.00
Steel, AISI 4130,
water quenched 855 °C (1570 °F), 480 °C (900 °F) temper[9]		 951 1110 7.85
Steel, API 5L X65[10] 448 531 7.8
Steel, high strength alloy ASTM A514 690 760 7.8
Acrylic, clear cast sheet (PMMA)[11] 72 87[12] 1.16
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) 26–33 37 0.85
Polypropylene 12–43 19.7–80 0.91
Steel, stainless AISI 302 – cold-rolled 520[citation needed] 860 8.19
Cast iron 4.5% C, ASTM A-48 130 200 7.3
"Liquidmetal" alloy[citation needed] 1723 550–1600 6.1
Beryllium[13] 99.9% Be 345 448 1.84
Aluminium alloy[14] 2014-T6 414 483 2.8
Polyester resin (unreinforced)[15] 55 55  
Polyester and chopped strand mat laminate 30% E-glass[15] 100 100  
S-Glass epoxy composite[16] 2358 2358  
Aluminium alloy 6061-T6 241 300 2.7
Copper 99.9% Cu 70 220[citation needed] 8.92
Cupronickel 10% Ni, 1.6% Fe, 1% Mn, balance Cu 130 350 8.94
Brass 200 + 500 8.73
Tungsten 941 1510 19.25
Glass   33[17] 2.53
E-Glass N/A 1500 for laminates,
3450 for fibers alone		 2.57
S-Glass N/A 4710 2.48
Basalt fiber[18] N/A 4840 2.7
Marble N/A 15 2.6
Concrete N/A 2–5 2.7
Carbon fiber N/A 1600 for laminates,
4137 for fibers alone		 1.75
Carbon fiber (Toray T1100G)[19]
(the strongest human-made fibres)		   7000 fibre alone 1.79
Human hair 140–160 200–250[20]  
Bamboo fiber   350–500 0.4-0.8
Spider silk (see note below) 1000 1.3
Spider silk, Darwin's bark spider[21] 1652
Silkworm silk 500   1.3
Aramid (Kevlar or Twaron) 3620 3757 1.44
UHMWPE[22] 24 52 0.97
UHMWPE fibers[23][24] (Dyneema or Spectra) 2300–3500 0.97
Vectran   2850–3340 1.4
Polybenzoxazole (Zylon)[25] 2700 5800 1.56
Wood, pine (parallel to grain)   40  
Bone (limb) 104–121 130 1.6
Nylon, molded, 6PLA/6M [26] 75-85 1.15
Nylon fiber, drawn[27] 900[28] 1.13
Epoxy adhesive – 12–30[29] –
Rubber – 16  
Boron N/A 3100 2.46
Silicon, monocrystalline (m-Si) N/A 7000 2.33
Ultra-pure silica glass fiber-optic strands[30] 4100
Sapphire (Al2O3) 400 at 25 °C,
275 at 500 °C,
345 at 1000 °C		 1900 3.9–4.1
Boron nitride nanotube N/A 33000 2.62[31]
Diamond 1600 2800
~80–90 GPa at microscale[32]		 3.5
Graphene N/A intrinsic 130000;[33]
engineering 50000–60000[34]		 1.0
First carbon nanotube ropes ? 3600 1.3
Carbon nanotube (see note below) N/A 11000–63000 0.037–1.34
Carbon nanotube composites N/A 1200[35] N/A
High-strength carbon nanotube film N/A 9600[36] N/A
Iron (pure mono-crystal) 3 7.874
Limpet Patella vulgata teeth (goethite whisker nanocomposite) 4900
3000–6500[37]
^a Many of the values depend on manufacturing process and purity or composition.
