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Fourth Industrial Revolution

May 07, 2024

"Fourth Industrial Revolution", "4IR", or "Industry 4.0"[1] is a buzzword and neologism describing rapid technological advancement in the 21st century. The term was popularised in 2016 by Klaus Schwab, the World Economic Forum founder and executive chairman,[2][3][4][5][6] who says that the changes show a significant shift in industrial capitalism.[7]

Top-left: an image of robots in a grocery warehouse. Top-right: augmented tablet information of a painting in Museu de Mataró, linking to Wikipedia's Catalan article on Jordi Arenas i Clavell [ca]. Bottom-left: illustrated understanding of the Internet of things in a battlefield setting. Bottom-right: customers using Amazon Go, an example of "just walk out shopping" where integrated technology creates a seamless consumer journey through including computer vision, deep-learning algorithms, and sensor fusion.

A part of this phase of industrial change is the joining of technologies like artificial intelligence, gene editing, to advanced robotics that blur the lines between the physical, digital, and biological worlds.[7][8]

Throughout this, fundamental shifts are taking place in how the global production and supply network operates through ongoing automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices, using modern smart technology, large-scale machine-to-machine communication (M2M), and the Internet of things (IoT). This integration results in increasing automation, improving communication and self-monitoring, and the use of smart machines that can analyse and diagnose issues without the need for human intervention.[9]

It also represents a social, political, and economic shift from the digital age of the late 1990s and early 2000s to an era of embedded connectivity distinguished by the ubiquity of technology in society (i.e. a metaverse) that changes the ways humans experience and know the world around them.[10] It posits that we have created and are entering an augmented social reality compared to just the natural senses and industrial ability of humans alone.[7]

History edit

The phrase Fourth Industrial Revolution was first introduced by a team of scientists developing a high-tech strategy for the German government.[11] Klaus Schwab, executive chairman of the World Economic Forum (WEF), introduced the phrase to a wider audience in a 2015 article published by Foreign Affairs.[12] "Mastering the Fourth Industrial Revolution" was the 2016 theme of the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland.[13]

On 10 October 2016, the Forum announced the opening of its Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution in San Francisco.[14] This was also subject and title of Schwab's 2016 book.[15] Schwab includes in this fourth era technologies that combine hardware, software, and biology (cyber-physical systems),[16] and emphasises advances in communication and connectivity. Schwab expects this era to be marked by breakthroughs in emerging technologies in fields such as robotics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, quantum computing, biotechnology, the internet of things, the industrial internet of things, decentralised consensus, fifth-generation wireless technologies, 3D printing, and fully autonomous vehicles.[17]

In The Great Reset proposal by the WEF, The Fourth Industrial Revolution is included as a strategic intelligence in the solution to rebuild the economy sustainably following the COVID-19 pandemic.[18]

First Industrial Revolution edit

Main article: Industrial Revolution

The First Industrial Revolution was marked by a transition from hand production methods to machines through the use of steam power and water power. The implementation of new technologies took a long time, so the period which this refers to was between 1760 and 1820, or 1840 in Europe and the United States. Its effects had consequences on textile manufacturing, which was first to adopt such changes, as well as iron industry, agriculture, and mining although it also had societal effects with an ever stronger middle class.[19]

Second Industrial Revolution edit

Main article: Second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, is the period between 1871 and 1914 that resulted from installations of extensive railroad and telegraph networks, which allowed for faster transfer of people and ideas, as well as electricity. Increasing electrification allowed for factories to develop the modern production line. It was a period of great economic growth, with an increase in productivity, which also caused a surge in unemployment since many factory workers were replaced by machines.[20]

Third Industrial Revolution edit

Main article: Digital Revolution

The Third Industrial Revolution, also known as the Digital Electronics Revolution, occurred in the late 20th century, after the end of the two world wars, resulting from a slowdown of industrialisation and technological advancement compared to previous periods. The production of the Z1 computer, which used binary floating-point numbers and Boolean logic, a decade later, was the beginning of more advanced digital developments.

A book titled The Third Industrial Revolution, by Jeremy Rifkin, was published in 2011, which focused on the intersection of digital communications technology and renewable energy. It was made into a 2017 documentary by Vice Media.

Characteristics edit

In essence, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is the trend towards automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies and processes which include cyber-physical systems (CPS), IoT, industrial internet of things,[21] cloud computing,[22][23][24][25] cognitive computing, and artificial intelligence.[25][26]

The machines cannot replace the deep expertise but they tend to be more efficient than humans in performing repetitive functions, and the combination of machine learning and computational power allows machines to carry out highly complicated tasks.[27]

The Fourth Industrial Revolution has been defined as technological developments in cyber-physical systems such as high capacity connectivity; new human-machine interaction modes such as touch interfaces and virtual reality systems; and improvements in transferring digital instructions to the physical world including robotics and 3D printing (additive manufacturing); the Internet of Things (IoT); "big data" and cloud computing; artificial intelligence-based systems; improvements to and uptake of Off-Grid / Stand-Alone Renewable Energy Systems: solar, wind, wave, hydroelectric and the electric batteries (lithium-ion renewable energy storage systems (ESS) and EV).

The Fourth Industrial Revolution marks the beginning of the imagination age.[28]

Key themes edit

Industry 4.0 increases operational efficiency. Four themes are presented that summarise an Industry 4.0:[22]

  • Decentralized decisions – the ability of cyber physical systems to make decisions on their own and to perform their tasks as autonomously as possible. Only in the case of exceptions, interference, or conflicting goals, are tasks delegated to a higher level[29]

Distinctiveness edit

Proponents of the Fourth Industrial Revolution suggest it is a distinct revolution rather than simply a prolongation of the Third Industrial Revolution.[12] This is due to the following characteristics:

  • Velocity — exponential speed at which incumbent industries are affected and displaced[12]
  • Scope and systems impact – the large amount of sectors and firms that are affected[12]
  • Paradigm shift in technology policy – new policies designed for this new way of doing are present. An example is Singapore's formal recognition of Industry 4.0 in its innovation policies.

Critics of the concept dismiss Industry 4.0 as a marketing strategy. They suggest that although revolutionary changes are identifiable in distinct sectors, there is no systemic change so far. In addition, the pace of recognition of Industry 4.0 and policy transition varies across countries; the definition of Industry 4.0 is not harmonised. One of the most known figures is Jeremy Rifkin who "agree[s] that digitalization is the hallmark and defining technology in what has become known as the Third Industrial Revolution".[30] However, he argues that "that the evolution of digitalization has barely begun to run its course and that its new configuration in the form of the Internet of Things represents the next stage of its development".[30]

Components edit

 
Self-driving car

The application of the Fourth Industrial Revolution operates through:[31]

Mainly these technologies can be summarised into four major components, defining the term "Industry 4.0" or "smart factory":[31]

Industry 4.0 networks a wide range of new technologies to create value. Using cyber-physical systems that monitor physical processes, a virtual copy of the physical world can be designed. Characteristics of cyber-physical systems include the ability to make decentralised decisions independently, reaching a high degree of autonomy.[31]

The value created in Industry 4.0, can be relied upon electronic identification, in which the smart manufacturing require set technologies to be incorporated in the manufacturing process to thus be classified as in the development path of Industry 4.0 and no longer digitisation.[32]

Trends edit

Smart factory edit

Main article: Smart manufacturing

Smart Factory is the vision of a production environment in which production facilities and logistics systems are organised without human intervention.

The Smart Factory is no longer a vision. While different model factories represent the feasible, many enterprises already clarify with examples practically, how the Smart Factory functions.

The technical foundations on which the Smart Factory – the intelligent factory – is based are cyber-physical systems that communicate with each other using the Internet of Things and Services. An important part of this process is the exchange of data between the product and the production line. This enables a much more efficient connection of the Supply Chain and better organisation within any production environment.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution fosters what has been called a "smart factory". Within modular structured smart factories, cyber-physical systems monitor physical processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralised decisions.[33] Over the internet of things, cyber-physical systems communicate and cooperate with each other and with humans in synchronic time both internally and across organizational services offered and used by participants of the value chain.[22][34]

Predictive maintenance edit

Industry 4.0 can also provide predictive maintenance, due to the use of technology and the IoT sensors. Predictive maintenance – which can identify maintenance issues in real time – allows machine owners to perform cost-effective maintenance and determine it ahead of time before the machinery fails or gets damaged.  For example, a company in Los Angeles could understand if a piece of equipment in Singapore is running at an abnormal speed or temperature. They could then decide whether or not it needs to be repaired.[35]

3D printing edit

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is said to have extensive dependency on 3D printing technology.  Some advantages of 3D printing for industry are that 3D printing can print many geometric structures, as well as simplify the product design process. It is also relatively environmentally friendly. In low-volume production, it can also decrease lead times and total production costs. Moreover, it can increase flexibility, reduce warehousing costs and help the company towards the adoption of a mass customisation business strategy. In addition, 3D printing can be very useful for printing spare parts and installing it locally, therefore reducing supplier dependence and reducing the supply lead time.[36]

The determining factor is the pace of change. The correlation of the speed of technological development and, as a result, socio-economic and infrastructural transformations with human life allows one to state a qualitative leap in the speed of development, which marks a transition to a new time era.[37]

Smart sensors edit

Sensors and instrumentation drive the central forces of innovation, not only for Industry 4.0 but also for other "smart" megatrends, such as smart production, smart mobility, smart homes, smart cities, and smart factories.[38]

Smart sensors are devices, which generate the data and allow further functionality from self-monitoring and self-configuration to condition monitoring of complex processes. With the capability of wireless communication, they reduce installation effort to a great extent and help realise a dense array of sensors.[39]

The importance of sensors, measurement science, and smart evaluation for Industry 4.0 has been recognised and acknowledged by various experts and has already led to the statement "Industry 4.0: nothing goes without sensor systems."[40]

However, there are a few issues, such as time synchronisation error, data loss, and dealing with large amounts of harvested data, which all limit the implementation of full-fledged systems. Moreover, additional limits on these functionalities represents the battery power. One example of the integration of smart sensors in the electronic devices, is the case of smart watches, where sensors receive the data from the movement of the user, process the data and as a result, provide the user with the information about how many steps they have walked in a day and also converts the data into calories burned.