^b Multiwalled carbon nanotubes have the highest tensile strength of any material yet measured, with one measurement of 63 GPa, still well below one theoretical value of 300 GPa.[38] The first nanotube ropes (20 mm in length) whose tensile strength was published (in 2000) had a strength of 3.6 GPa.[39] The density depends on the manufacturing method, and the lowest value is 0.037 or 0.55 (solid).[40]
^c The strength of spider silk is highly variable. It depends on many factors including kind of silk (Every spider can produce several for sundry purposes.), species, age of silk, temperature, humidity, swiftness at which stress is applied during testing, length stress is applied, and way the silk is gathered (forced silking or natural spinning).[41] The value shown in the table, 1000 MPa, is roughly representative of the results from a few studies involving several different species of spider however specific results varied greatly.[42]
^d Human hair strength varies by ethnicity and chemical treatments.

Typical Properties of annealed elements

Typical properties for annealed elements[43]
Element Young's
modulus
(GPa)		 Yield strength
(MPa)		 Ultimate
strength
(MPa)
Silicon 107 5000–9000
Tungsten 411 550 550–620
Iron 211 80–100 350
Titanium 120 100–225 246–370
Copper 130 117 210
Tantalum 186 180 200
Tin 47 9–14 15–200
Zinc 85–105 200–400 200–400
Nickel 170 140–350 140–195
Silver 83 170
Gold 79 100
Aluminium 70 15–20 40–50
Lead 16 12

See also

References

  1. ^ "Generic MMPDS Mechanical Properties Table". stressebook.com. 6 December 2014. from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  2. ^ Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 31
  3. ^ Smith & Hashemi 2006, p. 223
  4. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 16 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  5. ^ E.J. Pavlina and C.J. Van Tyne, "Correlation of Yield Strength and Tensile Strength with Hardness for Steels", Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 17:6 (December 2008)
  6. ^ "MatWeb – The Online Materials Information Resource". from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  7. ^ "MatWeb – The Online Materials Information Resource". from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  8. ^ "MatWeb – The Online Materials Information Resource". from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  9. ^ "MatWeb – The Online Materials Information Resource". from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  10. ^ . Archived from the original on 13 July 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
  11. ^ [1] 23 March 2014 at the Wayback MachineIAPD Typical Properties of Acrylics
  12. ^ strictly speaking this figure is the flexural strength (or modulus of rupture), which is a more appropriate measure for brittle materials than "ultimate strength."
  13. ^ "MatWeb – The Online Materials Information Resource". from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  14. ^ "MatWeb – The Online Materials Information Resource". from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  15. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  16. ^ "Properties of Carbon Fiber Tubes". from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  17. ^ "Soda-Lime (Float) Glass Material Properties :: MakeItFrom.com". from the original on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on 3 November 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  19. ^ "Toray Properties Document". Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  20. ^ "Tensile Testing Hair". instron.us. from the original on 28 September 2017.
  21. ^ Agnarsson, I; Kuntner, M; Blackledge, TA (2010). "Bioprospecting Finds the Toughest Biological Material: Extraordinary Silk from a Giant Riverine Orb Spider". PLOS ONE. 5 (9): e11234. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511234A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011234. PMC 2939878. PMID 20856804.
  22. ^ Oral, E; Christensen, SD; Malhi, AS; Wannomae, KK; Muratoglu, OK (2006). "PubMed Central, Table 3". J Arthroplasty. 21 (4): 580–91. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2005.07.009. PMC 2716092. PMID 16781413.
  23. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2007.
  24. ^ "Mechanical Properties Data". www.mse.mtu.edu. from the original on 3 May 2007.
  25. ^ "MatWeb – The Online Materials Information Resource". from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  26. ^ https://advancednylons.co.za/Materialproperties.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  27. ^ . University of Tennessee. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  28. ^ "Comparing aramids". Teijin Aramid. from the original on 3 May 2015.
  29. ^ "Uhu endfest 300 epoxy: Strength over setting temperature". from the original on 19 July 2011.
  30. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  31. ^ "What is the density of Hydrogenated Boron Nitride Nanotubes (H-BNNT)?". space.stackexchange.com. from the original on 13 April 2017.
  32. ^ Dang, Chaoqun; et al. (1 January 2021). "Achieving large uniform tensile elasticity in microfabricated diamond". Science. 371 (6524): 76–78. Bibcode:2021Sci...371...76D. doi:10.1126/science.abc4174. PMID 33384375.
  33. ^ Lee, C.; et al. (2008). "Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene". Science. 321 (5887): 385–8. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..385L. doi:10.1126/science.1157996. PMID 18635798. S2CID 206512830. from the original on 19 February 2009.
    • Phil Schewe (28 July 2008). . Inside Science News Service. American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009.
  34. ^ Cao, K. (2020). "Elastic straining of free-standing monolayer graphene". Nature Communications. 11 (284): 284. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11..284C. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-14130-0. PMC 6962388. PMID 31941941.
  35. ^ IOP.org Z. Wang, P. Ciselli and T. Peijs, Nanotechnology 18, 455709, 2007.
  36. ^ Xu, Wei; Chen, Yun; Zhan, Hang; Nong Wang, Jian (2016). "High-Strength Carbon Nanotube Film from Improving Alignment and Densification". Nano Letters. 16 (2): 946–952. Bibcode:2016NanoL..16..946X. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03863. PMID 26757031.
  37. ^ Barber, A. H.; Lu, D.; Pugno, N. M. (2015). "Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 12 (105): 105. doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.1326. PMC 4387522. PMID 25694539.
  38. ^ Yu, Min-Feng; Lourie, O; Dyer, MJ; Moloni, K; Kelly, TF; Ruoff, RS (2000). "Strength and Breaking Mechanism of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Under Tensile Load". Science. 287 (5453): 637–640. Bibcode:2000Sci...287..637Y. doi:10.1126/science.287.5453.637. PMID 10649994.
  39. ^ Li, F.; Cheng, H. M.; Bai, S.; Su, G.; Dresselhaus, M. S. (2000). "Tensile strength of single-walled carbon nanotubes directly measured from their macroscopic ropes". Applied Physics Letters. 77 (20): 3161. Bibcode:2000ApPhL..77.3161L. doi:10.1063/1.1324984. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012.
  40. ^ K.Hata. "From Highly Efficient Impurity-Free CNT Synthesis to DWNT forests, CNTsolids and Super-Capacitors" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2010.
  41. ^ Elices; et al. . JOM. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
  42. ^ Blackledge; et al. (2005). "Quasistatic and continuous dynamic characterization of the mechanical properties of silk from the cobweb of the black widow spider Latrodectus hesperus". Journal of Experimental Biology. The Company of Biologists. 208 (10): 1937–1949. doi:10.1242/jeb.01597. PMID 15879074. S2CID 9678391. from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
  43. ^ A.M. Howatson, P. G. Lund, and J. D. Todd, Engineering Tables and Data, p. 41

Further reading

  • Giancoli, Douglas, Physics for Scientists & Engineers Third Edition (2000). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
  • Köhler T, Vollrath F (1995). "Thread biomechanics in the two orb-weaving spiders Araneus diadematus (Araneae, Araneidae) and Uloboris walckenaerius (Araneae, Uloboridae)". Journal of Experimental Zoology. 271: 1–17. doi:10.1002/jez.1402710102.
  • T Follett, Life without metals
  • Min-Feng Y, Lourie O, Dyer MJ, Moloni K, Kelly TF, Ruoff RS (2000). (PDF). Science. 287 (5453): 637–640. Bibcode:2000Sci...287..637Y. doi:10.1126/science.287.5453.637. PMID 10649994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2011.