Agriculture and food industries edit

 
Hydroponic vertical farming

Smart sensors in these two fields are still in the testing stage.[41] These innovative connected sensors collect, interpret and communicate the information available in the plots (leaf area, vegetation index, chlorophyll, hygrometry, temperature, water potential, radiation). Based on this scientific data, the objective is to enable real-time monitoring via a smartphone with a range of advice that optimises plot management in terms of results, time and costs. On the farm, these sensors can be used to detect crop stages and recommend inputs and treatments at the right time. As well as controlling the level of irrigation.[42]

The food industry requires more and more security and transparency and full documentation is required. This new technology is used as a tracking system as well as the collection of human data and product data.[43]

Accelerated transition to the knowledge economy edit

Knowledge economy is an economic system in which production and services are largely based on knowledge-intensive activities that contribute to an accelerated pace of technical and scientific advance, as well as rapid obsolescence.[44][45] Industry 4.0 aids transitions into knowledge economy by increasing reliance on intellectual capabilities than on physical inputs or natural resources.

Challenges edit

Challenges in implementation of Industry 4.0:[46][47]

Economic edit

  • High economic cost
  • Business model adaptation
  • Unclear economic benefits/excessive investment[46][47]

Social edit

  • Privacy concerns
  • Surveillance and distrust
  • General reluctance to change by stakeholders
  • Threat of redundancy of the corporate IT department
  • Loss of many jobs to automatic processes and IT-controlled processes, especially for blue collar workers[46][47][48]
  • Increased risk of gender inequalities in professions with job roles most susceptible to replacement with AI[49][50]

Political edit

  • Lack of regulation, standards and forms of certifications
  • Unclear legal issues and data security[46][47]

Organizational edit

  • IT security issues, which are greatly aggravated by the inherent need to open up previously closed production shops
  • Reliability and stability needed for critical machine-to-machine communication (M2M), including very short and stable latency times
  • Need to maintain the integrity of production processes
  • Need to avoid any IT snags, as those would cause expensive production outages
  • Need to protect industrial know-how (contained also in the control files for the industrial automation gear)
  • Lack of adequate skill-sets to expedite the transition towards a fourth industrial revolution[51][52]
  • Low top management commitment
  • Insufficient qualification of employees[46][47]

Country applications edit

Many countries have set up institutional mechanisms to foster the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. For example,

Australia edit

Australia has a Digital Transformation Agency (est. 2015) and the Prime Minister's Industry 4.0 Taskforce (est. 2016), which promotes collaboration with industry groups in Germany and the USA.[53]

Germany edit

The term "Industrie 4.0", shortened to I4.0 or simply I4, originated in 2011 from a project in the high-tech strategy of the German government and specifically relates to that project policy, rather than a wider notion of a Fourth Industrial Revolution of 4IR,[7] which promotes the computerisation of manufacturing.[54] The term "Industrie 4.0" was publicly introduced in the same year at the Hannover Fair.[55] Renowned German professor Wolfgang Wahlster is sometimes called the inventor of the "Industry 4.0" term.[56] In October 2012, the Working Group on Industry 4.0 presented a set of Industry 4.0 implementation recommendations to the German federal government. The workgroup members and partners are recognised as the founding fathers and driving force behind Industry 4.0. On 8 April 2013 at the Hannover Fair, the final report of the Working Group Industry 4.0 was presented. This working group was headed by Siegfried Dais, of Robert Bosch GmbH, and Henning Kagermann, of the German Academy of Science and Engineering.[57]

As Industry 4.0 principles have been applied by companies, they have sometimes been rebranded. For example, the aerospace parts manufacturer Meggitt PLC has branded its own Industry 4.0 research project M4.[58]

The discussion of how the shift to Industry 4.0, especially digitisation, will affect the labour market is being discussed in Germany under the topic of Work 4.0.[59]

The federal government in Germany through its ministries of the BMBF and BMWi, is a leader in the development of the I4.0 policy. Through the publishing of set objectives and goals for enterprises to achieve, the German federal government attempts to set the direction of the digital transformation. However, there is a gap between German enterprise's collaboration and knowledge of these set policies.[60] The biggest challenge which SMEs in Germany are currently facing regarding digital transformation of their manufacturing processes is ensuring that there is a concrete IT and application landscape to support further digital transformation efforts.[60]

The characteristics of the German government's Industry 4.0 strategy involve the strong customisation of products under the conditions of highly flexible (mass-) production.[61] The required automation technology is improved by the introduction of methods of self-optimization, self-configuration,[62] self-diagnosis, cognition and intelligent support of workers in their increasingly complex work.[63] The largest project in Industry 4.0 as of July 2013 is the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) leading-edge cluster "Intelligent Technical Systems Ostwestfalen-Lippe (its OWL)". Another major project is the BMBF project RES-COM,[64] as well as the Cluster of Excellence "Integrative Production Technology for High-Wage Countries".[65] In 2015, the European Commission started the international Horizon 2020 research project CREMA (cloud-based rapid elastic manufacturing) as a major initiative to foster the Industry 4.0 topic.[66]

Estonia edit

In Estonia, the digital transformation dubbed as the 4th Industrial Revolution by Klaus Schwab and the World Economic Forum in 2015 started with the restoration of independence in 1991. Although a latecomer to the information revolution due to 50 years of Soviet occupation, Estonia leapfrogged to the digital era, while skipping the analogue connections almost completely. The early decisions made by Prime Minister Mart Laar on the course of the country's economic development led to the establishment of what is today known as e-Estonia, one of the worlds most digitally advanced nations.

According to the goals set in the Estonia's Digital Agenda 2030,[67] next leaps in the country's digital transformation will be switching to event based and proactive services, both in private and business environment, as well as developing a green, AI-powered and human-centric digital government.