  • George E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy (1988). McGraw-Hill, UK

January 08, 2023
ultimate, tensile, strength, often, shortened, tensile, strength, ultimate, strength, displaystyle, text, within, equations, maximum, stress, that, material, withstand, while, being, stretched, pulled, before, breaking, brittle, materials, ultimate, tensile, s. Ultimate tensile strength UTS often shortened to tensile strength TS ultimate strength or F tu displaystyle F text tu within equations 1 2 3 is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking In brittle materials the ultimate tensile strength is close to the yield point whereas in ductile materials the ultimate tensile strength can be higher Two vises apply tension to a specimen by pulling at it stretching the specimen until it fractures The maximum stress it withstands before fracturing is its ultimate tensile strength The ultimate tensile strength is usually found by performing a tensile test and recording the engineering stress versus strain The highest point of the stress strain curve is the ultimate tensile strength and has units of stress The equivalent point for the case of compression instead of tension is called the compressive strength Tensile strengths are rarely of any consequence in the design of ductile members but they are important with brittle members They are tabulated for common materials such as alloys composite materials ceramics plastics and wood Contents 1 Definition 1 1 Ductile materials 2 Testing 3 Typical tensile strengths 4 Typical Properties of annealed elements 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingDefinition EditThe ultimate tensile strength of a material is an intensive property therefore its value does not depend on the size of the test specimen However depending on the material it may be dependent on other factors such as the preparation of the specimen the presence or otherwise of surface defects and the temperature of the test environment and material Some materials break very sharply without plastic deformation in what is called a brittle failure Others which are more ductile including most metals experience some plastic deformation and possibly necking before fracture Tensile strength is defined as a stress which is measured as force per unit area For some non homogeneous materials or for assembled components it can be reported just as a force or as a force per unit width In the International System of Units SI the unit is the pascal Pa or a multiple thereof often megapascals MPa using the SI prefix mega or equivalently to pascals newtons per square metre N m2 A United States customary unit is pounds per square inch lb in2 or psi Kilopounds per square inch ksi or sometimes kpsi is equal to 1000 psi and is commonly used in the United States when measuring tensile strengths Ductile materials Edit Figure 1 Engineering stress strain s e curve typical of aluminum Ultimate strengthYield strengthProportional limit stressFractureOffset strain typically 0 2 figure 2 Engineering red and true blue stress strain curve typical of structural steel 1 Ultimate strength2 Yield strength yield point 3 Rupture4 Strain hardening region5 Necking regionA Apparent stress F A0 B Actual stress F A Many materials can display linear elastic behavior defined by a linear stress strain relationship as shown in figure 1 up to point 3 The elastic behavior of materials often extends into a non linear region represented in figure 1 by point 2 the yield point up to which deformations are completely recoverable upon removal of the load that is a specimen loaded elastically in tension will elongate but will return to its original shape and size when unloaded Beyond this elastic region for ductile materials such as steel deformations are plastic A plastically deformed specimen does not completely return to its original size and shape when unloaded For many applications plastic deformation is unacceptable and is used as the design limitation After the yield point ductile metals undergo a period of strain hardening in which the stress increases again with increasing strain and they begin to neck as the cross sectional area of the specimen decreases due to plastic flow In a sufficiently ductile material when necking becomes substantial it causes a reversal of the engineering