Indonesia edit

Another example is Making Indonesia 4.0, with a focus on improving industrial performance.[53]

India edit

India, with its expanding economy and extensive manufacturing sector, has fully embraced the digital revolution, leading to a new era of manufacturing excellence. The Indian program for Industry 4.0 centers around leveraging technology to produce globally competitive products at cost-effective rates while adopting the latest technological advancements of Industry 4.0.[68]

Japan edit

Society 5.0 envisions a society that prioritizes the well-being of its citizens, striking a harmonious balance between economic progress and the effective addressing of societal challenges through a closely interconnected system of both the digital realm and the physical world. This concept was introduced in 2019 in the 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan for Japanese Government as a blueprint for a forthcoming societal framework.[69]

South Africa edit

South Africa appointed a Presidential Commission on the Fourth Industrial Revolution in 2019, consisting of about 30 stakeholders with a background in academia, industry and government.[70][71] South Africa has also established an Inter ministerial Committee on Industry 4.0.

South Korea edit

The Republic of Korea has had a Presidential Committee on the Fourth Industrial Revolution since 2017. The Republic of Korea's I-Korea strategy (2017) is focusing on new growth engines that include AI, drones and autonomous cars, in line with the government's innovation-driven economic policy.[70]

Spain edit

See Science and technology in Spain

Uganda edit

Uganda adopted its own National 4IR Strategy in October 2020 with emphasis on e-governance, urban management (smart cities), health care, education, agriculture and the digital economy; to support local businesses, the government was contemplating introducing a local start-ups bill in 2020 which would require all accounting officers to exhaust the local market prior to procuring digital solutions from abroad.[70]

United Kingdom edit

In a policy paper published in 2019, the UK's Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, titled "Regulation for the Fourth Industrial Revolution", outlined the need to evolve current regulatory models to remain competitive in evolving technological and social settings.[8]

United States edit

The Department of Homeland Security in 2019 published a paper called 'The Industrial Internet of things (IIOT): Opportunities, Risks, Mitigation'. The base pieces of critical infrastructure are increasingly digitised for greater connectivity and optimisation. Hence, its implementation, growth and maintenance must be carefully planned and safeguarded. The paper discusses not only applications of IIOT but also the associated risks. It has suggested some key areas where risk mitigation is possible. To increase coordination between the public, private, law enforcement, academia and other stakeholders the DHS formed the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC).[72]

Industry applications edit

The aerospace industry has sometimes been characterised as "too low volume for extensive automation"; however, Industry 4.0 principles have been investigated by several aerospace companies, and technologies have been developed to improve productivity where the upfront cost of automation cannot be justified. One example of this is the aerospace parts manufacturer Meggitt PLC's M4 project.[58]

The increasing use of the industrial internet of things is referred to as Industry 4.0 at Bosch, and generally in Germany. Applications include machines that can predict failures and trigger maintenance processes autonomously or self-organised coordination that react to unexpected changes in production.[73] in 2017, Bosch launched the Connectory, a Chicago, Illinois based innovation incubator that specializes in IoT, including Industry 4.0.

Industry 4.0 inspired Innovation 4.0, a move toward digitisation for academia and research and development.[74] In 2017, the £81M Materials Innovation Factory (MIF) at the University of Liverpool opened as a center for computer aided materials science,[75] where robotic formulation,[76] data capture and modelling are being integrated into development practices.[74]

Criticism edit

With the consistent development of automation of everyday tasks, some saw the benefit in the exact opposite of automation where self-made products are valued more than those that involved automation.[77] This valuation is named the IKEA effect, a term coined by Michael I. Norton of Harvard Business School, Daniel Mochon of Yale, and Dan Ariely of Duke. Another problem that is expected to accelerate with the growth of IR4 is the prevalence of mental disorders.[78] The world has already experienced such problems in high-tech industries.[79]

Future edit

Industry 5.0 edit

Industry 5.0 has been proposed as a strategy to create a paradigm shift for an industrial landscape in which the primary focus should no longer be on increasing efficiency but on promoting the well-being of society and sustainability of the economy and industrial production.[80][81]

AI era edit

Main article: AI era

The AI era, also known as the AI revolution, is the ongoing transition of the human economy and society towards a post-scarcity economy and post-work society enabled by artificial intelligence (AI), which started around the early 2020s.

Ever faster developing [citation needed] AI systems are finding their way into more and more economic sectors and areas of life and may eventually displace human workers [citation needed]. AI is also being used in industrial production.