stress strain curve curve A figure 2 this is because the engineering stress is calculated assuming the original cross sectional area before necking The reversal point is the maximum stress on the engineering stress strain curve and the engineering stress coordinate of this point is the ultimate tensile strength given by point 1 Ultimate tensile strength is not used in the design of ductile static members because design practices dictate the use of the yield stress It is however used for quality control because of the ease of testing It is also used to roughly determine material types for unknown samples 4 The ultimate tensile strength is a common engineering parameter to design members made of brittle material because such materials have no yield point 4 Testing Edit Round bar specimen after tensile stress testingAluminium tensile test samples after breakage The cup side of the cup cone characteristic failure pattern Some parts showing the cup shape and some showing the cone shapeMain article Tensile testing Typically the testing involves taking a small sample with a fixed cross sectional area and then pulling it with a tensometer at a constant strain change in gauge length divided by initial gauge length rate until the sample breaks When testing some metals indentation hardness correlates linearly with tensile strength This important relation permits economically important nondestructive testing of bulk metal deliveries with lightweight even portable equipment such as hand held Rockwell hardness testers 5 This practical correlation helps quality assurance in metalworking industries to extend well beyond the laboratory and universal testing machines Typical tensile strengths EditTypical tensile strengths of some materials Material Yield strength MPa Ultimate tensile strength MPa Density g cm3 Steel structural ASTM A36 steel 250 400 550 7 8Steel 1090 mild 247 841 7 58Chromium vanadium steel AISI 6150 620 940 7 8Steel 2800 Maraging steel 6 2617 2693 8 00Steel AerMet 340 7 2160 2430 7 86Steel Sandvik Sanicro 36Mo logging cable precision wire 8 1758 2070 8 00Steel AISI 4130 water quenched 855 C 1570 F 480 C 900 F temper 9 951 1110 7 85Steel API 5L X65 10 448 531 7 8Steel high strength alloy ASTM A514 690 760 7 8Acrylic clear cast sheet PMMA 11 72 87 12 1 16High density polyethylene HDPE 26 33 37 0 85Polypropylene 12 43 19 7 80 0 91Steel stainless AISI 302 cold rolled 520 citation needed 860 8 19Cast iron 4 5 C ASTM A 48 130 200 7 3 Liquidmetal alloy citation needed 1723 550 1600 6 1Beryllium 13 99 9 Be 345 448 1 84Aluminium alloy 14 2014 T6 414 483 2 8Polyester resin unreinforced 15 55 55 Polyester and chopped strand mat laminate 30 E glass 15 100 100 S Glass epoxy composite 16 2358 2358 Aluminium alloy 6061 T6 241 300 2 7Copper 99 9 Cu 70 220 citation needed 8 92Cupronickel 10 Ni 1 6 Fe 1 Mn balance Cu 130 350 8 94Brass 200 500 8 73Tungsten 941 1510 19 25Glass 33 17 2 53E Glass N A 1500 for laminates 3450 for fibers alone 2 57S Glass N A 4710 2 48Basalt fiber 18 N A 4840 2 7Marble N A 15 2 6Concrete N A 2 5 2 7Carbon fiber N A 1600 for laminates 4137 for fibers alone 1 75Carbon fiber Toray T1100G 19 the strongest human made fibres 7000 fibre alone 1 79Human hair 140 160 200 250 20 Bamboo fiber 350 500 0 4 0 8Spider silk see note below 1000 1 3Spider silk Darwin s bark spider 21 1652Silkworm silk 500 1 3Aramid Kevlar or Twaron 3620 3757 1 44UHMWPE 22 24 52 0 97UHMWPE fibers 23 24 Dyneema or Spectra 2300 3500 0 97Vectran 2850 3340 1 4Polybenzoxazole Zylon 25 2700 5800 1 56Wood pine parallel to grain 40 Bone limb 104 121 130 1 6Nylon molded 6PLA 6M 26 75 85 1 15Nylon fiber drawn 27 900 28 1 13Epoxy adhesive 12 30 29 Rubber 16 Boron N A 3100 2 46Silicon monocrystalline m Si N A 7000 2 33Ultra pure silica glass fiber optic strands 30 4100Sapphire Al2O3 400 at 25 C 275 at 500 C 345 at 1000 C 1900 3 9 4 1Boron nitride nanotube N A 33000 2 62 31 Diamond 1600 2800 80 90 GPa at microscale 32 3 5Graphene N A intrinsic 130000 33 engineering 50000 60000 34 1 0First carbon nanotube ropes 3600 1 3Carbon nanotube see note below N A 11000 63000 0 037 1 34Carbon nanotube composites N A 1200 35 N AHigh strength carbon nanotube film N A 9600 36 N AIron pure mono crystal 3 7 874Limpet Patella vulgata teeth goethite whisker nanocomposite 49003000 6500 37 a Many of the values depend on manufacturing process and purity or composition b Multiwalled carbon nanotubes have the highest tensile strength of any material yet measured with one measurement of 63 GPa still well below one theoretical value of 300 GPa 38 The first nanotube ropes 20 mm in length whose tensile strength was published in 2000 had a strength of 3 6 GPa 39 The density depends on the manufacturing method and the lowest value is 0 037 or 0 55 solid 40 c The strength of spider silk is highly variable It depends on many factors including kind of silk Every spider can produce several for sundry purposes species age of silk temperature humidity swiftness at which stress is applied during testing length stress is applied and way the silk is gathered forced silking or natural spinning 41 The value shown in the table 1000 MPa is roughly representative of the results from a few studies involving several different species of spider however specific results varied greatly 42 d Human hair strength varies by ethnicity and chemical treatments Typical Properties of annealed elements EditTypical properties for annealed elements 43 Element Young smodulus GPa Yield strength MPa Ultimatestrength MPa Silicon 107 5000 9000Tungsten 411 550 550 620Iron 211 80 100 350Titanium 120 100 225 246 370Copper 130 117 210Tantalum 186 180 200Tin 47 9 14 15 200Zinc 85 105 200 400 200 400Nickel 170 140 350 140 195Silver 83 170Gold 79 100Aluminium 70 15 20 40 50Lead 16 12See also EditFlexural strength Strength of materials Tensile structure Toughness Failure Tension physics Young s modulusReferences Edit Generic MMPDS Mechanical Properties Table stressebook com 6 December 2014 Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 Retrieved 27 April 2018 Degarmo Black amp Kohser 2003 p 31harvnb error no target CITEREFDegarmoBlackKohser2003 help Smith amp Hashemi 2006 p 223harvnb error no target CITEREFSmithHashemi2006 help a b Tensile Properties Archived from the original on 16 February 2014 Retrieved 20 February 2015 E J Pavlina and C J Van Tyne Correlation of Yield Strength and Tensile Strength with Hardness for Steels Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 17 6 December 2008 MatWeb The Online Materials Information Resource Archived from the original on 15 December 2013 Retrieved 20 February 2015 MatWeb The Online Materials Information Resource Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 Retrieved 20 February 2015 MatWeb The Online Materials Information Resource Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 Retrieved 20 February 2015 MatWeb The Online Materials Information Resource Archived from the original on 28 March 2017 Retrieved 20 February 2015 USStubular com Archived from the original on 13 July 2009 Retrieved 27 June 2009 1 Archived 23 March 2014 at the Wayback MachineIAPD Typical Properties of Acrylics strictly speaking this figure is the flexural strength or modulus of rupture which is a more appropriate measure for brittle materials than ultimate strength MatWeb The Online Materials Information Resource Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 Retrieved 20 February 2015 MatWeb The Online Materials Information Resource Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 Retrieved 20 February 2015 a b Guide to Glass Reinforced Plastic fibreglass East Coast Fibreglass Supplies Archived from the original on 16 February 2015 Retrieved 20 February 2015 Properties of Carbon Fiber Tubes Archived from the original on 24 February 2015 Retrieved 20 February 2015 Soda Lime Float Glass Material Properties MakeItFrom com Archived from the original on 3 July 2011 Retrieved 20 February 2015 Basalt Continuous Fibers Archived from the original on 3 November 2009 Retrieved 29 December 2009 Toray Properties Document Retrieved 17 September 2018 Tensile Testing Hair instron us Archived from the original on 28 September 2017 Agnarsson I Kuntner M Blackledge TA 2010 Bioprospecting Finds the Toughest Biological Material Extraordinary Silk from a Giant Riverine Orb Spider PLOS ONE 5 9 e11234 Bibcode 2010PLoSO 511234A doi 10 1371 journal pone 0011234 PMC 2939878 PMID 20856804 Oral E Christensen SD Malhi AS Wannomae KK Muratoglu OK 2006 PubMed Central Table 3 J Arthroplasty 21 4 580 91 doi 10 1016 j arth 2005 07 009 PMC 2716092 PMID 16781413 Tensile and creep properties of