See also edit

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May 07, 2024
fourth, industrial, revolution, this, article, factual, accuracy, disputed, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, help, ensure, that, disputed, statements, reliably, sourced, june, 2023, learn, when, remove, this, message, industry, buzzword, neolog. This article s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced June 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message Fourth Industrial Revolution 4IR or Industry 4 0 1 is a buzzword and neologism describing rapid technological advancement in the 21st century The term was popularised in 2016 by Klaus Schwab the World Economic Forum founder and executive chairman 2 3 4 5 6 who says that the changes show a significant shift in industrial capitalism 7 Top left an image of robots in a grocery warehouse Top right augmented tablet information of a painting in Museu de Mataro linking to Wikipedia s Catalan article on Jordi Arenas i Clavell ca Bottom left illustrated understanding of the Internet of things in a battlefield setting Bottom right customers using Amazon Go an example of just walk out shopping where integrated technology creates a seamless consumer journey through including computer vision deep learning algorithms and sensor fusion A part of this phase of industrial change is the joining of technologies like artificial intelligence gene editing to advanced robotics that blur the lines between the physical digital and biological worlds 7 8 Throughout this fundamental shifts are taking place in how the global production and supply network operates through ongoing automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices using modern smart technology large scale machine to machine communication M2M and the Internet of things IoT This integration results in increasing automation improving communication and self monitoring and the use of smart machines that can analyse and diagnose issues without the need for human intervention 9 It also represents a social political and economic shift from the digital age of the late 1990s and early 2000s to an era of embedded connectivity distinguished by the ubiquity of technology in society i e a metaverse that changes the ways humans experience and know the world around them 10 It posits that we have created and are entering an augmented social reality compared to just the natural senses and industrial ability of humans alone 7 Contents 1 History 1 1 First Industrial Revolution 1 2 Second Industrial Revolution 1 3 Third Industrial Revolution 2 Characteristics 2 1 Key themes 2 2 Distinctiveness 2 3 Components 3 Trends 3 1 Smart factory 3 2 Predictive maintenance 3 3 3D printing 3 4 Smart sensors 3 4 1 Agriculture and food industries 3 5 Accelerated transition to the knowledge economy 4 Challenges 4 1 Economic 4 2 Social 4 3 Political 4 4 Organizational 5 Country applications 5 1 Australia 5 2 Germany 5 3 Estonia 5 4 Indonesia 5 5 India 5 6 Japan 5 7 South Africa 5 8 South Korea 5 9 Spain 5 10 Uganda 5 11 United Kingdom 5 12 United States 6 Industry applications 7 Criticism 8 Future 8 1 Industry 5 0 8 2 AI era 9 See also 10 References 10 1 SourcesHistory editThe phrase Fourth Industrial Revolution was first introduced by a team of scientists developing a high tech strategy for the German government 11 Klaus Schwab executive chairman of the World Economic Forum WEF introduced the phrase to a wider audience in a 2015 article published by Foreign Affairs 12 Mastering the Fourth Industrial Revolution was the 2016 theme of the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in Davos Klosters Switzerland 13 On 10 October 2016 the Forum announced the opening of its Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution in San Francisco 14 This was also subject and title of Schwab s 2016 book 15 Schwab includes in this fourth era technologies that combine hardware software and biology cyber physical systems 16 and emphasises advances in communication and connectivity Schwab expects this era to be marked by breakthroughs in emerging technologies in fields such as robotics artificial intelligence nanotechnology quantum computing biotechnology the internet of things the industrial internet of things decentralised consensus fifth generation wireless technologies 3D printing and fully autonomous vehicles 17 In The Great Reset proposal by the WEF The Fourth Industrial Revolution is included as a strategic intelligence in the solution to rebuild the economy sustainably following the COVID 19 pandemic 18 First Industrial Revolution edit Main article Industrial Revolution The First Industrial Revolution was marked by a transition from hand production methods to machines through the use of steam power and water power The implementation of new technologies took a long time so the period which this refers to was between 1760 and 1820 or 1840 in Europe and the United States Its effects had consequences on textile manufacturing which was first to adopt such changes as well as iron industry agriculture and mining although it also had societal effects with an ever stronger middle class 19 Second Industrial Revolution edit Main article Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution also known as the Technological Revolution is the period between 1871 and 1914 that resulted from installations of extensive railroad and telegraph networks which allowed for faster transfer of people and ideas as well as electricity Increasing electrification allowed for factories to develop the modern production line It was a period of great economic growth with an increase in productivity which also caused a surge in unemployment since many factory workers were replaced by machines 20 Third Industrial Revolution edit Main article Digital Revolution The Third Industrial Revolution also known as the Digital Electronics Revolution occurred in the late 20th century after the end of the two world wars resulting from a slowdown of industrialisation and technological advancement compared to previous periods The production of the Z1 computer which used binary floating point numbers and Boolean logic a decade later was the beginning of more advanced digital developments A book titled The Third Industrial Revolution by Jeremy Rifkin was published in 2011 which focused on the intersection of digital communications technology and renewable energy It was made into a 2017 documentary by Vice Media Characteristics editIn essence the Fourth Industrial Revolution is the trend towards automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies and processes which include cyber physical systems CPS IoT industrial internet of things 21 cloud computing 22 23 24 25 cognitive computing and artificial intelligence 25 26 The machines cannot replace the deep expertise but they tend to be more efficient than humans in performing repetitive functions and the combination of machine learning and computational power allows machines to carry out highly complicated tasks 27 The Fourth Industrial Revolution has been defined as technological developments in cyber physical systems such as high capacity connectivity new human machine interaction modes such as touch interfaces and virtual reality systems and improvements in transferring digital instructions to the physical world including robotics and 3D printing additive manufacturing the Internet of Things IoT big data and cloud computing artificial intelligence based systems improvements to and uptake of Off Grid Stand Alone Renewable Energy Systems solar wind wave hydroelectric and the electric batteries lithium ion renewable energy storage systems ESS and EV The Fourth Industrial Revolution marks the beginning of the imagination age 28 Key themes edit Industry 4 0 increases operational efficiency Four themes are presented that summarise an Industry 4 0 22 Decentralized decisions the ability of cyber physical systems to make decisions on their own and to perform their tasks as autonomously as possible Only in the case of exceptions interference or conflicting goals are tasks delegated to a higher level 29 Distinctiveness edit Proponents of the Fourth Industrial Revolution suggest it is a distinct revolution rather than simply a prolongation of the Third Industrial Revolution 12 This is due to the following characteristics Velocity exponential speed at which incumbent industries are affected and displaced 12 Scope and systems impact the large amount of sectors and firms that are affected 12 Paradigm shift in technology policy new policies designed for this new way of doing are present An example is Singapore s formal recognition of Industry 4 0 in its innovation policies Critics of the concept dismiss Industry 4 0 as a marketing strategy They suggest that although revolutionary changes are identifiable in distinct sectors there is no systemic change so far In addition the pace of recognition of Industry 4 0 and policy transition varies across countries the definition of Industry 4 0 is not harmonised One of the most known figures is Jeremy Rifkin who agree s that digitalization is the hallmark and defining technology in what has become known as the Third Industrial Revolution 30 However he argues that that the evolution of digitalization has barely begun to run its course and that its new configuration in the form of the Internet of Things represents the next stage of its development 30 Components edit nbsp Self driving car The application of the Fourth Industrial Revolution operates through 31 Mobile devices Internet of things IoT platforms Location detection technologies electronic identification Advanced human machine interfaces Authentication and fraud detection Smart sensors Big analytics and advanced processes Multilevel customer interaction and customer profiling Augmented reality wearables On demand availability of computer system resources Data visualisation and triggered live training 31 clarification needed Mainly these technologies can be summarised into four major components defining the term Industry 4 0 or smart factory 31 Cyber physical systems Internet of things IoT On demand availability of computer system resources e g cloud computing Cognitive computing 31 Industry 4 0 networks a wide range of new technologies to create value Using cyber physical systems that monitor physical processes a virtual copy of the physical world can be designed Characteristics of cyber physical systems include the ability to make decentralised decisions independently reaching a high degree of autonomy 31 The value created in Industry 4 0 can be relied upon electronic identification in which the smart manufacturing require set technologies to be incorporated in the manufacturing process to thus be classified as in the development path of Industry 4 0 and no longer digitisation 32 Trends editSmart factory edit Main article Smart manufacturing Smart Factory is the vision of a production environment in which production facilities and logistics systems are organised without human intervention The Smart Factory is no longer a vision While different model factories represent the feasible many enterprises already clarify with examples practically how the Smart Factory functions The technical foundations on which the Smart Factory the intelligent factory is based are cyber physical systems that communicate with each other using the Internet of Things and Services An important part of this process is the exchange of data between the product and the production line This enables a much more efficient connection of the Supply Chain and better organisation within any production environment The Fourth Industrial Revolution fosters what has been called a smart factory Within modular structured smart factories cyber physical systems monitor physical processes create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralised decisions 33 Over the internet of things cyber physical systems communicate and cooperate with each other and with humans in synchronic time both internally and across organizational services offered and used by participants of the value chain 22 34 Predictive maintenance edit Industry 4 0 can also provide predictive maintenance due to the use of technology and the IoT sensors Predictive maintenance which can identify maintenance issues in real time allows machine owners to perform cost effective maintenance and determine it ahead of time before the machinery fails or gets damaged For example a company in Los Angeles could understand if a piece of equipment in Singapore is running at an abnormal speed or temperature They could then decide whether or not it needs to be repaired 35 3D printing edit The Fourth Industrial Revolution is said to have extensive dependency on 3D printing technology Some advantages of 3D printing for industry are that 3D printing can print many geometric structures as well as simplify the product design process It is also relatively environmentally friendly In low volume production it can also decrease lead times and total production costs Moreover it can increase flexibility reduce warehousing costs and help the company towards the adoption of a mass customisation business strategy In addition 3D printing can be very useful for printing spare parts and installing it locally therefore reducing supplier dependence and reducing the supply lead time 36 The determining factor is the pace of change The correlation of the speed of technological development and as a result socio economic and infrastructural transformations with human life allows one to state a qualitative leap in the speed of development which marks a transition to a new time era 37 Smart sensors edit Sensors and instrumentation drive the central forces of innovation not only for Industry 4 0 but also for other smart megatrends such as smart production smart mobility smart homes smart cities and smart factories 38 Smart sensors are devices which generate the data and allow further functionality from self monitoring and self configuration to condition monitoring of complex processes With the capability of wireless communication they reduce installation effort to a great extent and help realise a dense array of sensors 39 The importance of sensors measurement science and smart evaluation for Industry 4 0 has been recognised and acknowledged by various experts and has already led to the statement Industry 4 0 nothing goes without sensor systems 40 However there are a few issues such as time synchronisation error data loss and dealing with large amounts of harvested data which all limit the implementation of full fledged systems Moreover additional limits on these functionalities represents the battery power One example of the integration of smart sensors in the electronic