ultra high molecular weight PE fibres PDF Archived from the original PDF on 28 June 2007 Retrieved 11 May 2007 Mechanical Properties Data www mse mtu edu Archived from the original on 3 May 2007 MatWeb The Online Materials Information Resource Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 Retrieved 20 February 2015 https advancednylons co za Materialproperties pdf bare URL PDF Nylon Fibers University of Tennessee Archived from the original on 19 April 2015 Retrieved 25 April 2015 Comparing aramids Teijin Aramid Archived from the original on 3 May 2015 Uhu endfest 300 epoxy Strength over setting temperature Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Fols org PDF Archived from the original PDF on 25 July 2011 Retrieved 1 September 2010 What is the density of Hydrogenated Boron Nitride Nanotubes H BNNT space stackexchange com Archived from the original on 13 April 2017 Dang Chaoqun et al 1 January 2021 Achieving large uniform tensile elasticity in microfabricated diamond Science 371 6524 76 78 Bibcode 2021Sci 371 76D doi 10 1126 science abc4174 PMID 33384375 Lee C et al 2008 Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene Science 321 5887 385 8 Bibcode 2008Sci 321 385L doi 10 1126 science 1157996 PMID 18635798 S2CID 206512830 Archived from the original on 19 February 2009 Phil Schewe 28 July 2008 World s Strongest Material Inside Science News Service American Institute of Physics Archived from the original on 25 February 2009 Cao K 2020 Elastic straining of free standing monolayer graphene Nature Communications 11 284 284 Bibcode 2020NatCo 11 284C doi 10 1038 s41467 019 14130 0 PMC 6962388 PMID 31941941 IOP org Z Wang P Ciselli and T Peijs Nanotechnology 18 455709 2007 Xu Wei Chen Yun Zhan Hang Nong Wang Jian 2016 High Strength Carbon Nanotube Film from Improving Alignment and Densification Nano Letters 16 2 946 952 Bibcode 2016NanoL 16 946X doi 10 1021 acs nanolett 5b03863 PMID 26757031 Barber A H Lu D Pugno N M 2015 Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth Journal of the Royal Society Interface 12 105 105 doi 10 1098 rsif 2014 1326 PMC 4387522 PMID 25694539 Yu Min Feng Lourie O Dyer MJ Moloni K Kelly TF Ruoff RS 2000 Strength and Breaking Mechanism of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Under Tensile Load Science 287 5453 637 640 Bibcode 2000Sci 287 637Y doi 10 1126 science 287 5453 637 PMID 10649994 Li F Cheng H M Bai S Su G Dresselhaus M S 2000 Tensile strength of single walled carbon nanotubes directly measured from their macroscopic ropes Applied Physics Letters 77 20 3161 Bibcode 2000ApPhL 77 3161L doi 10 1063 1 1324984 Archived from the original on 28 December 2012 K Hata From Highly Efficient Impurity Free CNT Synthesis to DWNT forests CNTsolids and Super Capacitors PDF Archived PDF from the original on 12 June 2010 Elices et al Finding Inspiration in Argiope Trifasciata Spider Silk Fibers JOM Archived from the original on 15 January 2009 Retrieved 23 January 2009 Blackledge et al 2005 Quasistatic and continuous dynamic characterization of the mechanical properties of silk from the cobweb of the black widow spider Latrodectus hesperus Journal of Experimental Biology The Company of Biologists 208 10 1937 1949 doi 10 1242 jeb 01597 PMID 15879074 S2CID 9678391 Archived from the original on 1 February 2009 Retrieved 23 January 2009 A M Howatson P G Lund and J D Todd Engineering Tables and Data p 41Further reading EditGiancoli Douglas Physics for Scientists amp Engineers Third Edition 2000 Upper Saddle River Prentice Hall Kohler T Vollrath F 1995 Thread biomechanics in the two orb weaving spiders Araneus diadematus Araneae Araneidae and Uloboris walckenaerius Araneae Uloboridae Journal of Experimental Zoology 271 1 17 doi 10 1002 jez 1402710102 T Follett Life without metals Min Feng Y Lourie O Dyer MJ Moloni K Kelly TF Ruoff RS 2000 Strength and Breaking Mechanism of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Under Tensile Load PDF Science 287 5453 637 640 Bibcode 2000Sci 287 637Y doi 10 1126 science 287 5453 637 PMID 10649994 Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2011 George E Dieter Mechanical Metallurgy 1988 McGraw Hill UK Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ultimate tensile strength amp oldid 1131264350, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.