devices is the case of smart watches where sensors receive the data from the movement of the user process the data and as a result provide the user with the information about how many steps they have walked in a day and also converts the data into calories burned Agriculture and food industries edit nbsp Hydroponic vertical farming Smart sensors in these two fields are still in the testing stage 41 These innovative connected sensors collect interpret and communicate the information available in the plots leaf area vegetation index chlorophyll hygrometry temperature water potential radiation Based on this scientific data the objective is to enable real time monitoring via a smartphone with a range of advice that optimises plot management in terms of results time and costs On the farm these sensors can be used to detect crop stages and recommend inputs and treatments at the right time As well as controlling the level of irrigation 42 The food industry requires more and more security and transparency and full documentation is required This new technology is used as a tracking system as well as the collection of human data and product data 43 Accelerated transition to the knowledge economy edit Knowledge economy is an economic system in which production and services are largely based on knowledge intensive activities that contribute to an accelerated pace of technical and scientific advance as well as rapid obsolescence 44 45 Industry 4 0 aids transitions into knowledge economy by increasing reliance on intellectual capabilities than on physical inputs or natural resources Challenges editChallenges in implementation of Industry 4 0 46 47 Economic edit High economic cost Business model adaptation Unclear economic benefits excessive investment 46 47 Social edit Privacy concerns Surveillance and distrust General reluctance to change by stakeholders Threat of redundancy of the corporate IT department Loss of many jobs to automatic processes and IT controlled processes especially for blue collar workers 46 47 48 Increased risk of gender inequalities in professions with job roles most susceptible to replacement with AI 49 50 Political edit Lack of regulation standards and forms of certifications Unclear legal issues and data security 46 47 Organizational edit IT security issues which are greatly aggravated by the inherent need to open up previously closed production shops Reliability and stability needed for critical machine to machine communication M2M including very short and stable latency times Need to maintain the integrity of production processes Need to avoid any IT snags as those would cause expensive production outages Need to protect industrial know how contained also in the control files for the industrial automation gear Lack of adequate skill sets to expedite the transition towards a fourth industrial revolution 51 52 Low top management commitment Insufficient qualification of employees 46 47 Country applications editMany countries have set up institutional mechanisms to foster the adoption of Industry 4 0 technologies For example Australia edit Australia has a Digital Transformation Agency est 2015 and the Prime Minister s Industry 4 0 Taskforce est 2016 which promotes collaboration with industry groups in Germany and the USA 53 Germany edit The term Industrie 4 0 shortened to I4 0 or simply I4 originated in 2011 from a project in the high tech strategy of the German government and specifically relates to that project policy rather than a wider notion of a Fourth Industrial Revolution of 4IR 7 which promotes the computerisation of manufacturing 54 The term Industrie 4 0 was publicly introduced in the same year at the Hannover Fair 55 Renowned German professor Wolfgang Wahlster is sometimes called the inventor of the Industry 4 0 term 56 In October 2012 the Working Group on Industry 4 0 presented a set of Industry 4 0 implementation recommendations to the German federal government The workgroup members and partners are recognised as the founding fathers and driving force behind Industry 4 0 On 8 April 2013 at the Hannover Fair the final report of the Working Group Industry 4 0 was presented This working group was headed by Siegfried Dais of Robert Bosch GmbH and Henning Kagermann of the German Academy of Science and Engineering 57 As Industry 4 0 principles have been applied by companies they have sometimes been rebranded For example the aerospace parts manufacturer Meggitt PLC has branded its own Industry 4 0 research project M4 58 The discussion of how the shift to Industry 4 0 especially digitisation will affect the labour market is being discussed in Germany under the topic of Work 4 0 59 The federal government in Germany through its ministries of the BMBF and BMWi is a leader in the development of the I4 0 policy Through the publishing of set objectives and goals for enterprises to achieve the German federal government attempts to set the direction of the digital transformation However there is a gap between German enterprise s collaboration and knowledge of these set policies 60 The biggest challenge which SMEs in Germany are currently facing regarding digital transformation of their manufacturing processes is ensuring that there is a concrete IT and application landscape to support further digital transformation efforts 60 The characteristics of the German government s Industry 4 0 strategy involve the strong customisation of products under the conditions of highly flexible mass production 61 The required automation technology is improved by the introduction of methods of self optimization self configuration 62 self diagnosis cognition and intelligent support of workers in their increasingly complex work 63 The largest project in Industry 4 0 as of July 2013 is the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research BMBF leading edge cluster Intelligent Technical Systems Ostwestfalen Lippe its OWL Another major project is the BMBF project RES COM 64 as well as the Cluster of Excellence Integrative Production Technology for High Wage Countries 65 In 2015 the European Commission started the international Horizon 2020 research project CREMA cloud based rapid elastic manufacturing as a major initiative to foster the Industry 4 0 topic 66 Estonia edit In Estonia the digital transformation dubbed as the 4th Industrial Revolution by Klaus Schwab and the World Economic Forum in 2015 started with the restoration of independence in 1991 Although a latecomer to the information revolution due to 50 years of Soviet occupation Estonia leapfrogged to the digital era while skipping the analogue connections almost completely The early decisions made by Prime Minister Mart Laar on the course of the country s economic development led to the establishment of what is today known as e Estonia one of the worlds most digitally advanced nations According to the goals set in the Estonia s Digital Agenda 2030 67 next leaps in the country s digital transformation will be switching to event based and proactive services both in private and business environment as well as developing a green AI powered and human centric digital government Indonesia edit Another example is Making Indonesia 4 0 with a focus on improving industrial performance 53 India edit India with its expanding economy and extensive manufacturing sector has fully embraced the digital revolution leading to a new era of manufacturing excellence The Indian program for Industry 4 0 centers around leveraging technology to produce globally competitive products at cost effective rates while adopting the latest technological advancements of Industry 4 0 68 Japan edit Society 5 0 envisions a society that prioritizes the well being of its citizens striking a harmonious balance between economic progress and the effective addressing of societal challenges through a closely interconnected system of both the digital realm and the physical world This concept was introduced in 2019 in the 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan for Japanese Government as a blueprint for a forthcoming societal framework 69 South Africa edit South Africa appointed a Presidential Commission on the Fourth Industrial Revolution in 2019 consisting of about 30 stakeholders with a background in academia industry and government 70 71 South Africa has also established an Inter ministerial Committee on Industry 4 0 South Korea edit The Republic of Korea has had a Presidential Committee on the Fourth Industrial Revolution since 2017 The Republic of Korea s I Korea strategy 2017 is focusing on new growth engines that include AI drones and autonomous cars in line with the government s innovation driven economic policy 70 Spain edit See Science and technology in Spain Uganda edit Uganda adopted its own National 4IR Strategy in October 2020 with emphasis on e governance urban management smart cities health care education agriculture and the digital economy to support local businesses the government was contemplating introducing a local start ups bill in 2020 which would require all accounting officers to exhaust the local market prior to procuring digital solutions from abroad 70 United Kingdom edit In a policy paper published in 2019 the UK s Department for Business Energy amp Industrial Strategy titled Regulation for the Fourth Industrial Revolution outlined the need to evolve current regulatory models to remain competitive in evolving technological and social settings 8 United States edit The Department of Homeland Security in 2019 published a paper called The Industrial Internet of things IIOT Opportunities Risks Mitigation The base pieces of critical infrastructure are increasingly digitised for greater connectivity and optimisation Hence its implementation growth and maintenance must be carefully planned and safeguarded The paper discusses not only applications of IIOT but also the associated risks It has suggested some key areas where risk mitigation is possible To increase coordination between the public private law enforcement academia and other stakeholders the DHS formed the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center NCCIC 72 Industry applications editThe aerospace industry has sometimes been characterised as too low volume for extensive automation however Industry 4 0 principles have been investigated by several aerospace companies and technologies have been developed to improve productivity where the upfront cost of automation cannot be justified One example of this is the aerospace parts manufacturer Meggitt PLC s M4 project 58 The increasing use of the industrial internet of things is referred to as Industry 4 0 at Bosch and generally in Germany Applications include machines that can predict failures and trigger maintenance processes autonomously or self organised coordination that react to unexpected changes in production 73 in 2017 Bosch launched the Connectory a Chicago Illinois based innovation incubator that specializes in IoT including Industry 4 0 Industry 4 0 inspired Innovation 4 0 a move toward digitisation for academia and research and development 74 In 2017 the 81M Materials Innovation Factory MIF at the University of Liverpool opened as a center for computer aided materials science 75 where robotic formulation 76 data capture and modelling are being integrated into development practices 74 Criticism editWith the consistent development of automation of everyday tasks some saw the benefit in the exact opposite of automation where self made products are valued more than those that involved automation 77 This valuation is named the IKEA effect a term coined by Michael I Norton of Harvard Business School Daniel Mochon of Yale and Dan Ariely of Duke Another problem that is expected to accelerate with the growth of IR4 is the prevalence of mental disorders 78 The world has already experienced such problems in high tech industries 79 Future editIndustry 5 0 edit Industry 5 0 has been proposed as a strategy to create a paradigm shift for an industrial landscape in which the primary focus should no longer be on increasing efficiency but on promoting the well being of society and sustainability of the economy and industrial production 80 81 AI era edit Main article AI era The AI era also known as the AI revolution is the ongoing transition of the human economy and society towards a post scarcity economy and post work society enabled by artificial intelligence AI which started around the early 2020s Ever faster developing citation needed AI systems are finding their way into more and more economic sectors and areas of life and may eventually displace human workers citation needed AI is also being used in industrial production See also editComputer integrated manufacturing Cyber manufacturing Digital modelling and fabrication Industrial control system Intelligent maintenance systems Lights out manufacturing List of emerging technologies Machine to machine Nondestructive Evaluation 4 0 Simulation software Technological singularity Technological unemployment The War on Normal People Work 4 0 World Economic Forum 2016 Digitization TranshumanismReferences edit Bai Chunguang Dallasega Patrick Orzes Guido Sarkis Joseph 1 November 2020 Industry 4 0 technologies assessment A sustainability perspective International Journal of Production Economics 229 107776 doi 10 1016 j ijpe 2020 107776 ISSN 0925 5273 S2CID 218941878 McGinnis Devon 27 October 2020 What Is the Fourth Industrial Revolution The 360 Blog from Salesforce Retrieved 22 January 2023 The Fourth Industrial Revolution will be people powered McKinsey www mckinsey com Retrieved 22 January 2023 Signe Njuguna Ndung u and Landry 8 January 2020 The Fourth Industrial Revolution and digitization will transform Africa into a global powerhouse Brookings Retrieved 22 January 2023 Marr Bernard Why Everyone Must Get Ready For The 4th Industrial Revolution Forbes Retrieved 22 January 2023 Park Hyeoun Ae 10 November 2016 Are We Ready for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Yearbook of Medical Informatics 1 1 3 PMC 5171547 PMID 27830223 a b c d Philbeck Thomas Davis Nicholas 2018 The Fourth Industrial Revolution Journal of International Affairs 72 1 17 22 ISSN 0022 197X JSTOR 26588339 a b Regulation for the Fourth Industrial Revolution UK Gov Department for Business Energy amp Industrial Strategy 11 June 2019 Retrieved 18 November 2021 November 2019 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work Text taken from UNESCO Science Report the Race Against Time for Smarter Development Schneegans S T Straza and J Lewis eds UNESCO Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fourth Industrial Revolution amp oldid 1222053058, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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